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Friday, October 12, 2018

I’ve been perusing Wikipedia pages on hurricanes after Michael and have found detailed accounts of hurricane development for storms back in the late 1800s. How were these accounts recorded and/or constructed?

I’ve been perusing Wikipedia pages on hurricanes after Michael and have found detailed accounts of hurricane development for storms back in the late 1800s. How were these accounts recorded and/or constructed?

I’ve been perusing Wikipedia pages on hurricanes after Michael and have found detailed accounts of hurricane development for storms back in the late 1800s. How were these accounts recorded and/or constructed?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 08:55 PM PDT

Carbon dioxide poisoning through plants?

Posted: 12 Oct 2018 03:54 AM PDT

Someone told me today that it is not safe to sleep in a room that has plants in it because they produce carbon dioxide at night. Is it possible to suffer long-term damages from this?

submitted by /u/shiksen
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How does a zip file work?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 02:14 PM PDT

Like, how can there be a lot of data and then compressed and THEN decompressed again on another computer?

submitted by /u/Coffeecat3
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Do cuttlefish exhibit social traits which results in them acquiring colours/shapes unique to their local population, like a dialect?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 03:00 PM PDT

What is the "resolution" of our hearing?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 11:01 PM PDT

Hello! I was thinking that if there is some background noise at some X dB, then what would the sound level have to be in order for a sound to be just barely audible? Also, does this limit depend on the frequency of the sound, and if so, in what way?

submitted by /u/Maldoor
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Potiental Energy in Gases? Chem/Phys

Posted: 12 Oct 2018 05:53 AM PDT

As seperation between particles increases, potiental energy increases-this doesnt make sense to me-how is a gas all kinetic energy then?

From what I understand-as material is heated up, particles move further-increasing the total potential energy b/c intermolecular bonds are broken

submitted by /u/AsianPineappl3
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Which part of the hurricane has the highest wind speed, is it closer to the eye? Or more towards the edge of the hurricane.

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 09:12 PM PDT

What leads to the figure of trillions of elementary particles that pass through us every second?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 01:16 PM PDT

One square centimeter of mass observed on Earth is ghosted by 64 billion neutrinos a second. How do we conclude from a neutrino detector that observes about 30 neutrinos a day, figure to trillions that pass through us every second?

submitted by /u/Xerxox_0002
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Did the proto versions of octopus and bird beaks look similar, or did they come from different looking structures that just happened to converge into a similar looking one?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 07:04 PM PDT

Is this example of convergent evolution a result of different structures becoming similar? Did the proto bird and the proto octopus have completely different ways of eating than they do now?

submitted by /u/hatsolotl
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If light has no mass how is it affected by gravity?

Posted: 12 Oct 2018 01:57 AM PDT

For example how can light not escape a black hole even though it has no mass

submitted by /u/_Phish
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Even with all the technology we have today and all the current discoveries we make about climate change, what makes telling the weather accurately such a hard feat to accomplish?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 06:04 PM PDT

Do elementary particles have an event horizon?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 03:36 PM PDT

Elementary particles are defined as infinitely small points in quantum field theory. If particles are infinitely small, and those particles have mass, like an up quark for instance, then why don't they collapse into black holes? All of their mass lies within their schwarzschild radius. Is it because the up quark's electric charge spreads the energy of the particle over a larger amount of space, thusly making some of the particles mass lie outside the schwarzschild radius? If that is why then why do particles without charge not have event horizons?

I'm not really sure if the possible solutions/problems made any sense, but weather or not particles have event horizons interests me and I would appreciate it if someone could direct me to somewhere that could explain it, thanks.

submitted by /u/The_Telescreen
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Why does it take energy to hold you arm up for extended periods of time, but a rigid object can stay standing with no energy input?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 07:18 PM PDT

What keeps your pants up?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 08:29 PM PDT

I'm interested in the math that's involved. My limited background in physics and engineering isn't enough for me to understand how. A free body diagram of the problem with my knowledge doesn't add up. What exactly is the physics involved?

Assuming no belt involved.

submitted by /u/soul_power
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Why does our oxygen level control the colour of our atmosphere?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 12:22 PM PDT

Our oxygen level is at 210,000ppm. This makes our atmosphere blue. If we had less oxygen, our atmosphere would be red. If we had more oxygen , our atmosphere would be yellow.

Why?

submitted by /u/Yernanwasgoodlike
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How do scientist take pictures and videos of incredibly microscopic things?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 02:10 PM PDT

I was going through the Nikon Small World competition and was baffled by how scientist were able to produce their videos. Thing first place video was of a zebrafish embryo growing its elaborate sensory nervous system

submitted by /u/pooptyscoopty
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Do we know what criteria ants look for when creating a new hive? What determines hill size and shape?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 11:43 AM PDT

Also, how many hills does one hive normally have? Does destroying one have any long term effects?

submitted by /u/208327
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Why are thermoplastic polymers more easily recycled than thermosetting polymers?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 02:11 PM PDT

I've read that thermoplastics can be recycled but their properties degrade in the process (why?)

Thermosettings are hard to recycle but I don't get exactly why?

submitted by /u/Sarroth
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How can lightning strike the same spot in the same shape multiple times?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 08:06 PM PDT

Just from observing it seems to me like lightning strikes are chaotic and random (in shape and size) and it bewilders me that lightning can form the exact same shape more than once. I guess what I'm trying to ask is what are the environmental factors that determine the size and shape of a lightning strike and how can it possibly be duplicated?example video (13 seconds in)

submitted by /u/jonahcicon
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What is the environmental impact of data storage?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 07:33 AM PDT

With so many people taking many, many awful photographs in an attempt to get that perfect Instagram shot (among many other banal reasons for taking ao many photos)… is there any environmental impact from the huge amount of data that humans upload to servers every single day?

submitted by /u/incredijen
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If you make a nuclear weapon with a small blast wave would it still produce a mushroom cloud ?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 11:33 AM PDT

How is energy conserved in wave interference?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 12:28 PM PDT

Whilst reading a pop science book on physics and metal, I got to wondering where does the energy go in destructive interference. It had a bit on this in the appendix, which mentioned:

A) you have to consider the energy globally for energy conservation to apply. Fair enough i understand this

But that doesn't explain what if the sources are as close as possible to one another.

B) The oscillators will be coupled in such a way as to require more/less energy.

The book referencing a 2014 paper on it, and says to quote:

The resolution lies in realising what happens when 2 sources get so close together than their separation is lower than the wavelength of the wave... what happens under those is that the two sources are coupled together- one affects the other...

But then consider this:

EDIT: The lasers are just a placeholder here for an ideal wave restricted to a line. I am aware real lasers aren't like this.

We set up 2 identical lasers, their beams have a power 'E', very far away from one another. And these have been placed in such a way as to be aligned and all that jazz so that the light they emit is aimed at the other perfectly (so that their beams will interfere).

Now we get the lasers to fire simultaneously. The laser beams go forth and at the midpoint they meet. They interfere, so the wave has power of 4E (as power is proportional to the square of amplitude, which just adds linearly no?). But because the source of the laser beam is so far away, they are not yet causally connected. So how can they couple to explain the extra energy from 2 laser beams, if there is no non FTL way for the lasers source to communicate that they are on even?

submitted by /u/SomewithCheese
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Thursday, October 11, 2018

In the graphic of Earth's energy budget, the outgoing thermal radiation is greater than the incoming, why is that?

In the graphic of Earth's energy budget, the outgoing thermal radiation is greater than the incoming, why is that?

In the graphic of Earth's energy budget, the outgoing thermal radiation is greater than the incoming, why is that?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 05:00 AM PDT

I'm referring to this graphic, the incoming radiation absorbed by the surface, how can the energy emitted by the surface be greater than this? How is the energy amplified, isn't it a violation of the 1st law of thermodynamics? I'm sorry, this is a stupid question, I just couldn't find anything online why it is higher.

submitted by /u/curiouzguy_69
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why is it that it is mostly in musical media that we misshear lyrics, aka mondegrains, and not as much in regular spoken discourse?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 06:37 AM PDT

Is there an opposite period to an ice age?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:52 PM PDT

Would it be a greenhouse age? And would we be heading to warmer temperatures regardless if global warming was occurring?

submitted by /u/Zaxhary
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Einstein replaced gravitational forces with a curvature in spacetime. What happens when you follow the same process, but with electrostatic forces?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 01:44 PM PDT

Okay, let's start simple: If the world only consisted of positively charged particles and the electrostatic force was attractive, surely we could follow the same process that led Einstein to his view on spacetime, right? It's just a matter of substituting masses with (positive) charges and gravitational constants with electrostatic ones.

Now let's drop the "assumption" of an attractive electrostatic force, but keep the world with only positive particles. To me it seems like this is not that different. Of course, the behaviour of particles would totally change, but instead of moving closer together positive particles just tend to move away from each other. Could we still describe this similarly to the curvature of spacetime due to mass?

As a last step, we have to allow negatively charged particles into our imaginary world. Intuitively, I'd say this is the most difficult step, and since we don't have a unified theroy, I don't think we can do this (yet), right?

submitted by /u/SendMeOrangeLetters
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If beaches are mostly sand, how does the mainland of any island or country support itself?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 04:22 AM PDT

Is it possible to predict how quickly individual words will change, e.g. can we roughly predict how long it will take until 'affect' disappears from the English language?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 02:00 PM PDT

What is a GEO satellite's position on its analemma called?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 02:12 AM PDT

I work in communications management for the military. While I understand most of the basics, SATCOM is still one of my weak areas. My team was explaining to me the importance of hitting a satellite while it's on its "zero point", which allows us to maintain good signal strength on the satellite without having to adjust the antenna every few hours as it moves on its analemma. If we hit the satellite when it's on one of the extreme points of the analemma, we lose sat lock and have to do another peek and poll to find it again, which is why it's best to get it at its zero. They told me this data is (at least for commercial satellites) almost always available for look up as the path the satellite traverses rarely changes. They mentioned what they think the data is called but a quick google search returned zero results. They called it something that sounded like "infemeris data". I'm just curious at this point if there is a specific name for this data so I can hold onto this knowledge. Thanks!

submitted by /u/stinkycash
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Why does water expand when it cools instead of shrinking?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:58 PM PDT

Every other element else that goes through a negative enthalpy change shrinks in volume so why doesn't ice?

submitted by /u/nintendongg
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Can a hydrogen atom have more than two electrons at a given time?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 08:49 AM PDT

We know that that hydrogen usually has only one electron in its outer shell but can hold two, hence why it's fairly reactive, in order to bond with other elements and get the second electron. But now another question bugs me: can we tack on more electrons? If so, what would happen?

submitted by /u/SomeRandomPerson33
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When galaxies collide do the gasses cause vortices or other “weather” patterns?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:52 AM PDT

Can old plastics spontaneously explode?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 09:53 AM PDT

I was listening to the 99% Invisible podcast, at about 19:30 someone (Emma McClendon?) says the following (my transcription, please forgive any errors).

I did a few Google searches but couldn't find anything more.

"This is what people need to realize, plastics sometimes age in such a way that they are attempting to go back to a gas or they want to go back to a liquid.

So that means that if you feel your sneaker sole that you've had for a really long time begins to stick to the floor you should get rid of it because it is what we would call weeping or other terminology. It's going back to it's liquid state. It's toxic, you don't want to touch it.

Same with something if you keep a plastic comb or barrette or a Tupperware container, you never know, in an airtight drawer, say you don't open it for years, and then you open it and you find shards it means that it exploded. It literally combusted at some point and you will smell it. These things are giving off noxious fumes.

And again we don't tend to see this because we see plastic as disposable but that's what this stuff is doing in these landfills."

https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/blue-jeans-articles-of-interest-5/

submitted by /u/Cr3X1eUZ
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 08:11 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How Does Medication travel to parts of the body that are in pain/wounded and not get mix signals and travel somewhere else?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 09:19 AM PDT

How do we know there's not another Earth, exactly the same distance from sun as we are, but 180 degrees out of phase in its orbit?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:02 AM PDT

It would never appear in the night sky (or the day sky!), and its gravitational pull would be in exactly the same direction as the sun. Would we have to go out there and check? Have we checked?

submitted by /u/sumdr
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Does “fast charging” or “slow charging” actually effect the duration of a battery charge?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:52 AM PDT

Mainly referring to charging him of cell phone batteries. House chargers (which charge slower) vs car chargers (charge faster). Using today's current batteries as the battery of interest.

submitted by /u/Funkytown1177
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How powerful are modern quantum computers?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:50 AM PDT

I remember shortly after the development of quantum computers began they were having trouble performing simple arithmetic. How powerful is quantum computing now that there has been significant research over the past several years?

I saw this nature paper (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-33125-3#Abs1) talking about how a quantum computer was used to simulate basic artificial lifeforms, which sparked my question because I wasn't aware we could do such things with them.

submitted by /u/AndMyAxe123
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Why does peanut butter breakdown chewing gum?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 06:28 AM PDT

Does Norton's Dome prove indeterminism in Newtonian mechanics?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:18 AM PDT

Or is the solution given in the paper ( r(t) = 0 for t<=0 and r(t)=(t-T)4 /144 for t=>0 ) simply invalid, because it is discontinuous for d4 r(0)/dt4 ?

Link to the paper: https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/Goodies/Dome/&ved=2ahUKEwiA3PTXvPzdAhURblAKHarxCh4QFjACegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw2ez3-ql0OeiMr0m52RWXEB

submitted by /u/Beren--Erchamion
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How reliable is Doppler Radar velocity data for estimating surface winds for a Tropical Cyclone?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 10:40 AM PDT

As Hurricane Michael is currently making landfall on the panhandled Florida, Doppler Radar from Elgin AFB has shown some velocity readings near 165 mph or greater. I know this is not true surface measurements, but how does it compare?

submitted by /u/howardcord
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Wednesday, October 10, 2018

Can we split a proton to create energy the same way we split a nucleus for energy?

Can we split a proton to create energy the same way we split a nucleus for energy?

Can we split a proton to create energy the same way we split a nucleus for energy?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 02:55 PM PDT

How were sufficiently coherent light sources generated for optics experiments before lasers?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 12:48 PM PDT

All the optics and photonics lab work I did as an undergrad a decade ago used a laser as the source due to its coherence.

I still don't understand how the famous optics experiments (thin slit interferences, interferometers...) that predated the laser were achieved without that advantage.

submitted by /u/serack
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Why can't the water being stored at Fukushima be reused for cooling?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:15 AM PDT

I'm sure it has been asked before but I cannot find the answer. Why can't the massive amounts of radioactive water being stored at Fukushima be reused to cool what is left of the reactors?

submitted by /u/my1973vw
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How does the nuclear power source work on the Voyager spacecraft?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 03:22 AM PDT

I understand how normal steam turbine nuclear plants work.

It's perceivable that Voyager uses a similar system but a bit impractical..

If anyone knows how Voyager makes its power I'd be greatly appreciated.

Thanks

submitted by /u/blitzkriegkitten
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AskScience AMA Series: We are Dr. Andrea Howard and Dr. Erin Barker, Associate Professors of Psychology at Carleton and Concordia Universities. We study the transition to university and university student mental health and well-being. Ask us anything!

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 04:00 AM PDT

It's early October and a new crop of students are making their way through the challenges of their first semester at college or university. Academic deadlines are starting to loom for everyone, and some students are about to write their first midterms. In our research, we've noticed across several samples of undergraduates that problems like depressive symptoms start to get worse on average over the course of the first year of university. A paper we published earlier this year showed this effect specifically for students who experienced relatively higher levels of academic stress.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470761

In our research we're hoping to get a better idea of what we (universities, parents, and students) can do to ease the transition to university and help students set themselves up for success across their university careers. Social relationships, academic habits, working while studying, substance use and other lifestyle behaviours, and financial stress are all pieces of the puzzle that we're examining in our labs.

We'll be here from 12pm to 2pm Eastern (16-18 UT) and are looking forward to your questions and comments!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What are neutral mesons made of?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 09:21 AM PDT

I was reading about the different types of mesons on Wikipedia and learned that, while most of them seem intuitive - a bound state of a quark and an antiquark, there are some (such as the neutral pi, rho and omega mesons) whose composition is "(Downantidown - upantiup) / square root of two". What does this mean? Are they oscillating between flavors? What's the difference between the neutral pi and rho mesons if they both have this same weird composition?

It gets even weirder when I see there is no "normal" bound state of up/antiup and down/antidown yet there exist mesons made up of charm/anticharm, strange/antistrange and bottom/antibottom.

submitted by /u/Swingfire
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If we had a mass of Neutrons in a vaccum would they turn into Hydrogen Gas?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:14 AM PDT

Hello,

So I know that a Neutron is composed of Down Down Up Quarks. I also know from reading that a W Boson leaves one of the Quarks it becomes a Up Up Down which is a Proton as well as ejecting an electron and an Anti-neutrino. I also know that the half life of a Neutron outside the nucleus is about 14 mins so it decays quite quickly

My question is if we had a mass of Netrons that all decayed like this not being near other matter (and therefore not able to enter the nucleus of that matter)? Would it not form a cloud of Hydrogen Gas as it would leave behind Protons and electrons?

submitted by /u/Tikinola
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Why do we get tired?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 03:49 AM PDT

When a person urinates, why doesn't their bladder create a vacuum? Or does it?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 06:38 PM PDT

I just realized, how can urine flow and be replenished without us feeling discomfort of the bladder shrinking. How does the bladder not create a vacuum after all of the urine is excreted? Does air somehow fill the space the urine had left or are there muscles that allow the bladder to contract and decrease the space that is now empty?

submitted by /u/John__MacTavish
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Question why is one side of a person different to the other?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 03:06 AM PDT

So I've recently been taking notice that probably down the middle of a human being you can see all sorts of minor defects most common is one eye socket larger then the other. Also fingers being larger then the ones on the other hand. What is the science?

submitted by /u/LT_B_Board
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How to determine if a large set of numbers was randomly generated?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 05:02 PM PDT

Lets say I am trying to determine if my D20 is balanced by tracking the outcomes. I have a sample size of 800 rolls which I would think would be sufficient for this analysis. I know that there are different statistical tests that can be performed to determine if the data set is truly random but I don't understand statistics enough to perform or understand the outcome of any of the tests. I have my samples recorded in excel and if there is a way to do it in there that would be even more helpful but I am open to any suggestions. If my sample size isn't big enough I can always add to it without a problem.

submitted by /u/Fuzzy_Pajama
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Why do some things burn and others don't?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 12:34 AM PDT

On this latest SpaceX launch, why are the exhaust gases different colors between the Merlin engines and Merlin vacuum variant?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 04:13 PM PDT

Can animals be afraid of an item which represents a predator they have no point of reference for?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 04:46 PM PDT

So a while ago there was this trend of people scaring their cats with cucumbers. Some people stated it could've been because they look like snakes. This sparked a discussion between my friend and I. A current domestic cat has never seen a snake, nor has it had any reasons to be afraid of something with a similar look. Is it possible that this knowledge is hereditary? In other words, can an animal be afraid of an item because it represents a dangerous animal which it has never seen or met?

submitted by /u/DutchPhenom
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Why do we need flu shots every year, while other shots can last decades?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 07:52 PM PDT

Why does the sun appear orange at sunset and sunrise but during the day appear white?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 04:05 PM PDT

Can solar flares affect the temperature of the Earth?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 03:37 PM PDT

Does the pupil shape of specific animals (goats; rectangular, cats; oval) affect the way they create an image in their mind?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 05:23 AM PDT

Is there any species of animals that create or modify their food to enhance their experience similar to how us humans do so?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 08:08 AM PDT

I'm sorry for the misleading flair. Not sure what to put this question under

submitted by /u/1075701
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How do warmer falls effect bird migration?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 06:34 PM PDT

I live in the north east United States, and it was nearly 80° today, which is the warmest I've experienced in October. Does this confuse birds and other animals as far as when they should migrate? Some days have been warm, but others are dropping below 50°

submitted by /u/ClockworkPrincesss
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Is there an evolutionary explanation to why some people don't have wisdom teeth?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 11:06 AM PDT

In the distant future should we expect people with wisdom teeth to be as rare as people without them today?

submitted by /u/OODanK
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How is surface tension related to droplet formation?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 01:15 PM PDT

Say you're trying to form a drop of water by letting it out of a small tube. Using the same tube, after adding soap to the water, will the drops formed in this process be bigger or smaller compared to pure water drops?

submitted by /u/HibbityHip
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If you had a fossil of one of your ancient ancestors, could you tell that you were related?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 12:30 PM PDT

Let's say I have a fossilized bone from early homo-erectus. Is there a way I could tell if I am it's descendant? If so, how? If not, why?

submitted by /u/HughJassmanTheThird
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What makes us think we can directly detect Dark Matter?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 09:20 AM PDT

There are in-progress experiments to directly observe Dark Matter (or, specifically, WIMPs) via scattering off atomic nuclei within large (and very sensitive) detector apparatus

What makes us think that WIMPs will interact with nuclei in this way? Is it not possible that WIMPs interact via gravity only - and hence would not be expected to trigger the detector?

​

​

submitted by /u/jamesfmackenzie
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