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Thursday, October 18, 2018

What's the margin of error for atomic clocks?

What's the margin of error for atomic clocks?


What's the margin of error for atomic clocks?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 02:33 PM PDT

We are scientists from the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology coming to you from our annual meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico. We study fossils. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 18 Oct 2018 04:27 AM PDT

Hello AskScience! We are members of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. We study fossil fish, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles — anything with a backbone! Our research includes how these organisms lived, how they were affected by environmental change like a changing climate, how they're related, and much more.

You can learn more about SVP in this video or follow us on Twitter @SVP_vertpaleo.

We're bringing you our fifth annual AMA from our 78th Annual Meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Ask us your vertebrate paleontology questions! We'll be here to answer your questions at 10am Mountain Time (noon eastern)!


Joining us today are:

  • PastTime Podcast hosts Matt Borths, Ph.D. and Adam Pritchard, Ph.D.: Dr. Pritchard studies the early history of the reptiles that gave rise to lizards, dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds. Dr. Borths works on the evolution of carnivorous mammals and African ecosystems. Find them on Twitter @PastTimePaleo.

  • Stephanie Drumheller, Ph.D. is a paleontologist at the University of Tennessee whose research focuses on the processes of fossilization, evolution, and biology, of crocodiles and their relatives, including identifying bite marks on fossils. Find her on Twitter @UglyFossils.

  • Eugenia Gold, Ph.D. studies brain evolution in relation to the acquisition of flight in dinosaurs. She is also an author of the book She Found Fossils.

  • Dr. Randall Irmis, Ph.D. is chief curator and a curator of paleontology at the Natural History Museum of Utah (@nhmu), and an associate professor in the Department of Geology & Geophysics at the University of Utah. He specializes in understanding in how ecosystems change through time in response to climate and other events, particularly during the Triassic Period, the beginning of the age of dinosaurs. You can listen to his recent appearance on Science Friday here: https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/utah-is-a-gold-mine-for-fossils/

  • Jessica Lawrence Wujek, Ph.D. main area of study is in marine reptiles, specifically Ichthyosaurus. She did her Ph.D. work on the genus Ichthyosaurus, looking at the phylogeny and morphometrics of the genus. She currently teaches geology at Howard Community College part time, and is trying to get my 3 year son into dinosaurs! She also has a blog talking about the accuracy and entertainment value of books with any prehistoric theme.

  • Jennifer Nestler studies crocodylian ecology and evolution. She has studied both modern and fossil crocodylians, and is a project manager for the Croc Docs, a research lab at the University of Florida that focuses on reptiles and amphibians in the Everglades.

  • Ashley Reynolds is a PhD student at the University of Toronto and Royal Ontario museum. She studies the growth, ecology, and behaviour of living and extinct cats, with an emphasis on the famed sabre-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis. You can find her on Twitter and Instagram @ashinonyx

  • Ashley Poust is a Ph.D candidate at the University of California, Berkeley. He is interested in links between animal life history and major events in evolution. His focus is on the evolution of paleogene mammals, primarily using osteohistology. He also works with other taxa, especially dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine mammals, to address similar questions of diversity, ontogeny, and life history across vertebrates. You can find him on twitter @AshPoust.

submitted by /u/VertPaleoAMA
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Are there any cases where the sudden absence of a species had an effect of the function and economy of that area?

Posted: 18 Oct 2018 05:20 AM PDT

Do all links in a chain experience the same force when carrying a load?

Posted: 18 Oct 2018 02:52 AM PDT

Hey lovelies!

Imagine a steel chain, suspended with a weight attached on the end. Would the links further up have greater force acting on them as they would be holding up more links or would the 'equal and opposite' thing balance everything out.

And now imagine a chain drawn horizontally with a force applied to both ends - would gravity have a greater effect in the middle of the chain as there would be more leverage there if you see the chain as pivoting from the ends? And what if you had the same situation without gravity?

If there are different forces on different links could you strengthen those links and efficiently increase the overall strength of the chain?

I look forward to hearing your thoughts.

submitted by /u/slane14
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Does a sudden population boom cause unemployment to rise significantly, or does the number of jobs increase with the rising demand for services?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 07:25 PM PDT

How fast do electrons move in a circuit?

Posted: 18 Oct 2018 03:12 AM PDT

I was going over some slides for my class, which was going over velocity saturation in a transistor, and stated that the carrier's reach velocity saturation at approx 105 m/s, which confused me as I had heard that in a circuit the electrons go very slowly, so looking it up I found a figure of 2.5 *10-4 m/s. This is 9 orders of magnitude difference, so what is the actual answer?

I'm aware that in the transistor its at its velocity saturation, but would that explain literally a billion times faster?

submitted by /u/feeksmcgee
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During Pair production, how does a massless photon gets converted into Electron and Positron which does have a mass?

Posted: 18 Oct 2018 05:51 AM PDT

Does the process involves gaining of mass somehow?

submitted by /u/Sir_Devil
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Why don't we throw trash in volcanoes instead of using landfills?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 04:58 PM PDT

What would this do to the environment? I guess the trash would break down in the lava but still be there in a different form?

Or better yet, use some sort of strong chemical to rid of the trash? This could be done inside of protective covering that filters the smoke/whatever it may be from polluting the air.

submitted by /u/greatfiginthesky
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How can you measure the doubling of a temperature?

Posted: 18 Oct 2018 12:10 AM PDT

If you use Celsius, the double of 10 degrees, is 20 degrees. But if you use Kelvin, the doubling of 283 degrees Kelvin(10 degrees Celsius) is 293 degrees Celsius?

submitted by /u/fr8oper8er
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What role does the liver play in the development of Type-2 Diabetes?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 03:41 PM PDT

Hi.

I posted this to r/nutrition and was recommended I post here instead.

I'm currently reading he book "The Diabetes Code" by Jason Fung. Great book; about half way through now. The book is generally very easy to understand, but one area I'm struggling to get is the contribution of the liver in development ld the disease.

As I understand the development of Type 2 Diabetes: Repeated spiking of insulin due to the ingestion of excess, refined carbohydrates creates a vicious cycle. In a normal person, Insulin is secreted to bring the high blood sugar down by carrying the glucose into the body's cells. Excess glucose is stored in the liver to be used for energy later. Excessive spiking of this insulin/glucose mechanism due to the persons eating habits causes insulin resistance at the cell, whereby it is full with glucose and not wanting any more. This creates a problem with excess blood glucose. The overstuffed cells are not responding to insulins mechanism, and so the body attempts to compensate by pumping out more insulin. The result, at first, is that some glucose can be forcibly placed in the cell. Eventually though, no more glucose can be physically pushed into the overcrowded cell no matter how much insulin is secreted; the result eventually being chronically high blood glucose and high insulin levels. A vicious cycle ensues where by the more insulin creates more resistance . The next part (providing I'm correct with the above) is where I get confused. Some interaction between insulin and the liver enables the large amounts of glucose to be converted into fat via denovo lipogenisis. Eventually even this mechanism cannot save the body, and the excess fat produced by the liver accumulates there (as fatty-liver) and all over the body as subcutaneous, visceral and internal organ fat; which is what we see eventually with the pancreas when all the excess fat surrounding it starts to destroy beta cells and inhibit insulin production. The combination of fat destroying the beta cells and insulin production plus insulin resistance causes the person to become diabetic (type-2).

Could someone who knows explain the liver/insulin relationship to me? I've read over it several times but I just don't understand it. The above paragraph is all I can gleam from it and I know I'm missing large chunks.

Thanks very much!

submitted by /u/NT202
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Is it possible we're seeing duplicate stars?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 11:18 AM PDT

With gravitational lensing, is it possible that when we observe the sky, depending on the celestial bodies that our perspective passes, that there's certain stars that may be appearing more than once in the sky?

If we're looking past a nebula or a black hole then the light trajectory projected from the star could be coming from an area nowhere close to where it appears in the sky. In the same vein, when we look in a different area of the sky, we could be seeing the same star and not even be aware of it because the arrangement of the stars seems unique because we're observing them at a completely different angle and a farther distance.

We could have even have named the same star several times and not realize it.

It's even possible there's a certain direction we could look and be observing our own solar system.

submitted by /u/ernestwork
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Why do electrons form orbitals and shells?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 10:48 PM PDT

How does the 10 trillion FPS camera work?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 08:22 AM PDT

Why is oxygen sometimes added in small amount to shielding gas when welding?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 10:39 AM PDT

I know that the oxygen will react with the filler or parent metal causing all sorts of defects, that's why we are trying to prevent oxygen from the atmosphere reaching the weld. So why do some people add oxygen to there shielding gas mix where it will be in direct contact?

submitted by /u/JackChigger
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What if the Earth spun more than just on its polar axis?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 09:25 AM PDT

Right now Earth spins about its N-to-S pole, say, the "Z-axis." What kinds of things would happen if that Z-axis also spun about the center of the Earth (i.e. the north pole oscillates between being close and far away from the sun) at roughly the same speed it spins already in a day, give or take?

Is this even possible? My crude understanding of planet formation and psychics tells me no.

submitted by /u/_YoungLink_
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Why does decreasing the pressure in an equilibrium reaction favour the side with the most moles?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 09:08 AM PDT

In terms of Le Chatelier's principle, increasing the pressure of a system causes the reaction to favour the "side" with the least moles. My understanding is this is because gas particles like to have as much space as possible, and there is more space if there is a smaller number of moles(despite the mass being the same) . So when pressure is decreased, the reaction favours the "side" with a larger amount of moles of gas - but if the gas wants as much space as possible, it is still more spaciously efficient to be a small number of moles. Why is this? (Obviously in an actual reaction there would be other factors contributing to the equilibrium of the reaction however this scenario is theoretical and imagines the only variable would be pressure )

submitted by /u/chargrilledjetski
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Wednesday, October 17, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: We're from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Our recent work in data visualization has led to the creation of a new colormap, cividis, for more consistent, accurate data interpretation - whether you have a color vision deficiency or not! Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Our recent work in data visualization has led to the creation of a new colormap, cividis, for more consistent, accurate data interpretation - whether you have a color vision deficiency or not! Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Our recent work in data visualization has led to the creation of a new colormap, cividis, for more consistent, accurate data interpretation - whether you have a color vision deficiency or not! Ask us anything!

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! We're Jamie Nunez and Dr. Ryan Renslow, scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Rainbow colormaps have long been known to make data interpretation difficult and sometimes even impossible for those with colorblindness, yet they are still very popular due to limited alternatives. That's why we developed an open-source Python module that can automatically convert colormaps into forms easily interpreted by those with or without color vision deficiencies. One colormap in particular that we created, called cividis, enables consistent and accurate data interpretation for both people with normal vision and those who are colorblind. Cmaputil can be used by anyone to create their own optimized colormaps and can be accessed here: https://github.com/pnnl/cmaputil

Cividis is currently available in Python (matplotlib & plotly packages), R (viridis & viridisLite packages), COMSOL, and more. Read our PLOS One paper "Optimizing colormaps with consideration for color vision deficiency to enable accurate interpretation of scientific data" here: https://goo.gl/UDPWFd

We'll be on at noon PT (3 p.m. ET, 19 UT). Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Since electricity flows on the surface of its conductor could metal tubing of equal surface area be substituted for solid core wire?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 03:22 AM PDT

Why does superfluidity only occur in helium?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 08:43 AM PDT

Why does red light preserve night vision and reduce eye strain more than other colors?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 04:53 PM PDT

Why do shoelaces untie?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 07:26 AM PDT

They obviously do, but what process leads to it?

submitted by /u/Frantyzer
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Do animals (and plants) that are accustomed to seasonal weather changes e.g bears, deer, wolves etc. lose this trait over the generations when they are transplanted to climates that do not have winters or have very mild winters?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 07:08 PM PDT

If the whole world were to experience some drastic increase in temperature that eliminated winter and lasted a thousand years, would seasonal plants and animals, if the world set itself right again, be able to survive a winter? And also, how did plants and animals react with the end of interglacial periods?

submitted by /u/Killer_B_Cell
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Historically, how was it determined that the atmosphere has an ozone layer?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 07:04 AM PDT

Also, how was the depletion of the layer discovered?

submitted by /u/shadyrapsfan
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Do echidnas, porcupines and hedgehogs (and any other spiky creatures) have similar ancestors?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 04:33 AM PDT

If not, as I would suspect is the case given that echidnas, for example, are monotremes, then how did such similar creatures come to evolve so far apart geographically?

submitted by /u/bornofthemachine
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Reading a MSDS on MgSO4 anhydrous, says inhaling may cause irritation of the throat, but when I googled inhalation of MgSO4 it came up as a treatment for Asthma, how does this work and/or am I misunderstanding something?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 04:05 AM PDT

This is the MSDS, I'm writing about the hazards of purification of Magnesium sulfate synthesised for an A level PAG. Thanks in advance for any help.

submitted by /u/MrCookieFrog
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If the sun’s radiation, EM waves, heat up the earth, is the earth affected by the EM waves of other stars that we can see? If so, how powerful is that effect?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 03:39 AM PDT

Except for the human flu vaccine, why do dogs/cats need vaccines boosted every year while people don’t?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 05:47 AM PDT

For instance Rabies and distemper vaccines in animals versus dtap and mmr vaccines in people.

submitted by /u/Kwazy_Cupcakes
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Do we have models to predict how rocks fracture?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 05:46 PM PDT

More precisely, say I wanted to simulate whacking a smooth, round pebble with a hammer so that a crack appears. Do our current models of rocks fracturing precisely predict the exact geometric shape of these cracks that appear?

What are good references for this?

submitted by /u/maruahm
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 08:11 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why is there only one jfet transfer curve for a perticular jfet??

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 02:03 AM PDT

Some species don't breed in captivity. Why? What's keeping them?

Posted: 17 Oct 2018 04:09 AM PDT

So, how do we know the exact mass of any planet apart from earth?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 10:54 PM PDT

I guess you could explain how do we know the composition of a planet too. Thanks.

submitted by /u/asgoritolin
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How can trees grow around and “consume” things like fences?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 01:10 PM PDT

Why is the Voyager 1 traveling so fast?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 02:07 PM PDT

I know that the Voyager 1 travels at about 63'000 km/h but how was it able to even get to that speed?

submitted by /u/TheUnknownLyricsMan
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Is vasovagal syncope always chronic?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 08:59 AM PDT

I was looking at it online and saw it said somewhere that it goes away in a week or so, so does that mean it's not always a permanent condition?

submitted by /u/UnknownVillager
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Does the sun's spectral output change at all?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 04:47 PM PDT

Many illuminant standards such as CRI use "daylight" as a reference, with a higher score seeming to indicate a higher similarity to the sun's spectral output.

However, aside from the sun's color changing due to its position in the sky (as light is scattered by our atmosphere), I realize that there are solar flares, sun spots, and other phenomena that might influence it's spectral output from time to time.

Is anyone measuring this? Is the "daylight" standard an average of many spectral measurements over time? I get that our eyes evolved in response to the sunlight available to us, and thus our perceptions of color, so I was wondering how that is involved in engineering high-CRI light sources.

I'm also not referring to the general aging of a main sequence star, and it's gradual cooling off over millennia.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/miamijuggler
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Tuesday, October 16, 2018

Prosthetics: Can someone born without a limb (rather than losing it after birth) use advanced prosthetics controlled by nerves and neural pathways?

Prosthetics: Can someone born without a limb (rather than losing it after birth) use advanced prosthetics controlled by nerves and neural pathways?


Prosthetics: Can someone born without a limb (rather than losing it after birth) use advanced prosthetics controlled by nerves and neural pathways?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 08:10 AM PDT

I understand (or at least, I think I do to some degree) that if someone loses an arm, for example, cutting-edge prosthetics can utilize nerves and existing neural pathways to control the prosthetics. Let's say instead, however, that someone is born with an arm that stops short of the elbow due to a birth defect/genetic condition. At no point have they had an elbow, or forearm, hand... If he are she is born this way I presume that there is no neural pathways/nerves to dock onto. I am sure that technology will continue to advance so I guess I am not asking if it likely will ever be possible but rather if it is possible with existing tech and approaches.

The inspiration for this question is the video that has made more than a few circulations around the internet: a video where a little boy (maybe a few years old) with arms that stopped just short of the elbow who was interacting with his newborn sibling. He utilizes his arms and mouth to pick up his sibling's pacifier and put it in her mouth. A very heart warming video. Many of the responses commented how jealous they were that he would grow up to have awesome android arms. But one comment asked whether it would be possible to have these and cited concerns that there might not be neural pathways to use them.

Any thoughts?

EDIT: Thanks so much for the response everybody! This is my very first post to reddit after years of lurking... First, let me say that I was totally overselling my confidence when it comes to how much I understood about this subject at a base level. To clarify the question, I believe what I was picturing in my question was what is referred to as a myoelectric prosthetic. That seems to be the system of prosthesis that is most commonly featured in videos and articles. I will briefly read up on the basics of myoelectric systems before trying to read any more responses. While I am definitely interested in the use of neurons with prosthetics, the question is probably more appropriately:

Can someone born without a limb as opposed to losing a limb later in life use myoelectric prosthetics? Why or Why not?

submitted by /u/Rational-Discourse
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What makes an object sharp? How does it cut or pierce through other objects?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 11:55 PM PDT

I never understood the concept, so I'm not sure if this is a stupid question or not.

submitted by /u/Your_Typical_Weeb
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Why do small stars live much longer than big stars?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 02:23 AM PDT

What form does the released energy take in fission and fusion reactions?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 07:03 AM PDT

I've read so many papers and articles about this, but all they say is 'energy released'. Are they photons? Is it kinetic?

submitted by /u/NotZaphod
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Where do texts go when the recipient is in Airplane Mode?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 05:39 AM PDT

If someone sends me a text whilst my phone is in Airplane Mode, I will receive it once I turn it off. My question is, where do the radio waves go in the meantime? Are they stored somewhere, or are they just bouncing around from tower to tower until they can finally be sent to the recipient?

I apologize if this is a stupid question.

submitted by /u/gigalord14
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I recently heard the fact that 8% of the human genome is comprised of viral DNA. How can we tell that a part of the genome came from a virus or any other source?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 08:18 AM PDT

What happens if 2 stars of the same size collide?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 12:08 AM PDT

Why does different meat turn different colors when cooked?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 08:24 PM PDT

Beef turns a dark brown, while chicken and pork turn a white or light brown. Why does meat change color, and why does different types of meat change different colors?

submitted by /u/CthulhusIntern
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Do Everest climbers carry water, if so how do they stop it freezing?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 03:39 PM PDT

Maybe they take vodka?

submitted by /u/Weebla
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What exactly is the brown patina that is induced on copper by a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution?

Posted: 16 Oct 2018 06:19 AM PDT

I am having trouble finding an answer to this.

Copper carbonate is green (and the solution does turn green eventually), so what exactly is is the brown patina that shows up on the copper surface?

submitted by /u/Natolx
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Why do almost all animals have most of their sensory organs on/in their head?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 11:26 PM PDT

(Posting this again because last time I didnt add a flair in time)

submitted by /u/hw1725w
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When you charge something battery-to-battery, do the two equilibrate, or does the charge flow one way?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 07:53 AM PDT

I.e. if my Airpods case has exactly one full headphone charge left and the headphones are fully dead, will they both go to half a charge, or will the full charge somehow move from the case to the headphones?

submitted by /u/hendersn
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I've read that all electrons are the same, but is there some evidence for otherwise?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 01:25 PM PDT

I guess the question is not just for electrons, but for all other subatomic particles.

submitted by /u/avance70
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Can a mass maintain an orbit within a black hole's event horizon?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 04:12 PM PDT

Even though an object is officially unable to leave a black hole's event horizon, due to the impossible speeds required, could it prevent from becoming a part of the singularity by simply orbiting indefinitely? The speeds for an orbit within the event horizon are well below the limits for light speed, so the math seems to support it. I haven't been able to find any research on the topic, as most discussions regarding black holes seem to suggest once you're within the horizon you will become compressed into the singularity, regardless of sideways velocity. Would the accretion disk simply extend through to the core, invisibly?

submitted by /u/ajamesmccarthy
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Taiwan is proposing to increase voltage from 110 to 220 volts for new buildings to conserve energy. How does voltage increase conserve energy?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 03:09 PM PDT

Taiwan currently uses 110v socket. However, Taiwan's power company is proposing to increase voltage from 110 to 220 volts for new buildings to conserve energy. How does voltage increase conserve energy?

Relevant quote:

The purpose of the proposed change is to conserve energy, the report said.

...

According to Taipower's estimate, the plan is not difficult to implement, the report said. The company is likely to push new buildings in the future to adopt 220-volt electricity, which can reduce distribution system line loss in the home by 75%.

News article regarding the proposal: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3552676

submitted by /u/Monkeyfeng
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At an atomic level what causes hardware to malfunction in the presence of water?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 07:29 PM PDT

Obviously as we all know water is the kryptonite of technology but at a microscopic level why?

submitted by /u/TheGfom
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Since Lisdexamfetamine and antidepressants target many of the same neurotransmitters, and using them concomitantly increases risk of serotonin syndrome, are there alternatives for those who have comorbid ADHD and depression? Or is a negative outcome just a risk that’s taken?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 06:15 PM PDT

What causes the juice in a mandarin peel to catch on fire if you shoot it a flame?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 07:15 AM PDT

My friend and I had an argument over this. She thought there was alcohol in the peel of the mandarin but I thought it was some kind of oil that caused it. Can someone tell me what the correct answer is?

submitted by /u/DcOscat
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Why does RNA have Uracil instead of Thymine?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 10:32 AM PDT

Is there reason to believe that naproxen impacts testicular physiology to produce a state of compensated hypogonadism in the same way Ibuprofen does?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 02:12 PM PDT

This here is the Ibuprofen study. I am curious if there is reason to believe that Naproxen would impact the body the same way?

submitted by /u/btuman
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How does the Teichmann Test for detection of blood work?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 11:23 PM PDT

Hi everyone, I'm currently taking a for learning about the Teichmann Test to test for the presence of blood and I'm curious as to the actual chemistry behind how it works. The procedure for the test is roughly as follows:

1) KCL, KBr, KI and Glacial Acetic Acid added together to form reagent

2) Add reagent to sample and gently warm

3) Observe under microscope, appearance of brown rhombohedron crystal indicate presence of blood.

I understand that the reaction involves iron in haemoglobin of blood, but I'm curious as to what each of the reagents contributes to the overall reaction specifically and how the mechanism works. Would appreciate any information contributed. Thank you!

submitted by /u/lolheng
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How do we avoid confusing sunspots (starspots?) and planets in other solar systems?

Posted: 15 Oct 2018 08:03 AM PDT

How do we determine the difference between a planet that obscures part of the light of a star, vs that star's natural sunspot cycle?

submitted by /u/kayakguy429
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