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Thursday, October 11, 2018

In the graphic of Earth's energy budget, the outgoing thermal radiation is greater than the incoming, why is that?

In the graphic of Earth's energy budget, the outgoing thermal radiation is greater than the incoming, why is that?


In the graphic of Earth's energy budget, the outgoing thermal radiation is greater than the incoming, why is that?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 05:00 AM PDT

I'm referring to this graphic, the incoming radiation absorbed by the surface, how can the energy emitted by the surface be greater than this? How is the energy amplified, isn't it a violation of the 1st law of thermodynamics? I'm sorry, this is a stupid question, I just couldn't find anything online why it is higher.

submitted by /u/curiouzguy_69
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why is it that it is mostly in musical media that we misshear lyrics, aka mondegrains, and not as much in regular spoken discourse?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 06:37 AM PDT

Is there an opposite period to an ice age?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:52 PM PDT

Would it be a greenhouse age? And would we be heading to warmer temperatures regardless if global warming was occurring?

submitted by /u/Zaxhary
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Einstein replaced gravitational forces with a curvature in spacetime. What happens when you follow the same process, but with electrostatic forces?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 01:44 PM PDT

Okay, let's start simple: If the world only consisted of positively charged particles and the electrostatic force was attractive, surely we could follow the same process that led Einstein to his view on spacetime, right? It's just a matter of substituting masses with (positive) charges and gravitational constants with electrostatic ones.

Now let's drop the "assumption" of an attractive electrostatic force, but keep the world with only positive particles. To me it seems like this is not that different. Of course, the behaviour of particles would totally change, but instead of moving closer together positive particles just tend to move away from each other. Could we still describe this similarly to the curvature of spacetime due to mass?

As a last step, we have to allow negatively charged particles into our imaginary world. Intuitively, I'd say this is the most difficult step, and since we don't have a unified theroy, I don't think we can do this (yet), right?

submitted by /u/SendMeOrangeLetters
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If beaches are mostly sand, how does the mainland of any island or country support itself?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 04:22 AM PDT

Is it possible to predict how quickly individual words will change, e.g. can we roughly predict how long it will take until 'affect' disappears from the English language?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 02:00 PM PDT

What is a GEO satellite's position on its analemma called?

Posted: 11 Oct 2018 02:12 AM PDT

I work in communications management for the military. While I understand most of the basics, SATCOM is still one of my weak areas. My team was explaining to me the importance of hitting a satellite while it's on its "zero point", which allows us to maintain good signal strength on the satellite without having to adjust the antenna every few hours as it moves on its analemma. If we hit the satellite when it's on one of the extreme points of the analemma, we lose sat lock and have to do another peek and poll to find it again, which is why it's best to get it at its zero. They told me this data is (at least for commercial satellites) almost always available for look up as the path the satellite traverses rarely changes. They mentioned what they think the data is called but a quick google search returned zero results. They called it something that sounded like "infemeris data". I'm just curious at this point if there is a specific name for this data so I can hold onto this knowledge. Thanks!

submitted by /u/stinkycash
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Why does water expand when it cools instead of shrinking?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:58 PM PDT

Every other element else that goes through a negative enthalpy change shrinks in volume so why doesn't ice?

submitted by /u/nintendongg
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Can a hydrogen atom have more than two electrons at a given time?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 08:49 AM PDT

We know that that hydrogen usually has only one electron in its outer shell but can hold two, hence why it's fairly reactive, in order to bond with other elements and get the second electron. But now another question bugs me: can we tack on more electrons? If so, what would happen?

submitted by /u/SomeRandomPerson33
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When galaxies collide do the gasses cause vortices or other “weather” patterns?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:52 AM PDT

Can old plastics spontaneously explode?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 09:53 AM PDT

I was listening to the 99% Invisible podcast, at about 19:30 someone (Emma McClendon?) says the following (my transcription, please forgive any errors).

I did a few Google searches but couldn't find anything more.

"This is what people need to realize, plastics sometimes age in such a way that they are attempting to go back to a gas or they want to go back to a liquid.

So that means that if you feel your sneaker sole that you've had for a really long time begins to stick to the floor you should get rid of it because it is what we would call weeping or other terminology. It's going back to it's liquid state. It's toxic, you don't want to touch it.

Same with something if you keep a plastic comb or barrette or a Tupperware container, you never know, in an airtight drawer, say you don't open it for years, and then you open it and you find shards it means that it exploded. It literally combusted at some point and you will smell it. These things are giving off noxious fumes.

And again we don't tend to see this because we see plastic as disposable but that's what this stuff is doing in these landfills."

https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/blue-jeans-articles-of-interest-5/

submitted by /u/Cr3X1eUZ
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 08:11 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How Does Medication travel to parts of the body that are in pain/wounded and not get mix signals and travel somewhere else?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 09:19 AM PDT

How do we know there's not another Earth, exactly the same distance from sun as we are, but 180 degrees out of phase in its orbit?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:02 AM PDT

It would never appear in the night sky (or the day sky!), and its gravitational pull would be in exactly the same direction as the sun. Would we have to go out there and check? Have we checked?

submitted by /u/sumdr
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Does “fast charging” or “slow charging” actually effect the duration of a battery charge?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:52 AM PDT

Mainly referring to charging him of cell phone batteries. House chargers (which charge slower) vs car chargers (charge faster). Using today's current batteries as the battery of interest.

submitted by /u/Funkytown1177
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How powerful are modern quantum computers?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:50 AM PDT

I remember shortly after the development of quantum computers began they were having trouble performing simple arithmetic. How powerful is quantum computing now that there has been significant research over the past several years?

I saw this nature paper (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-33125-3#Abs1) talking about how a quantum computer was used to simulate basic artificial lifeforms, which sparked my question because I wasn't aware we could do such things with them.

submitted by /u/AndMyAxe123
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Why does peanut butter breakdown chewing gum?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 06:28 AM PDT

Does Norton's Dome prove indeterminism in Newtonian mechanics?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 11:18 AM PDT

Or is the solution given in the paper ( r(t) = 0 for t<=0 and r(t)=(t-T)4 /144 for t=>0 ) simply invalid, because it is discontinuous for d4 r(0)/dt4 ?

Link to the paper: https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/Goodies/Dome/&ved=2ahUKEwiA3PTXvPzdAhURblAKHarxCh4QFjACegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw2ez3-ql0OeiMr0m52RWXEB

submitted by /u/Beren--Erchamion
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How reliable is Doppler Radar velocity data for estimating surface winds for a Tropical Cyclone?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 10:40 AM PDT

As Hurricane Michael is currently making landfall on the panhandled Florida, Doppler Radar from Elgin AFB has shown some velocity readings near 165 mph or greater. I know this is not true surface measurements, but how does it compare?

submitted by /u/howardcord
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Wednesday, October 10, 2018

Can we split a proton to create energy the same way we split a nucleus for energy?

Can we split a proton to create energy the same way we split a nucleus for energy?


Can we split a proton to create energy the same way we split a nucleus for energy?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 02:55 PM PDT

How were sufficiently coherent light sources generated for optics experiments before lasers?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 12:48 PM PDT

All the optics and photonics lab work I did as an undergrad a decade ago used a laser as the source due to its coherence.

I still don't understand how the famous optics experiments (thin slit interferences, interferometers...) that predated the laser were achieved without that advantage.

submitted by /u/serack
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Why can't the water being stored at Fukushima be reused for cooling?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:15 AM PDT

I'm sure it has been asked before but I cannot find the answer. Why can't the massive amounts of radioactive water being stored at Fukushima be reused to cool what is left of the reactors?

submitted by /u/my1973vw
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How does the nuclear power source work on the Voyager spacecraft?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 03:22 AM PDT

I understand how normal steam turbine nuclear plants work.

It's perceivable that Voyager uses a similar system but a bit impractical..

If anyone knows how Voyager makes its power I'd be greatly appreciated.

Thanks

submitted by /u/blitzkriegkitten
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AskScience AMA Series: We are Dr. Andrea Howard and Dr. Erin Barker, Associate Professors of Psychology at Carleton and Concordia Universities. We study the transition to university and university student mental health and well-being. Ask us anything!

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 04:00 AM PDT

It's early October and a new crop of students are making their way through the challenges of their first semester at college or university. Academic deadlines are starting to loom for everyone, and some students are about to write their first midterms. In our research, we've noticed across several samples of undergraduates that problems like depressive symptoms start to get worse on average over the course of the first year of university. A paper we published earlier this year showed this effect specifically for students who experienced relatively higher levels of academic stress.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470761

In our research we're hoping to get a better idea of what we (universities, parents, and students) can do to ease the transition to university and help students set themselves up for success across their university careers. Social relationships, academic habits, working while studying, substance use and other lifestyle behaviours, and financial stress are all pieces of the puzzle that we're examining in our labs.

We'll be here from 12pm to 2pm Eastern (16-18 UT) and are looking forward to your questions and comments!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What are neutral mesons made of?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 09:21 AM PDT

I was reading about the different types of mesons on Wikipedia and learned that, while most of them seem intuitive - a bound state of a quark and an antiquark, there are some (such as the neutral pi, rho and omega mesons) whose composition is "(Downantidown - upantiup) / square root of two". What does this mean? Are they oscillating between flavors? What's the difference between the neutral pi and rho mesons if they both have this same weird composition?

It gets even weirder when I see there is no "normal" bound state of up/antiup and down/antidown yet there exist mesons made up of charm/anticharm, strange/antistrange and bottom/antibottom.

submitted by /u/Swingfire
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If we had a mass of Neutrons in a vaccum would they turn into Hydrogen Gas?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 05:14 AM PDT

Hello,

So I know that a Neutron is composed of Down Down Up Quarks. I also know from reading that a W Boson leaves one of the Quarks it becomes a Up Up Down which is a Proton as well as ejecting an electron and an Anti-neutrino. I also know that the half life of a Neutron outside the nucleus is about 14 mins so it decays quite quickly

My question is if we had a mass of Netrons that all decayed like this not being near other matter (and therefore not able to enter the nucleus of that matter)? Would it not form a cloud of Hydrogen Gas as it would leave behind Protons and electrons?

submitted by /u/Tikinola
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Why do we get tired?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 03:49 AM PDT

When a person urinates, why doesn't their bladder create a vacuum? Or does it?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 06:38 PM PDT

I just realized, how can urine flow and be replenished without us feeling discomfort of the bladder shrinking. How does the bladder not create a vacuum after all of the urine is excreted? Does air somehow fill the space the urine had left or are there muscles that allow the bladder to contract and decrease the space that is now empty?

submitted by /u/John__MacTavish
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Question why is one side of a person different to the other?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 03:06 AM PDT

So I've recently been taking notice that probably down the middle of a human being you can see all sorts of minor defects most common is one eye socket larger then the other. Also fingers being larger then the ones on the other hand. What is the science?

submitted by /u/LT_B_Board
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How to determine if a large set of numbers was randomly generated?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 05:02 PM PDT

Lets say I am trying to determine if my D20 is balanced by tracking the outcomes. I have a sample size of 800 rolls which I would think would be sufficient for this analysis. I know that there are different statistical tests that can be performed to determine if the data set is truly random but I don't understand statistics enough to perform or understand the outcome of any of the tests. I have my samples recorded in excel and if there is a way to do it in there that would be even more helpful but I am open to any suggestions. If my sample size isn't big enough I can always add to it without a problem.

submitted by /u/Fuzzy_Pajama
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Why do some things burn and others don't?

Posted: 10 Oct 2018 12:34 AM PDT

On this latest SpaceX launch, why are the exhaust gases different colors between the Merlin engines and Merlin vacuum variant?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 04:13 PM PDT

Can animals be afraid of an item which represents a predator they have no point of reference for?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 04:46 PM PDT

So a while ago there was this trend of people scaring their cats with cucumbers. Some people stated it could've been because they look like snakes. This sparked a discussion between my friend and I. A current domestic cat has never seen a snake, nor has it had any reasons to be afraid of something with a similar look. Is it possible that this knowledge is hereditary? In other words, can an animal be afraid of an item because it represents a dangerous animal which it has never seen or met?

submitted by /u/DutchPhenom
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Why do we need flu shots every year, while other shots can last decades?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 07:52 PM PDT

Why does the sun appear orange at sunset and sunrise but during the day appear white?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 04:05 PM PDT

Can solar flares affect the temperature of the Earth?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 03:37 PM PDT

Does the pupil shape of specific animals (goats; rectangular, cats; oval) affect the way they create an image in their mind?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 05:23 AM PDT

Is there any species of animals that create or modify their food to enhance their experience similar to how us humans do so?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 08:08 AM PDT

I'm sorry for the misleading flair. Not sure what to put this question under

submitted by /u/1075701
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How do warmer falls effect bird migration?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 06:34 PM PDT

I live in the north east United States, and it was nearly 80° today, which is the warmest I've experienced in October. Does this confuse birds and other animals as far as when they should migrate? Some days have been warm, but others are dropping below 50°

submitted by /u/ClockworkPrincesss
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Is there an evolutionary explanation to why some people don't have wisdom teeth?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 11:06 AM PDT

In the distant future should we expect people with wisdom teeth to be as rare as people without them today?

submitted by /u/OODanK
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How is surface tension related to droplet formation?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 01:15 PM PDT

Say you're trying to form a drop of water by letting it out of a small tube. Using the same tube, after adding soap to the water, will the drops formed in this process be bigger or smaller compared to pure water drops?

submitted by /u/HibbityHip
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If you had a fossil of one of your ancient ancestors, could you tell that you were related?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 12:30 PM PDT

Let's say I have a fossilized bone from early homo-erectus. Is there a way I could tell if I am it's descendant? If so, how? If not, why?

submitted by /u/HughJassmanTheThird
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What makes us think we can directly detect Dark Matter?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 09:20 AM PDT

There are in-progress experiments to directly observe Dark Matter (or, specifically, WIMPs) via scattering off atomic nuclei within large (and very sensitive) detector apparatus

What makes us think that WIMPs will interact with nuclei in this way? Is it not possible that WIMPs interact via gravity only - and hence would not be expected to trigger the detector?

submitted by /u/jamesfmackenzie
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Tuesday, October 9, 2018

Where did all the sand in the Sahara Desert come from?

Where did all the sand in the Sahara Desert come from?


Where did all the sand in the Sahara Desert come from?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 03:22 PM PDT

How unique is the fact that our moon's rotational speed matches it's traslational speed so that the same side of the moon is permanently facing earth?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 06:18 PM PDT

Given that the majority of calculations performed by a computer are some sort of matrix inversion, solution of a linear system equations, or solving some partial-differential equation, are there known Quantum Computer algorithms that actually provide speed-up for these problems?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 01:33 AM PDT

Looking at a list of quantum algorithms many of the problems seem very... artificial... relative to the kinds of calculations that computers are doing on a daily basis.

Factoring primes is nice and all, but can I, say, diagonalize or invert a matrix using a quantum algorithm? If not, shouldn't this be a serious point of concern? I understand the potential as "quantum simulators" and that's certainly potentially valuable, but quantum many-body calculations are only the tiniest sub-set of the numerical calculations that we do in our society.

submitted by /u/DigForFire90
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Where does the 3/5 term arise from in the potential energy of the charge distribution of a nucleus?

Posted: 09 Oct 2018 02:27 AM PDT

In the Semi-Empirical Mass Formula, the coulomb term is aZ2 / A1/3 as far as im aware, with "a" being the electrostatic coulomb constant, (3/5)(1/4pi)(1/epsilon0)(1/r0). I understand where all the terms come from as its the simple electrostatic repulsion form, but this 3/5 term seems to come from nowhere. I'm doing tutorial questions and i am ever so slightly numerically out from the solutions we have - however including this 3/5 term i found on Wikipedia gets me to the correct answer, but i haven't seen it before).

Sorry for the bad formatting, this is my first post like this. Thanks in advance for any help.

submitted by /u/NuclearBearShark
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Water will flow out of long hose if empty first. Not if some water is in it. Why?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 12:50 PM PDT

I bought a very long water hose (330 ft / 100m). I hooked it up, opened the valve and water flowed through it without any problem. I disconnected the hose for a minute or two, connected again and nothing came out. I tried blowing through it and even a pump. Absolutely nothing. I disconnected, lifted one end and proceeded to lift the hose a little at a time through the entire length emptying it by gravity. Blew on it again and this time met very little resistance. Connected the hose, opened the valve and water flowed again. I repeated the experiment out of curiosity and let a little air in. The hose was again essentially blocked. Why?

submitted by /u/mx_prepper
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Could you "predict" all of chemistry using only Quantum Mechanics?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 03:15 PM PDT

What I mean is if you could predict the octet rule, the required activation energies for different chemical reactions, the crystalline structure that atoms will form, etc.

submitted by /u/EduardoDuhalde
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Why there are so few space probes beyond Solar system, only Voyager 1 and 2 from 70s, and New Horizons ?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 02:52 PM PDT

Does anyone know what the lines on this measuring cylinder represent? (Or rather their values)

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 01:57 PM PDT

My father found this odd measuring culling with values that he couldn't recognize the significance of, they are close to fluid ounces, but not exact, as would be expected on a measuring cylinder?Measuring Cylinder

submitted by /u/RagingRanga
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What is the natural of neutrino interaction with matter ?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 10:53 AM PDT

Neutrinos rarely interact with regular matter, but they do eventually and that's how we can detect it. But what is the nature of this interaction ?

Is it ionization for example ? Or other kind of interactions with the subatomic particles ?

Ultimately, will an ultra dense high energy neutrino burst be lethal with semptoms similar to radiation poisoning/sickness ?

submitted by /u/Xajel
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Question about particle/nuclear physics?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 02:24 PM PDT

Is it possible that the quarks making up protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus might dissociate from each other and interact with the other quarks, such that the nucleus stays together when they have fewer quarks to interact with and possibly form a subatomic particle, but in nuclei with a higher number of quarks, there is a higher probability that they will associate with the appropriate up and down quarks to form a proton or neutron and leave the nucleus, thus causing decay?

submitted by /u/ajab32k
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Do skin cells die or get damaged under contact with alcohol like bacteria does?

Posted: 07 Oct 2018 09:22 PM PDT

How exactly does diabetes work and how do you get it?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 04:25 AM PDT

Do rainbow endpoints come in contact with the earths surface or dissipate before reaching it?

Posted: 08 Oct 2018 11:53 AM PDT