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Thursday, September 13, 2018

How did dinosaurs have sex?

How did dinosaurs have sex?


How did dinosaurs have sex?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 02:03 AM PDT

I've seen a lot of conflicting articles on this, particularly regarding the large theropods and sauropods... is there any recent insight on it. —— Edit, big thank you to the mods for keeping the comments on topic and the shitposting away.

submitted by /u/JackhusChanhus
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Does lemons prevent the binding of caffeine & tannin in tea?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 01:44 AM PDT

Hey,

I've read that caffeine is more water-soluble than tannin. So short brewed tea has more free caffeine than long brewed. Long brewed has more caffeine in total but a lot of it has bond to tannin. Gastric acid is capable of splitting the bond so the caffeine will be bio available over a longer time span.

This morning I put pure citric acid in my tea and I noticed that the tea looks a lot clearer and much lighter than my normal long brewed tea.

Questions:

  1. Does the citric acid prevent the solution of tannin?
  2. Can citric acid prevent the binding of caffeine to tannin in the first place?
  3. How many slices of lemons would be needed to achieve that in a 200ml cup? -> Cultural reason for lemons in tea?

Thanks for your answers :)

[EDIT] after nearly 8k views (haha I love the internet) I decided to make a short timelapse, because many of the auto deleted comments didn't believe that the tea looks different with citric acid. of course I missed the sweet-spot with the acid but trust me I can't drink anymore tea today. I'm nervous AF and I've got heartburn.

https://youtu.be/YbnZabBx_Eo

submitted by /u/iNeverCouldGet
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How do sea creatures react to tropical storms?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 10:41 PM PDT

I read this week that helicopters are detecting 80ft waves from the storms brewing this week! Isn't this disruptive for the beings swimming in that mess? Do they just swim somewhere else when they sense stuff is getting crazy or if they hang out deep enough in the water can they avoid being affected? Also, do tropical storms negatively affect any other sea life, like reefs or sea plants?

submitted by /u/babaozhou
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How much did the Chicxulub crater affect the plate tectonics of North America?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 01:59 AM PDT

Recently I've been curious about Pangea and how our current map was formed. When I watch videos or see drawings of the transformation of earth I don't ever seem to see any change due to the massive crater that wiped out the dinosaurs. However, we know there is a massive crater, so I'm just wondering if it caused any change in the drift of the plates.

submitted by /u/LAKingsDave
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Is the large curve of coastline between Florida and the Carolinas in any way related to erosion from centuries of hurricanes?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 05:26 PM PDT

Every time I see a pic of a hurricane approaching the east coast, ot just looks like it would erode out more land int hat area.

submitted by /u/POCKALEELEE
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Why do most test tubes lack a base that lets them stand on their own in favor of racks where they’re put into?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 06:29 AM PDT

I've always thought this is weird, because it would probably be easier to work with if you didn't have to always put it back on the rack and could set it down wherever you are and would be in reach whenever needed instead of having to go back to a rack on the other side of the room. Is there a particular reason for this?

submitted by /u/obie_the_dachshund
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Why doesn't neutron scattering cause fission/neutron capture?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 11:16 PM PDT

Would solar panels on Mars produce less energy per panel compared to if they were on Earth?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 11:33 PM PDT

How can we tell the difference between volcanic CO2 and man-made CO2?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 02:40 AM PDT

On "Cosmos" NDT just told me that one is "heavier" than the other.

On the face of it, that makes no sense: CO2 is CO2. Can I get an explanation?

submitted by /u/FiveYearsAgoOnReddit
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How much energy is expended to deliver 1kW of power to a home from where it is generated?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 05:14 AM PDT

Basically the title,but to add a few more thoughts: What's the energy loss in transfer? Can we calculate the energy used to produce the transport cabling, transformers, etc? What's the overall efficiency in supplying power from a plant far away versus one near by or perhaps even on site power(ie solar panels)? Thanks,

submitted by /u/KK6AXQ
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Would approaching the event horizon of a black effectively make you immortal due to time dilation effects?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 07:31 AM PDT

What is the probability of getting two individual photons to collide and how drastic are the effects of the collision?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 10:43 PM PDT

How is planetary rotation measured on gas giants?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 10:15 PM PDT

I read that Jupiter rotates very quickly, but isn't its visible surface a roiling gas cloud? How do we decide how quickly Jupiter is rotating if there are no fixed features on its surface?

submitted by /u/Kneuronak
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Could you ride a bike down a really steep incline faster than you could free fall at terminal velocity?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 11:49 PM PDT

Would it be theoretically possible for Earth to generate a permanent hurricane, similar to the red spot on Jupiter?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 12:44 PM PDT

Florence's trajectories had me wondering. I'm assuming climate change would be the biggest factor in creating an environment that hostile but I don't have any facts on the topic.

Edit to elaborate after clarification below: I guess my question is if climate change could get bad enough where we would start seeing these long form hurricanes lasting 1+ years?

What types of conditions would be necessary for that to occur? 'Earth sciences'

submitted by /u/bx002
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How are artificial scents created?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 04:15 AM PDT

Bonus question, if someone wanted to replicate the smell of their significant other, is it possible and how would it be done?

submitted by /u/Tmanning47
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What is the nearest planet that would cause the same time dilation of that experienced in the film ‘Interstellar’?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 03:43 AM PDT

What's wrong with this argument against evolution?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 04:17 PM PDT

From a young-earth creationist's blog:

The critical factor in evolutionary change is not actually time. Instead, it's population size and generational turnover. This is because the requirement is that substantial variability be provided (by population size) and many opportunities for selection to whittle down a generation and act on that variation. This is very important, because it means that what Darwinists claim we can't see, we actually can see. We can examine what occurs, given a certain amount of evolutionary resources. Malaria has existed on this planet for several millennia, and operates by invading hemoglobin, eating it from the inside out, and destroying it. Its structure is such that it can only survive in very warm climates, however.

Given the enormous population of malaria across the planet and the rapid generational turnover- each infected person has billions of malarial organisms that multiply exponentially- malaria has the same evolutionary resources that any mammalian lineage has had since its descent from sponges in the Precambrian. Think about that.

Malaria has never adapted to be able to live in a slightly cooler climate. Never.

This is what is supposed to have created the human brain?

I suspect there are some fallacies here, or misconceptions about evolution. How would you respond to this person?

submitted by /u/kipling_sapling
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How do thermophiles survive temperatures that would quickly cook animal tissue?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 03:29 AM PDT

What makes currencies strong and what impact does it have?

Posted: 13 Sep 2018 03:21 AM PDT

As the title says what are the factors that makes a currency strong or weak and how does this impact the population in that country?

submitted by /u/J_hoff
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Wednesday, September 12, 2018

If grasses evolved relatively recently, what kinds of plants were present in the areas where they are dominant today?

If grasses evolved relatively recently, what kinds of plants were present in the areas where they are dominant today?


If grasses evolved relatively recently, what kinds of plants were present in the areas where they are dominant today?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 11:32 AM PDT

Also, what was the coverage like in comparison? How did this effect erosion in different areas? For that matter, what about before land plants entirely? Did erosive forces act faster?

submitted by /u/MisterPopolopogus
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If the gravitational pull of a planet is the same in all directions, why does Saturn, for example, have rings in only one plane? Shouldn't it be inside of a "shell" of debris instead of just having rings?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 05:19 AM PDT

How did fish get into isolated mountain lakes, without river outlets?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 01:05 AM PDT

What is the temperature threshold for the release of hexavalent chromium from stainless alloys?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 05:21 AM PDT

As per the OSHA safety sheet on hexavalent chromium, workers can be exposed to the toxic substance during "Welding and other types of "hot work" on stainless steel and other metals that contain chromium."

I'm familiar with the fact that this is a thing, and with the health and safety risks, but I've been unable to dig up any specific tests or hard data as to what exactly the threshold for this is. Neither the materials from OSHA, EPA, and CDC, nor the few other papers I've dug up on google seem to provide an answer here... they all seem to be more oriented toward the various health concerns and the mechanisms behind them.

This is applicable to my daily life as a D17.1 aerospace TIG welder (and machinist), however what really sparked the question is that stainless steel wire is commonly used as a heating element in electronic cigarettes and I'm curious to know if there's a concern of hex-chrome exposure from that.

submitted by /u/macthebearded
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When batteries are made are they already charged ?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 05:21 AM PDT

[Earth Sci.] [Physics] Carrying metal objects increases one's risk of lightning strike. Does it have to be exposed? Can car keys or other objects in my pocket make me a more likely target?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 06:22 AM PDT

In layman terms, what is the significance of transconductance?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 05:11 AM PDT

Most textbooks and Google say that it establishes a relationship between an output and an input quantity (current and voltage) but I want to better understand the significance of this factor.

submitted by /u/Deat_h
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Electrical conduction - How could you determine if there is a lot of free electrons flowing slowly or just a few flowing quickly?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 06:57 AM PDT

Consider a straight wire of known length, cross-sectional area and resistivity. Applying a known voltage results in a known current. How could you determine if there is a lot of free electrons flowing slowly or just a few flowing quickly? In particular, how would you do this experimentally? Thanks!

submitted by /u/hoopity_hoopla
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What exactly is muscle memory and how does it work?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 10:55 AM PDT

If the Earth suddenly vanished, how long would it take for the moon to get pulled into the sun?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 11:32 PM PDT

Do insects and arachnids heal from sustained injuries?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 05:07 AM PDT

Are double and triple bonds more stable or more reactive than single bonds?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 06:21 AM PDT

I'm a high school student with some confusion regarding my chemistry classes. I remember my teacher explaining in one course that double and triple bonds are more stable than single bonds, however at the same time I've learned that double and triple bonds are also considered functional groups, which means that these will react with other compounds easier? To me it seems like these two statements kinda contradict each other? I would highly appreciate some form of explanation because I'm really lost right now..

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Daniel01m
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Why is plastic so hard to break down and why is it so hard to reuse?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 02:21 AM PDT

If you put a hot object into space does it cool down and if so is it faster or slower than when the same hot object is in an atmosphere (of a lower temperature)?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 02:04 AM PDT

Just curious but based upon my limited knowledge of temperature it is the magnitude of movement of atoms in a medium. If you put a hot object into a perfect vacuum there must be no means for the heat energy to transfer to the surrounding environment and therefore the object must remain at the same temperature forever. Is this correct?

submitted by /u/HandgrenadeH
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If a noise loud enough to travel around the entire world is made, would there be a noticeable increase in the volume at the opposite point on Earth where the sound waves converge?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 03:33 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why do organisms larger than insects not go through a metamorphosis? What caused certain insect species to evolve to have a metamorphic process in their life cycle?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 09:35 PM PDT

Why are there the same fish in different lakes across the world?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 06:31 AM PDT

Did they somehow move from lake to lake? Or did they all evolve separately? How can you have bass in Minnesota and in Florida?

submitted by /u/LandoPJ
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How and why does Deoxy-Hemoglobin polymerize in Sickle Cell Disease?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 06:31 AM PDT

What exactly happens on the chemical level and why? How does a single amino acid mutation in the beta chain of hemoglobin cause it to stick together?

submitted by /u/TruePhilosophe
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What causes bleeding after IUD insertion?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 09:06 PM PDT

Directly after a copper or hormonal IUD is inserted, it's common to experience some bleeding or spotting that can last from days to weeks. What exactly causes that bleeding? I'm curious about what specifically happens in the body. Everything I can find just says that bleeding usually occurs and is normal, but doesn't explain why.

submitted by /u/dephress
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Does Lac-operon have negative or positive gene regulation?

Posted: 12 Sep 2018 04:49 AM PDT

Are all lightning bolts that make contact with the ground roughly the same ‘strength’? Does there power differ much from bolt to bolt, storm to storm, location to location?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 07:15 PM PDT

Tuesday, September 11, 2018

Why are smaller animals more resistant to ionising radiation?

Why are smaller animals more resistant to ionising radiation?


Why are smaller animals more resistant to ionising radiation?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 03:27 AM PDT

Does physical size have any effect on resistance to illness?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 07:22 AM PDT

Actually a Parks and Rec episode got me thinking. The super fit character Chris catches the flu, and claims that due to his low body fat and lean muscle his symptoms are worse than they might be in an average person.

So would physical size have any effect on the likelihood of catching something like the flu or a cold, and have any bearing on either duration or severity? And would there be a difference if the person were obese and sedentary or muscular and fit?

submitted by /u/revawfulsauce
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How do caterpillars maintain basic bodily functions as they transform to butterflies within the chrysalis?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 07:12 AM PDT

What's the difference between photoelectric effect and photovoltaic effect?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 06:45 AM PDT

Why does potential energy rapidly increase when two atoms are brought very closely to each other?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 06:52 AM PDT

Will a combustion engine running "lean" tend to overheat?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 10:30 PM PDT

A pilot once told me that internal combustion engines with too low fuel:air ratio will often run hotter than usual. Apparently this is a problem for small aircraft changing altitude quickly. Can anyone confirm or deny this phenomenon, and offer an explanation?

submitted by /u/SaunterOnSauvignon
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How does a Glucometer actually measure my blood glucose level?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 06:52 AM PDT

[Megathread] Hurricane Florence was just upgraded to a Category 4 storm

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 09:15 AM PDT

Why is learning something 1 hour every day for 20 days more effective than learning the same thing in 20 hours?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 04:58 AM PDT

Is there any neuroscience/biological explanation as why the brain learns this way?

submitted by /u/asji4
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What tells a bacterium to split?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 09:17 AM PDT

In the ozone layer, is an oxygen atom “more attracted” to chlorine atoms from CFCs than to O2 molecules?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 07:45 AM PDT

Basically, is an oxygen atom in the atmosphere more likely to bond to Cl- than to O2 or is the rate of bonding between both essentially the same?

submitted by /u/OrganicDroid
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Does boiling vegetables or rice lower their nutrient/vitamin content? Does the heat strip it of the essential nutrients that make vegetables healthy?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 07:38 AM PDT

How did scientist figure out about dark matter? How can scientist be searching for something they don’t even know exist?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 07:58 PM PDT

How is louder sound different from soft sound?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 02:59 AM PDT

Generally we say sound travels at the same speed in the air, regardless of amplitude.

But in order for us to hear loud sounds, our eardrums must be pushed stronger. This, I suspect, is achieved by air molecules hitting the eardrums harder, which itself is achieved by having the air molecules move faster prior to collision.

Does this increase in volume not affect the speed of sound?

submitted by /u/yosimba2000
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Why don't ants die away from inbreeding?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 09:30 PM PDT

Incest increases the chances of genetic disorders drastically, so why can ants have one mother for generations?

submitted by /u/Haithere32
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Why don’t animals get sick from eating raw foods?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 06:19 PM PDT

Why is Chloride Gas no longer dangerous after is has undergone a reactions with compounds such as KCl, KBr, and KI?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 08:41 AM PDT

If current flows through a coil in only one direction, but varies in magnitude sinusoidally, does the magnetic field around the coil ever reverse direction?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 05:54 PM PDT

The coil is wired in series between Vcc and the collector of an NPN BJT. The base of the BJT is fed a sine wave (CW).

See figure here:

http://spaz.org/~magi/elec/class-a-amp.png

Does the magnetic field around the coil reverse direction every half-cycle? Or does it simply vary in magnitude?

I have asked two physics professors this question and gotten different answers.

Thank you!

submitted by /u/wam235
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Why do the atoms in an ionic bond stay together just because an electron? Why don't they just stabilize and go away from each other?

Posted: 11 Sep 2018 04:02 AM PDT

In what ways will a delay of a space launch increase the total cost of a launch?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 04:06 PM PDT

Re: NASA's InSight Mars lander. In 2016 NASA decided to spend $150 million dollars to delay the launch of InSight until May 2018. The lander was in storage until the next launch window, but why would the total cost of the launch balloon by that much in the interim?

submitted by /u/Tyree_Callahan
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Does a high metabolism increase risk of cancer?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 08:16 AM PDT

Since a high metabolism gives you higher cell division and cancer happens when cell division has a mistake, logically higher division gives more cell divisions to go wrong?

submitted by /u/K1ller90
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How do scientists know how far away outer-space radio waves are from?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 07:42 PM PDT

In this article, it states that the radio waves are from billions of light years away. How do scientists determine this?

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6152841/AI-analyzing-telescope-data-discovers-72-new-fast-radio-bursts-billions-light-years-away.html

submitted by /u/1kelisto
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What form of energy production produces zero greenhouse gases?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 08:34 PM PDT

I know the obvious answers is solar and wind, but if you take in account production (especially photovoltaic cells) it takes quite some time for these form of energy production to be greenhouse gas neutral.I know nuclear power is carbon neutral, but considering how it admits water vapor it doesn't seem to be greenhouse gas neutral. From reading NOAA.gov and Wikipedia it seems that only oxygen and Nitrogen are considered to be non-greenhouse gasses.So what is a form of energy production that produces zero greenhouses gasses? From reading NOAA it seems that water vapor may be negligible.

submitted by /u/sunal135
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[Honest] Is there any science that explains how/if hypnosis works? And why it seems to work on some people and not others?

Posted: 10 Sep 2018 07:51 PM PDT