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Thursday, October 4, 2018

I have recently heard that astronomers have found an "exomoon". I am quite scientifically illiterate so what exactly is an exomoon and how could it affect us on Earth?

I have recently heard that astronomers have found an "exomoon". I am quite scientifically illiterate so what exactly is an exomoon and how could it affect us on Earth?


I have recently heard that astronomers have found an "exomoon". I am quite scientifically illiterate so what exactly is an exomoon and how could it affect us on Earth?

Posted: 04 Oct 2018 04:09 AM PDT

Do Rockets harm the environment in terms of exhaust fumes?

Posted: 04 Oct 2018 04:07 AM PDT

I ask me this question when in saw Elon Musks demo of the BFR carrying passengers or cargo from Earth-to-Earth anywhere on the Earth within 90 minutes.

submitted by /u/Knastbruder33
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What are the long-term effects of repeated soft tissue bruising and damage?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 11:04 PM PDT

Athletes often suffer injuries to parts of the body from repeated stress over time. What about soft tissue? What happens if a spot on your body is repeatedly bruised and subjected to damage over and over again over a period of years?

submitted by /u/MisterJose
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Is it possible to travel faster than the apeed of sound through a liquid?

Posted: 04 Oct 2018 07:29 AM PDT

Has it been done before? What would that look like? Would there be anything cool to see like when planes pass through the sound barrier and that vapor wall builds up? Thanks.

submitted by /u/swill128
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Does the temperature of a room change the rate of which a candle burns?

Posted: 04 Oct 2018 06:28 AM PDT

Why are common allergies like bee stings and peanuts... common?

Posted: 04 Oct 2018 03:40 AM PDT

I'm just curious if there's something underlying that makes us more susceptible to very specific allergies

submitted by /u/Sintarical1
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How do nuclear reactors/atomic bombs prevent a fission reaction before it is wanted?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 06:30 PM PDT

I know how fission reactions work (to a certain extent atleast), but how are the neutrons contained and prevented from starting a reaction at any random point in time? Shouldn't a reaction start the second any neutron at high enough energy hits the nucleus of another atom, and therefore be completely unpredictable?

submitted by /u/ElectroSfere
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On MRI background checks, why are tattoos listed along with other metal objects?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 11:48 PM PDT

How have ancient cave and wall paintings stayed preserved over time with some 40,000+years old?

Posted: 04 Oct 2018 12:10 AM PDT

How do gas giants like Jupiter "die" in star systems that don't go supernova?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 11:29 AM PDT

Does getting the flu shot in the US help protect you from flu virus in other countries?

Posted: 04 Oct 2018 03:57 AM PDT

Hi everyone, I am an American living in Germany. I will be traveling to the US in a few weeks and wondering if it makes sense to get my flu shot there. Will this protect me or are there different flu strains in different countries? From my knowledge, getting the flu shot is not common practice in Germany like it is in the US. Typically it's only for high risk patients like the elderly or pregnant women.

submitted by /u/letsfiesta
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Does a human body emit neutrinos?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 10:08 AM PDT

I read that our body emits a small amount of radiation, notably through the decay of Potassium 40 and Carbon 14. But this type of decay results in the emission of positrons, if I understand correctly.

Is there another type of decay happening in our body that emits neutrinos?

I wonder if our body sends small pieces of information through the universe, broadcasting our existence light-years away...

submitted by /u/1-Sisyphe
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Change in enthalpy for transition of carbon in the diamond form to carbon in the graphite form is apparently a negative number (-453.5 cal). According to this, graphite is more stable than diamond, how’s that possible? Isn’t diamond supposed to be stronger and more stable than any other material?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 10:54 PM PDT

Can someone give a layman's explanation of how to obtain a probability density model for atoms using the Schrödinger wave function?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 01:38 PM PDT

I realize this might be a tough ask, but I just came across this photo the other day and thought it was pretty inspiring. I was wondering if the shapes of all the atoms have been mapped in a way like this. Is this photo an accurate representation of the Schrödinger equation of hydrogen orbitals?

submitted by /u/BlazesAndAmuzed
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Is there any universal unit for time that isn't based from our stellar perspective? I know caesium-133 and strontium are used to get extremely accurate measurements but it's only in reference to our solar system.

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 05:49 PM PDT

Is it possible to design acoustic "distributed-element filters" using a similar approach to that employed in the RF and Microwave electronic field?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 03:43 PM PDT

When shooting at / from an helicopter, does the shooter needs to aim higher to compensate for the force from the main rotor ?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 12:31 PM PDT

If a pregnant woman got mono, once she recovered and developed immunity, would the child passively receive immunity as well?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 08:16 PM PDT

How come the heat from the sun hits the earth roughly the same time as the light from the sun?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 04:07 PM PDT

The sunlight takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds to get hear. Surely heat will take a lot longer?

submitted by /u/Arbane
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Why is blue light scattered and not absorbed in the sky?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 05:03 PM PDT

The resonant frequency of N2 and O2 is similar to blue light's frequency, so wouldn't the molecules just absorb the light instead of scattering it?

submitted by /u/TechSupport15
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Can Cobalt-60 be used for PET scans?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 09:33 PM PDT

How are space probes like Cassini protected from colliding with asteroids and space scrap?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 09:51 AM PDT

Wednesday, October 3, 2018

Musics with binaural beats, certain frequencies (eg. "417 Hz healing music") - do they really have effects on hormones release in the brain, or brain activities?

Musics with binaural beats, certain frequencies (eg. "417 Hz healing music") - do they really have effects on hormones release in the brain, or brain activities?


Musics with binaural beats, certain frequencies (eg. "417 Hz healing music") - do they really have effects on hormones release in the brain, or brain activities?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 08:54 AM PDT

What is the state of science on music and brain activity? Are there any proven benefits to listening to that type of music?

Here is a exemple

submitted by /u/Tigalopl
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If defibrillators have a very specific purpose, why do most buildings have one?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 07:39 AM PDT

I read it on reddit that defibrilators are NOT used to restart a heart, but to normalize the person's heartbeat.

If that's the case why can I find one in many buildings around the city? If paramedics are coming, they're going to have one anyway.

submitted by /u/Cromodileadeuxtetes
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What is the force carrier of a magnetic field?

Posted: 03 Oct 2018 07:07 AM PDT

While watching a video explaining electromagnetism, it was stated that the force carrier is the photon. However, my understanding of photons is that they do not contain a charge and are therefore unaffected by magnetic fields. The video mentioned nothing of moving electrons being a force carrier within a wire.

How can photons be the force carrier and yet light is unaffected by magnetic fields?

What is the relationship between the nuclei of magnetic elements and the electron, if they are unified under the same force?

Any clarification, simple or complex, would be greatly appreciated!

submitted by /u/IanP23
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what could cause a peak at 642nm in an H2 spectrum?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 07:54 PM PDT

I have a hydrogen gas spectrum tube in a spectrum tube power supply. I have one end of a small bundle of fiber optic strands pointed at the spectrum tube, and the other jammed into the cuvette holder area of a PASCO spectrometer, which is communicating with an iPad via Bluetooth. The 656 nm line is supposed to be there, but I have no idea why I have a peak at 642 nm. What could produce that? spectrum here

submitted by /u/mathologies
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Does adding more heat to a pot of boiling water make it cook things faster?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 04:45 PM PDT

I have to win an argument. The idea starts off with somebody boiling a decently large sized pot of water. When small amounts of bubbles start to form and rise is what qualifies as "boiling the water". My question is, if you were to add heat and make it a rapid rolling boil, would that cook food inside of the pot faster than if the boil was less "aggressive"? An example for the food would be noodles that take up most of the space in the pot when added to the water.

The person I'm arguing with says that since water boils at 100° in an ideal circumstance, the water will not (or at least nearly negligibly) cook the food faster.

I think that adding more heat will make more of the water in total hotter (since I assume most of the water isnt actually at its boiling point), which will make the food hotter, which makes the food cook faster (like cooking the noodles in 6 minutes instead of 8).

How does this work?

submitted by /u/BoilingWaterBoy
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Why is there so much radiation in outer space?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 05:35 PM PDT

What is a Coulomb Explosion and why do alkali metals create it when in contact with water?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 11:36 AM PDT

How do linguists discover the phonetics of ancient symbols?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 10:17 AM PDT

Do isotopes of a given element have different atomic radii?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 03:53 PM PDT

While the nuclei are definitely of different sizes, does this affect the overall radius of the atom?

submitted by /u/xkerd
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Do higher altitudes have any effect on audible pitch compared to sea level?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 04:14 PM PDT

Follow up question, also what about places with high humidity? As far as music goes, unless you have perfect pitch, most people might not be able to distinguish differences since it seems relative pitch between one note to another is more important than a little deviation from a standard arbitrary root note. I figure if helium is lighter/less dense than standard air which causes pitch to go up, I didn't know if less dense air would have a similar effect and vice versa with denser more humid air if measure with a simple tuner.

submitted by /u/DrBucket
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How does the body respond differently to a bacterial infection vs. a viral infection?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 05:48 PM PDT

How are we able to find planets light years away but are still finding dwarf planets at the edge of our solar system?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 04:29 PM PDT

I just saw a post where a new dwarf planet was found at the edge of our solar system. Should we not have found all these by now since they are closer and we are finding planets light years away. Is it not easier to find these closer celestial bodies?

submitted by /u/already-taken-
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How much cytoplasm does the average animal cell contain?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 02:04 PM PDT

What makes misfolding a protein dangerous? Why are prions functionally different from their original form?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 08:43 AM PDT

Do electrons truly have a non-zero probability of being anywhere in space? Do atoms have a defined size?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 07:26 PM PDT

Models showing the shape of an electron orbital often show the space in which the probability of there being an electron is something like 90-95%. If this were extended not to 99% or 99.999999% but 100%, is there space in which the electron certainly won't be?

submitted by /u/Chuuume
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What happens between the inner and outer horizons of a Reissner-Nordström black hole? And how is it connected to wormholes, white holes and/or interuniversal travel?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 07:28 AM PDT

So this is the first time I'm posting around in this sub. I don't have a degree that is related to physics, maths or any other natural science in general yet I'm really interested about the abstract topics of physics such as black holes.

So could you guys please explain the answer of my question as if I'm retarded? I'm fine with the details, in fact I'd be happier if you went into detail and told me about Reissner-Nordström type black holes and the other types in general but I'd be so glad if you could use a pedagogic language that I could at least intuitively comprehend what the whole deal is about.

submitted by /u/onatto11
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Is there evidence that GR is realized with curved spaced rather than torsion or non-metricity?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 09:02 AM PDT

I have heard that there are formulations of GR which use torsion or non-metricity of space and I am interested in how one would distinguish them with measurements and, as a bonus, how to imagine what non-metricity actually is.

Would these different formulations potentially solve problems like dark matter or dark energy?

submitted by /u/Forty__
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Just sounds questions about KMT (Kinetic molecular theory). 1. How is it possible for a substance to exist in three different states of matter?( properties of compressibilty volume and shape.)

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 06:19 PM PDT

  1. what is the significance of the melting point and boiling point on the molecular level?

  2. how does vapour pressure affect evaporation and what is it?

  3. What is the difference of boiling and evaporation at a molecular level?

submitted by /u/savage2169
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Does ionisation of a substance affect it’s emission line spectrum?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 12:19 PM PDT

And if so how?

submitted by /u/Antoni2000
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Tuesday, October 2, 2018

Is there an anti-placebo effect as in a patient believing a treatment doesn't work reducing the effectiveness? If so, how strong is it?

Is there an anti-placebo effect as in a patient believing a treatment doesn't work reducing the effectiveness? If so, how strong is it?


Is there an anti-placebo effect as in a patient believing a treatment doesn't work reducing the effectiveness? If so, how strong is it?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 08:01 PM PDT

Why do rarely used muscles shake after using them?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 05:53 PM PDT

Why are CPU chip wafers circular, instead of a square? Aren't the cut-off chips on the edges wasted?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 09:13 PM PDT

Do neurons in other animals fire at the same speed as ours?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 08:26 PM PDT

When a sound-wave travels in an open pipe, what reflects it back in order to form a standing wave?

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 04:47 AM PDT

I understand that in a closed pipe, the closed end reflects the sound-wave back and forms a standing wave, but there's no physical thing to reflect off in an open pipe. So how does it reflect?

submitted by /u/Dacato10
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[Paleontology] Is there evidence of any dinosaurs having a cloaca?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 07:38 PM PDT

Since birds are relatives of dinos, I would think some dinos, like a pteradactyl, would've had a cloaca. Is there any known evidence of this?

submitted by /u/AB4273
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Would a bullet eventually completely degrade if it were shot in space?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 10:39 AM PDT

When the Earth was forming, did having a single landmass affect its orbit? Does it make a difference now that there are continents?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 05:04 PM PDT

How do you calculate the average sum of dice rolls when a "drop the lowest roll" mechanic is used?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 03:38 PM PDT

In various tabletop role-playing games, game designers will often use a system to set character statistics that is some derivation of "roll an x-sided die y-times, drop the lowest z rolls, and sum up the results." The most common example of this is rolling a 6-sided dice 4 times and dropping the lowest result.

Now, calculating the average sum of 3 six-sided dice rolls is simple and intuitive, yielding a result of 10.5, but when adding a 4th and dropping the lowest result, the average comes out to a (seemingly) strange irrational number of ~12.22. There are other derivations of this problem that yield other seemingly random irrational values, and while I can get to the result by writing out all the combinations and summing up the probabilities, is there a way to write this problem out algebraically?

submitted by /u/TheAwsmack
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What happens to earth once the sun "dies"?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 03:35 PM PDT

One would think that the sun cannot go on forever, so what would happen to planet earth once its gone?

Our orbit, our light, our everything... Would the sun explode and take Earth with it?

submitted by /u/VolcGaming
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Can you 'russian-doll' pressure vessels, one inside another, in order to reduce the design requirements on each?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 09:12 AM PDT

I work with high pressure gas infrastructure (>1000 bar) where we use very strong and very expensive pressure vessels to store the gas at high pressure.

A colleague came up with a 'novel' solution to this gas storage problem which in my gut I feel isn't plausible but i'm struggling to make the argument against it. I'm hoping you guys can either help me debunk it, or even prove me wrong.

His suggestion is as follows: Lets say you have a pressure vessel containing gas at 300 bar. You put this 300 bar pressure vessel inside a second pressure vessel which contains gas at 200 bar. And you then put THAT pressure vessel inside a third vessel containing gas at 100 bar. You now have a russian doll pressure vessel system. His theory is that each pressure vessel will need only be designed to withstand 100 bar of pressure since the delta between each layer is 100 bar.

Supposedly this theory would extend to 1000 bar and beyond.

Purely based on theory and ignoring the practicalities of transferring gas in/out of the tanks - is this true/not true and if so, why?

submitted by /u/itskinner
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How Hard Can Water Get?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 09:53 AM PDT

Everybody knows falling into water from great heights can kill you, but what is it a combination of? Does speed and trajectory affect the impact? Can something hit water so hard it instantly stops? Do minerals and certain water deposits affect it also?

submitted by /u/TheRedProcess
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Since there is no light pollution on the surface of the moon or certain comets, how come the sky isn't filled with stars and galaxies?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 01:38 PM PDT

I just came across a photo on the front page of the surface of a comet. What stood out to me was how there doesn't appear to be any stars visible in the background of the photo. On Earth, a clear night sky with no pollution would show a ton of stars. How come we see no stars in the "sky" of this comet or in the photos we have of the surface of the moon?

submitted by /u/HoustonRocket
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Do people with Broca's aphasia know that they have a limited vocabulary?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 09:08 PM PDT

I know that in psychology, my teacher told me that people with Broca's aphasia can understand other people, but are they aware that they can't respond correctly?

submitted by /u/sargerasrusul
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What causes being right/left handed?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 09:01 AM PDT

Popular joke says it's amazing how many wonderful things we can do with right hand when left one just sits there and doesn't know how to hold a pencil. There are many things that we can do with left hand but not with right one though. For example if one tried to drive a nail with switched hands, not only left hand will swing uncontrollable but holding the nail with right hand feels odd too. I just tried to play guitar with switched hands and both hands had no idea what to do. Actually left hand started adapting slowly when right one couldn't hold a single string correctly. So what actually makes us "right-handed"? Does it have generic background, neurologic? Or maybe it's the way how we learn things like most children just copy what others do, but some children mirror it and therefore they're left-handed. Would child with conditions to be right-handed become left-handed when surrounded by left-handed people and child with conditions to be left-handed become right-handed in such environment?

submitted by /u/KakssPL
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If heavier elements come from stars, where did all of the elements from earth come from? More questions as well.

Posted: 02 Oct 2018 12:07 AM PDT

Since heavy elements are made in stars, where did the gases come from that formed the planets of the solar system? If our star is 5 billion years old and the universe is 14 billion, how did our solar system get the various amount of elements that is has? Did another star exist exactly where ours is today that died out and left the remnants of the heavier elements? If so, how many times do you think the solar system has "reset", I guess.

submitted by /u/Various_Reasons
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How does pH affect food flavors?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 03:38 PM PDT

Does the pH levels of certain foods have an effect on their perceived taste? If so, what kinds of effects?

submitted by /u/Alex_Russet
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What's is happening during sleep paralysis?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 07:58 AM PDT

Why do kids group up to mock and make fun of other people, typically their teachers and their peers?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 09:09 AM PDT

Can mosquitos/bedbugs/fleas/other blood sucking bugs catch diseases from humans?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 08:03 AM PDT

Lying in bed with the flu, being bit by mosquitos because summer and humidity yay!

So it made me think whether or not we can pass diseases down to bugs that bite us same as we can transmit diseases and viruses to other humans via saliva/breath/close proximity.

submitted by /u/Hoduhdo
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How does food get absorbed when it gets into your airway?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 04:14 AM PDT

What differences are there, if any, if a person is anesthetized while sleeping instead of while awake?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 07:18 AM PDT

Would one come out of the anesthesia to a sleeping state again? Would one be less confused? I've read elsewhere that less anesthetic is required, is this just for the initial anesthesia, or would the dosage through a surgery remain lower? Is it safer, more dangerous, equally risky to be anesthetized while already asleep?

submitted by /u/JustLookingToHelp
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