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Monday, October 1, 2018

What's happening in our brains when we're trying to remember something?

What's happening in our brains when we're trying to remember something?


What's happening in our brains when we're trying to remember something?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 04:36 PM PDT

If you stand on a skateboard, hold an umbrella in front of you, point a leafblower at it and turn it on, which direction will you move?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 06:29 AM PDT

Has natural selection lead to animals having a better ability to cross the road than the animals in the early 1900s?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 04:32 PM PDT

If the ITCZ is located over the Arabian Peninsula in July and there are bodies of water and a warm current, why is it still desert?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 11:39 AM PDT

Why are the coasts of the Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Persian gulf arid if the ITCZ is loacted over Saudi Arabia in July? Wouldn't the onshore winds and warm currents give the region a tropical savanna climate with moist summers and extremely dry winters due to the presence of the subtropical high in January.

submitted by /u/YoIronFistBro
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Can the equation E=MC^2 be applied to nuclear fission?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 09:32 PM PDT

In high school physics I remember having questions asking something like "if x grams of uranium undergoes nuclear fission in a reactor how much energy is released?" and we had to us the equation to solve the question. However, from what I understand, E=MC^2 describes matter turning completely to energy. Also nuclear fission only turns a small percent of the matter into energy. So since there is matter left after the uranium fissions, wouldn't using x as the input for M in the equation be incorrect?

submitted by /u/Mydogatemyexcuse
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How can we calculate how close Halley's Comet came to the Earth in the past?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 04:43 PM PDT

I understand we can get a lot from how people reported sightings at the time. Such as how bright it was, etc. However, when I look at a chart of the comet's previous sightings some of them include a number in astronomical units suggesting how close the comet was at the time.

How can we work this out for some years but not others?

What methods do astronomers use to calculate how close something came to Earth in the past?

submitted by /u/Krytenton
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How to deal with a person who has a pacemaker and needs to do an fMRI?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 11:28 AM PDT

Does the aurora borealis appear on other planets too? If so does that mean they're potentially habitable?

Posted: 01 Oct 2018 03:58 AM PDT

I never thought of other plants having an aurora but if they do, does that mean life is on the planet or how does the aurora borealis work for other planets? Are there conditions

submitted by /u/DetectiveUmbrella
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Can birds feel things they touch with their beak, if so how does this work?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 12:42 PM PDT

Why do muscles loose mass over time without exercising?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 06:48 PM PDT

What was the biggest cell ever existed on planet Earth?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 01:10 PM PDT

Not necessarily a unicellular creature, it might even be an egg or a plant/animal with really big cells.

submitted by /u/iKeyvier
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Do bird songs evolve over time?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 12:32 PM PDT

Why are some salts saltier than other salts?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 10:37 AM PDT

So, I saw this post here on Reddit https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/9k5lj5/a_perfect_salt_crystal_i_grew/?ref=share&ref_source=link

And a commenter replied with a picture of a halite he got from a mine somewhere. When someone asked him to taste it, he said that it tastes less salty than the common table salt.

I, for one, am from the Philippines. I grew up living with only two kinds of salt: Sea salt and Iodized salt. Both of them are really salty. Which was a surprise to me when I first tried a pinch of Pink Himalayan salt. It tastes far less salty compared to the same amount of sea salt and iodized salt that I grew accustomed to.

And also, watching cooking shows both on TV and online, I cringe when the cooks apply too much salt on their dish. That much salt using what we have here would render our food too salty.

So, it makes me wonder. What makes other salts less salty compared to other salts? Aren't they all crystal formations of Sodium Chloride? If so, then what makes one salt less salty than the other?

edit: changed "that" to "than"

submitted by /u/EarlZaps
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When the weather report says the temperature is X, but it feels like Y because of the humidity, what is the relative humidity they're assuming for Y?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 05:46 AM PDT

For example, if its 75 degrees out and 100% relative humidity, the weather report will say it feels like 80 degrees. But when it comes to how something "feels" to a human, temperature by itself is meaningless, so they must be making an assumption about the relative humidity of the "feels like" temperature. Do they just assume a normal, comfortable relative humidity value like 40-45%?

submitted by /u/bnpm
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This time of year, towns across the US are littered with campaign signs. Do they have any measurable influence?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 07:19 AM PDT

If the Gibbs energy of mixing two ideal liquids is negative, does this mean that work can be extracted from this process?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 01:54 PM PDT

My understanding of the Gibbs energy is that it is a measure of the work that can be extracted from a system. Therefore, if mixing two ideal liquids results in a lower Gibbs energy, does this mean that work can be extracted from the mixing process?

submitted by /u/gillardwibbs
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What are orbital resonances, and what are their effects on the bodies involved?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 07:43 PM PDT

For example, Pluto and Neptune are in a 2:3 resonance. What exactly does this mean and how does it effect Pluto and Neptune?

submitted by /u/Heptagonalhippo
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Do satellites generally have on-board computers, and what are they like?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 05:22 AM PDT

Does the average artificial satellite of Earth carry a computer on board? How powerful are they compared to the average person on the ground's smartphone, or laptop? Are there advances in spacefaring computers that make their way into consumer models, or the other way round?

I want to know all about computers in space!

submitted by /u/erasmustookashit
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Does the concept of Zero/Infinity exists in your Universe?

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 02:52 PM PDT

Hi r/askscience,

While me and some friends where discussing the 0/0 problem, we hit the question if the concept of Zero and Infinity exist on an cosmic scale in our universe.

Here are two examples what I am meaning:

1.) Speed/Energy: As we all know the maximum speed possible in this universe is c, the speed of light, is it possible, that something contains more energy than an object moving at the speed of light? Also does zero speed, the true stop of matter and consequential the absence of energy exist? I know it's impossible to reach Absolute Zero, so I guess the answer is no, but does a solid proof exist?

2.) Same question as above but let's look at matter instead of energy. Space starts to behave weird when too much matter is concentrated at one point, but is the singularity truly infinite? And final question, is the vast space complete empty (complete absence of matter) or could there be something we don't know of?

tl:dr: Can energy be infinite / is it possible that energy is complete absence? Same question with matter.

Thanks for your answers.

Edit: on second thought, if you consider e = mc2 the only question is, if one of both can get infinite or zero.

Edit2: I only ask for real proof or consence many scientists agree on, I've read the rules of this sub.

submitted by /u/Hikatokage
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Is body fat under the dermis in your skin really yellow, or is it only shown that color in models for ease of understanding?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 11:50 PM PDT

Sunday, September 30, 2018

How many people can one tree sufficiently make oxygen for?

How many people can one tree sufficiently make oxygen for?


How many people can one tree sufficiently make oxygen for?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 09:35 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We're team Vectorspace AI and here to talk about datasets based on human language and how they can contribute to scientific discovery. Ask us anything!

Posted: 30 Sep 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hi, r/askscience! We're team Vectorspace AI and here to talk about datasets based on human language and how they can contribute to scientific discovery.

What do we do?

In general terms, we add structure to unstructured data for unsupervised Machine Learning (ML) systems. Not very glamorous or even interesting to many but you might liken it to the glue that binds data and semi-intelligent systems.

More specifically, we build datasets and augment existing datasets with additional 'signal' for the purpose of minimizing a loss function. We do this by generating context-controlled correlation matrices. The correlation scores are derived from machine & human language processed in vector space via labeled embeddings (LBNL 2005, Google 2010.

Why are we doing this?

We can enable data, ML and Natural Language Processing/Understanding/Generation (NLP/NLU/NLI/NLG engineers and scientists to save time by testing a hypothesis or running experiments a bit faster and for additional data interpretation. From improving music and movie recommendation systems to enabling a researcher in discovering a hidden connection in nature. This can increase the speed of innovation and better yet novel scientific breakthroughs and discoveries.

We are particularly interested in how we can get machines to trade information with one another or exchange and transact data in a way that minimizes a selected loss function.

Today we continue to work in the area of life sciences and the financial markets with groups including Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a few internal groups at Google along with a of couple hedge funds in the area of analyzing global trends in news and research similar to methods like this [minute 39:35]

We're here to answer questions related to datasets and their connection to our work in the past, present and future. Please feel free to ask us anything you'd like related to our methods, approach or applications of if you want to shoot the research breeze, that's fine too.

A little more on our work can be found here.

We'll be on at 1pm (ET, 17 UT), ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How do we know that quarks are fundamental particles (don’t have a substructure)?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 08:28 PM PDT

Why is there an EpiPen (and generic alternatives) shortage?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 08:29 AM PDT

I have read that they are having difficulty manufacturing them, but what difficulties and why?

submitted by /u/starrieeyes
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Do ocean wind speeds get higher the farther from shore you get, and if so, why?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 04:19 PM PDT

How do longhorn beetles and other wood borers deal with sap and resin without getting stuck in conifers such as spruce, especially prior to emergence?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 02:01 PM PDT

In quantum leaps, do the orbital shapes "jump" from one shape to another instantaneously or does it smoothly transition to the next shape?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 08:19 PM PDT

Also, In the 3s diagram is it possible for the electron to fall between the orbitals in say, the black in the 3s orbital?

submitted by /u/xOceanWavesx
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What determines the shape of a galaxy?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 11:04 AM PDT

How was the universe a “few light years across” within a second of creation?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 10:44 AM PDT

I was reading "Astrophysics for people in a hurry", and there is a line in chapter 1 that says that when a second had passed from the Big Bang, the universe was a "few" light years across. Wouldn't it be, at most, 2 light seconds+100 or so Meters across in the first second? How could the edges move magnitudes faster than the speed of light?

submitted by /u/TheSunIsTheLimit
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How do comas affect the growth of children?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 11:02 AM PDT

If say a baby, or a 10 year old was in a coma for several years would they still experience physical growth at a rate similar to if they were not in a coma? For example if a 10 year old went into a coma for 5 years would they wake up with the body of a 10 year old?

Also how would the coma affect non physical attributes such as learning to speak, learn etc.?

Many thanks

submitted by /u/youtalkintometravis
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How do we calculate the total mass of a galaxy? How does this calculation relate to dark matter? Is it possible that we are not relating these together properly?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 05:59 PM PDT

I had the thought that when calculations are done for total mass of galaxies, do we use each and every stars mass? surely not? Then dark matter came to mind. From my understanding dark matter is this invisible web around us that holds everything together and without it our galaxies wouldn't hold together; saying the black holes in the middle of the galaxies do not have not strong enough gravity .

What if you calculated the total gravitational pull of every star to every other star, planet to planet, every combination possible; would this "web" possibly be enough to be dark matter?

Again, I dont know how we currently view dark matter calculations and or galaxy calculations Listen to a lot of podcasts on these subjects and took a lot of physics classes in high school so these things spark my interest .

I believe physics is the correct flair.... Thanks!

submitted by /u/GreenAndOrangePies
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How long did it take for nuclear fusion to spread throughout the core of the star on "ignition"?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 12:13 AM PDT

Im not sure if theres a go to number in stellar evolution models for this question, but if there is: How quickly, say in our sun specifically, did the initial triggering of nuclear fusion spread throughout the stars core to it's equilibrium position? Is this a process on the order of minutes, years, centuries? And depending on what magnitude of time, can you give a rough description of what is happening physically during this initial "firing" and growing state?

Additional Question (if above is short/easy): What is the boundary between the sun's core and the rest of it like? How abruptly does fusion shut off as you move out? Does the fusion rate slowly decrease radially or is there a pretty definite region (based on the scale of a star) where it cuts off?

These might be stupid questions, so feel free to put that as an answer haha. Thanks

submitted by /u/Spellman5150
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What is the advantage of deuterium / tritium reactions over DT / Lithium in our attempts at fusion?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 06:16 AM PDT

In short, how much easier (lower temp and/or density) is required for DT T reactions rather than lithium, which doesn't have the fast neutron problem?

An /r/askscience question on brown dwarfs got me stuck on it, since I remembered they can have limited deuterium and lithium fusion, and my Google-fu was weak on finding out why we breed tritium from lithium, putting most of the energy into hard-to-capture neutrons rather than just use the lithium.

submitted by /u/Hailbacchus
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Is there a difference between hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, medicanes and tropical storms? If not, is there a reason other than the place where they form for the name difference?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 12:22 AM PDT

I'm familiar with surface plasmon resonance and can conceptualize it as applied to metal nanoparticles, but how does it apply to bulk metals?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 12:15 PM PDT

For a project, I'm studying SPR-imaging, a technique in which an evanescent wave is propagated through the surface of a thin piece of metal using total internal reflectance. Depending on the situation of the substrates on the other side, the refractive index is altered and the reflected wave bounces back to the detector at a different angle. I'm still working it all out, obviously, but the major problem I have is that I don't understand how the bulk metal has a surface plasmon. It definitely has a dielectric pattern, but I guess I don't see how that's analogous. Or, I'm missing the parallel between that and a nanoparticle plasmon. They just seem like entirely different things to me.

submitted by /u/nosebleedseeds
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How does blocking for IHC not end up blocking the antigen of interest?

Posted: 29 Sep 2018 10:38 AM PDT

Blocking tends to be utilized in immunohistochemistry because it prevents non-specific binding. But how does it not end up blocking the antigen of interest, preventing the primary antibody from binding?

submitted by /u/soemdays
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What is happening chemically when a chip or bread gets stale?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 11:05 PM PDT

Are futuristic WMD such as antimatter bombs and relativistic kill vehicles even remotely feasible according to our understanding of physics?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 07:30 PM PDT

I found myself wondering if nuclear weapons would continue to be our most powerful weapons centures even millennia in the future, if perhaps were we to ever encounter an advanced alien civilization if it would be their strongest weaponry as well. So I thought about theortically possible things which may be more powerful, such as anti matter bombs/missiles and kinetic bombardment by accelerating an object to nearly the speed of light.

But both creating significant amounts of antimatter and accelerating even a kg object to 99% of lightspeed or there about requires absolutely ridiculous amounts of power, power comparable to the energy released by the largest nuclear weapons in human history, or the amount of power the entire United States generates over days, even months. Enough energy I would imagine that we human are not even aware of a way a stereotypical starship could generate let alone contain that much power, To say nothing of the fact that were it rounded to some sort of gun or equipment it would vaporize it.

So all you scientists, is it even possible as far as we know? Is there some way we think we could theoretically generate massive amounts of power? Does our understanding of physics suggest we might not need literally terawatts of power to do either?

submitted by /u/Disastrous_Delay
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Saturday, September 29, 2018

Can a star sit barely on the edge of being able to support fusion such that it will actually oscillate through fusion cycles?

Can a star sit barely on the edge of being able to support fusion such that it will actually oscillate through fusion cycles?


Can a star sit barely on the edge of being able to support fusion such that it will actually oscillate through fusion cycles?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 04:35 PM PDT

Can a star sit on the edge of being just large enough to support fusion but too small to support continued fusion? Could a star be massive enough to ignite fusion but then the fusion pressure is powerful enough to push against gravity so that it stops fusion until gravity collapses the material again and fusion restarts?

If such an oscillating star is possible, would the cycles be in seconds, minutes, hours or longer?

submitted by /u/Stuck_In_the_Matrix
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How much time passes between when something happens in front of us, when our eyes receive that visual information, and when our brain processes it?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 06:12 PM PDT

Did the advent of the Nuclear Age have a spectroscopic effect on our atmosphere if viewed from another solar system?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 09:38 AM PDT

I have read about the effect that the detonation of atomic and nuclear weapons has had on the atomic makeup of certain materials, such as steel.

Would our atmosphere demonstrate a discernible effect from the atomic detonations that would be visible from a solar system that is several light years away using our own spectroscopic technology?

If so, would this indicate evidence of intelligent life, or can this effect be replicated naturally?

submitted by /u/Pulfe
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Does the rate of genetic mutations increase as a result of environmental pressure? If so, is this rate change selected through natural selection or does it affect individual organism as part of some feedback loop with the environment?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 09:56 AM PDT

how does cells stick together?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 07:24 AM PDT

How do they stick together???

submitted by /u/Thordkpro
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Is there a consensus on SV40 and Polio Vaccines?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 03:48 PM PDT

I'm talking to someone on Facebook in regards to Simian virus 40 and the polio vaccine. I used to be in immunization and allergy specialist, this was a long time ago though and maybe I am outdated with my education.

However, this person on Facebook is adamant that SV40 is still an ongoing and potentially carcinogenic issue for people. Am I incorrect in my recollection that this has already been confirmed as a non issue?

If you are extra knowledgeable in this field a little extra elaboration would be nice if you wish...

submitted by /u/Gigantkranion
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Friday, September 28, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: We recently launched the new Land Cover tool in the NASA GLOBE Observer app. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We recently launched the new Land Cover tool in the NASA GLOBE Observer app. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We recently launched the new Land Cover tool in the NASA GLOBE Observer app. Ask us anything!

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Have questions about land cover types, the GLOBE Observer app, our current Land Cover Challenge, app development, or land science in general? We are here to answer your questions.

NASA GLOBE Observer is a smart phone app that lets you take citizen science data for NASA. And just this month the GLOBE Observer team launched the latest tool within the app called: "Land Cover Adopt a Pixel". This new feature lets you take part in a project to create more detailed satellite-based global maps of land cover by sharing photos of the world around you.

Why does NASA need your help in collecting this data with the new GLOBE Observer Land Cover tool? One reason is to fill in details of the landscape that are too small for global land-mapping satellites to see. Land cover is critical to many different processes on Earth and contributes to a community's vulnerability to disasters like fire, floods or landslides. Read more at go.nasa.gov/2NdWgwt.

(And don't forget there is still time to take part in our Land Cover Challenge. All participants will receive a virtual badge within the app if they make a Land Cover observation using the app between now and NASA's 60th anniversary (October 1st). However, the top 10 citizen scientists who map the most land in this period will be recognized on GLOBE Observer social media by a NASA scientist and will receive a certificate of appreciation from GLOBE Observer.)

Here answering your questions are:

  • Peder Nelson - Land Scientist and the science lead for the Land Cover tool within the NASA GLOBE Observer app.
  • Holli Kohl - Coordinator for NASA GLOBE Observer
  • Kristen Weaver - Deputy Coordinator for NASA GLOBE Observer
  • Autumn Burdick - Communications Director for NASA GLOBE Observer
  • Tassia Owen - Team Member and Outreach/Communications Specialist for NASA GLOBE Observer
  • David Overoye - GLOBE/GLOBE Observer Data Information Systems Project Manager
  • Joe Wieclawek - Chief Applications Developer for NASA GLOBE Observer

Proof: https://i.redd.it/yyih29la5to11.png

We'll see everyone at noon (ET, 16 UT), ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why do some parts of the eyes not need blood vessels?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 02:23 AM PDT

If electricity were to be passed through radon, would there be light?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 04:49 PM PDT

I know that the rest of the noble gases will produce light if high voltage electricity is passed through (neon tube lights). Neon would produce red light, argon has a light blue light, etc.

However, radon is not used in neon lights (I am assuming it is due to its radioactivity). But if high voltage light were to be passed through radon, would there be light? If so, what color would it be?

submitted by /u/atomicdragon136
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Does the human brain treat its own face differently from the faces of others?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 04:42 PM PDT

If a spacecraft was to use a magnetic field to protect its passengers from cosmic radiation decently as well as the Earth protects us, how would we generate it (method, power source, etc.) and how strong would it have to be, assuming a ship that is not much larger than the ISS?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 11:43 AM PDT

Bit of a thought experiment based off of a Space.com article about a farking strong electromagnet that I ran across this morning.

I strongly suspect that there are a number of ways we can do this, other than simply ramping up the Teslas. Because while a strong field could protect us well, it would also play havoc with anything inside the spacecraft, such as computers and anything metallic that isn't bolted down. And powering something strong also brings with it its own set of engineering issues.

And a pretty prescient subject, considering all the chatter there is about going to Mars these days.

submitted by /u/rekabis
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Does time dialation effect how old we see the universe to be?

Posted: 28 Sep 2018 04:47 AM PDT

Its said that the age of the universe is roughly 13.8 billion years old but since all mass has an effect on space time how do we know if thats the true age? Like from the perspective of someone next to a black hole the universe would be younger and someone in intergalactic space older right? Do scientists take this into account when they estimate ages of space objects? And if time doesnt run at exactly the same speed in any two parts of the universe is there any way to know the exact age of anything far away?

submitted by /u/Kins97
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The MINERVA rovers show boulders on the asteroid they landed on. Despite obviously lacking erosion due to water or an atmosphere or geological activities, how have these boulders formed?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 04:43 PM PDT

There are no known incidents of the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) attacking humans in the wild. Why would this be, given their reputation as ferocious hunters?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 02:00 PM PDT

Does the loss of hearing capabilities (inability to hear high frequencies) affect tinnitus?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 02:50 PM PDT

I learned about young people being able to hear higher pitched tones, and that the ability to hear them deteriorates over time. Seeing tinnitus are high frequency tones, does that mean the intensity of the sound fades over time?

submitted by /u/Newfoundlander9
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Do outside conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.) affect the strength of MagLevs or Magnetic Fields to any notable degree?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 03:15 PM PDT

What causes oil in transformers to get "worn out"?

Posted: 27 Sep 2018 07:46 AM PDT