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Thursday, August 23, 2018

mtDNA is passed down from females to all of their children; shouldn't there be people around who carry denisovan or neanderthal mtDNA because they had a great- great- (etc) grandmother who was denisovan or neanderthal?

mtDNA is passed down from females to all of their children; shouldn't there be people around who carry denisovan or neanderthal mtDNA because they had a great- great- (etc) grandmother who was denisovan or neanderthal?


mtDNA is passed down from females to all of their children; shouldn't there be people around who carry denisovan or neanderthal mtDNA because they had a great- great- (etc) grandmother who was denisovan or neanderthal?

Posted: 23 Aug 2018 06:12 AM PDT

in 2012, pestalotiopsis microspora was discovered to be able to live entirely on polyurethane. Has anything developed since then for practical application as a biodegrader?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 09:34 AM PDT

Would it be possible to design a spring with variable stiffness depending on an applied electrical current?

Posted: 23 Aug 2018 06:10 AM PDT

Say I want to design a constant force translational spring with a decent amount of play. For a constant force Fc, I guess the spring would have to obey Hooke's law F = kx, where k would equal to Fc/x.

Are there any materials where one could vary the stiffness using a current, or otherwise achieve a similar result? Current designs for constant force springs seem to have very little play. I could use an actuator but want to keep it as light as possible.

submitted by /u/FadieZ
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Does a large-scale terrain irregularity database exist?

Posted: 23 Aug 2018 06:37 AM PDT

Greetings.

Considering that:

  1. The mountain/non-mountain distinction is subjective;

  2. "Land can have a degree of ruggedness whether or not it is described as a mountain. Moreover, land at low elevations can be more rugged than land at higher elevations."1

I'd like to know whether a database showing the proportion or index of large-scale terrain irregularities - i.e. of tens of miles or more - by country exists. The purpose is to infer the level of difficulty in the laying of infrastructure and to carry out cross-country comparisons.

Ideally the database would allow to restrict the data to land with the exclusion of body of waters such as lakes or rivers.

Thanks.


1 "Consider the analogy of hills. Hills can be of varying degrees of steepness; the steeper the hill, the more exertion required to get to the top. Yet there is never any debate over whether an inclination is a hill. Indeed, public roads often display gradient ratios indicating precisely how steep a hill is: 1:10; 1:8, etc. Such quantifications make calculations of the energy required to traverse the hill possible (or, alternatively, which gear to put your car or bicycle in); a sign reading "Hill" or "Not a Hill" would not."

submitted by /u/In_der_Tat
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If the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, does that imply that certain parts of the universe are in principle unobservable/unknowable?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 05:27 PM PDT

Color Blindness in Men?

Posted: 23 Aug 2018 05:45 AM PDT

I read somewhere that color blindness affects men much, much more than it affects women (approx 1/12 men vs 1/200 women). Can anyone explain why that is the case? I'm sure there probably isn't much research in this particular topic, but if anyone has some leads or ideas that'd be great.

submitted by /u/B1toE2
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Discussion in Hawaii: Do the two 14,000 ft. mountains on Hawaii Island, especially massive Mauna Loa, impact the path of approaching hurricanes?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 04:48 PM PDT

Exerting influence on them so they tend to veer off? Question being much discussed today with Hurricane Lane bearing down.

Speculation is that if a hurricane had a direct path to the Big Island, it would strike and devastate, but if the storm skirts the island to begin with, the mountains might act to amplify movement towards open ocean.

submitted by /u/Markdd8
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If there's a cosmic horizon and we can never go outside it, are we not inside a black hole right now?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 09:08 PM PDT

I thought of this because I was told in billions of years we would be unable to travel outside our local supercluster due to space expansion. Isn't this the same thing as being inside the event horizon of a black hole where the contents (mass) of the black hole were just the galaxies of our local supercluster?

submitted by /u/TheNarwhaaaaal
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What are the metals the most hazardous to humans?

Posted: 23 Aug 2018 03:24 AM PDT

Which metals in their elemental state would pose the most serious hazard if they enter the body?

Also does metal toxicity get worse as the metal is heavier, or are there other factors?

submitted by /u/88880
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How does an ovary decide which egg to drop?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 09:38 AM PDT

When the body drops an egg from the ovary in anticipation of being fertilized, how is the specific egg chosen? Is there a queue of eggs waiting in a funnel-like system that switches every other month? Is it completely random?

submitted by /u/upsidetoolkit
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How do IR detection cards work?

Posted: 23 Aug 2018 02:49 AM PDT

I recently saw this vid: https://youtu.be/iR1Ku5dnbH8 . And it showcased an infrared detection card, which seemed like magic to me. How do they work?

submitted by /u/Pauliusvaliuke
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Why is Young's Modulus of metals the same for compression and tension?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 04:44 PM PDT

I've found numerous sources that say Young's Modulus for most metals is the same for compression and tension. This confuses me because I've also found numerous sources that show that the repulsion forces between atoms increases more sharply with respect to deviations from the undeformed position than do the attraction forces. See this picture. This would imply that Young's Modulus would be greater for compression than tension, since compression deformation would have to overcome more atomic force than tension deformation. Is it because when deformations are small the change in repulsion and attraction forces is approximately symmetrical as shown in this picture from this website?

submitted by /u/bnpm
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Are there North American species that have invaded other countries/continents causing issues or extinctions through human travel like we experience?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 06:55 PM PDT

For example killer bees, carp, zebra mussel.

submitted by /u/Trumphantsurprise
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What happens to individual solar systems when galaxies collide?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 06:14 PM PDT

For example, in a few billion years the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxies are going to collide...what will happen to the our solar system at that point?

submitted by /u/Bradadiah
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Why do I look different on my camera than I do in the mirror? Which is what I most closely look like in person?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 04:55 PM PDT

So on my selfie camera my face looks a lot redder and you can see pores being pronounced . In the mirror I look much better with my face all clear.

submitted by /u/0288572
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Why does CO2 trap heat in the atmosphere instead of preventing heat from entering the atmosphere?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 02:02 PM PDT

When an electron and positron collide with each other two gamma rays will be produced and the angle betwenn these two is 180°. Why must the angle be 180°?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 11:38 AM PDT

What happens if hurricane hits a volcano?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 11:28 AM PDT

This may be a dumb question, but the current events in Hawaii made me curious.

Thanks for your time.

submitted by /u/SeederLol
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Can an electromagnetic an wave exist only within certain frames of reference?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 07:10 AM PDT

I was once pointed out this paradox by a physics teacher:


Imagine an isolated Moon with enough gravity, in vacuum to be more "dramatic". There is a pedestrian standing on its surface. At the same time, up there there is a unlucky space-diver who is in free fall towards the same ground the pedestrian is standing. This space-diver is holding an electron between his thumb and his index finger.

Whether inertial or not frames of references, it happens to be that the pedestrian can observe an electromagnetic wave coming out from that electron, because it's an accelerated charge. But at the same time the space-diver can't observe the wave because on his frame the charge has no motion (therefore no acceleration). How happen that the E.M. wave exists in one frame but doesn't exits in the other?


My teacher already told us that this is still an unsolved paradox, and that Maxwell Equations and relativistic electrodynamics still hasn't a clear answer. I had been believing him for a decade, but the question poped-up in my head recently. Was my teacher right?

submitted by /u/Lmuser
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On a cellular level, how does aging manifest itself?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 10:38 AM PDT

How do 'old' cells compare to 'young' ones?

submitted by /u/gzorro
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Is there an electromagnetic equivalent of a black hole where charged particles would need to travel at the speed of light to escape the electric force exerted on it?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 05:07 AM PDT

Temperature is related to average KE. Interstellar space is said to have a temperature of 3 degrees K. Does that mean interstellar particles are barely moving?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 08:25 AM PDT

I understand that a warm thermometer in space would eventually radiate nearly all its energy, finally coming to thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, and display 3 degrees K. But how does this square with the fact that space particles are zipping around at high velocities and high KE (I presume)?

submitted by /u/xaplexus
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Wednesday, August 22, 2018

What happens to the 0.01% of bacteria that isnt killed by wipes/cleaners? Are they injured or disabled?

What happens to the 0.01% of bacteria that isnt killed by wipes/cleaners? Are they injured or disabled?


What happens to the 0.01% of bacteria that isnt killed by wipes/cleaners? Are they injured or disabled?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 05:41 PM PDT

Will a conductive material attached to a insulating material (Like a copper plate attached to a glass plate) have a thermal conductivity equal to one of the materials, or an average?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 07:09 AM PDT

As an example, if I bake cookies in a pan that consists of a bottom made of a typical metal sheet pan and a top made up of glass, with the cookies sitting on the glass, would the cookies bake the same as if they were in a glass pan?

submitted by /u/UCLLC
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Is cancer actually more common today in developed countries or are other causes of death just not as prevalent anymore?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 12:19 PM PDT

Hi, it seems like the prevalence of cancer today is relatively high in developed countries. I don't have any figures but historically I'm not aware of it being a leading cause of death, whereas 3 of the top 10 causes of death in high income countries are related to cancer, according to the WHO. Is cancer actually becoming more common in developed societies due to pesticides, processed foods, air pollution, sedentary lifestyles etc. or are we simply eliminating other diseases which historically would have killed people at a younger age, and because people are living longer they are more likely to develop cancer over time? I'm not sure it's possible to answer this (unsure how reliable historical data relating to cause of death are, and also not sure how it would be possible to assess whether the child of a medieval peasant would have developed cancer later in life had they not died of childhood diseases), but if anyone has any insight into this I'd be really grateful!

submitted by /u/manuk85
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How does the diameter and width of a wheel affect the ability of it to move on a soft surface such as sand?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 06:16 AM PDT

How does fabric softener work?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 07:35 AM PDT

Why does rain fall in varying-size drops? Why is it not a uniform droplet size?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 06:35 AM PDT

Sorry to sound like Forrest Gump, but why is there itty bitty stinging rain and big ole fat rain in the same temperate climate?

Thank you for any answers you have.

submitted by /u/IPretendToPlayGuitar
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What do people here mean with "laws of physics start breaking down"?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 10:47 PM PDT

Are they talking about the laws of physics as we know them start being incorrect and faulty or is it physics itself becoming unpredictable and weird like in a blackhole?

submitted by /u/osxthrowawayagain
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At what speed does 2 deuterium nucleus has to collide for them to fuse into Helium-4?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 12:42 AM PDT

According to the theory of relativity, do all observers agree on causality?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 08:51 PM PDT

This is a question that I posed to my astronomy 101 teacher, but I don't think she understood my question. So, as I've heard relating to the theory of relativity, if observer A is on Earth, and observer B goes at ½c to the nearest star and back, observer B will have experienced far less time than observer A. But that's from the perspective of observer A. From the perspective of observer B, observer A is receding at ½c away from them, and so observer A should be experiencing less time. How is this resolved within the theory, or am I just not getting it?

submitted by /u/slimegoo
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How can electrical charge be detected in ionic solutions?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 12:38 AM PDT

So today, I have a very complex question I need possible answers for, or to just brainstorm with other people on.

Background: So, dissolved solutions with ions, such as saltwater which we will use here, are proven to be great conductors; this is because when an electrical current is produced in salt water, the sodium and chlorine ions form bridge like paths that carry electrons.

My Question; Here is what I need help with; I need to know how to pick up these electrons from, let's say, salt water. Now normally this would be easy; a signal could easily be read say if lighting struck salt water. But here's the catch. I need to detect (or notice the presence of electrons) electrical currents at voltages in the nanovolt region without touching the item which is producing the voltage. In other words, I want to be able to detect the present of nanovolts in salt water in order to run them trough an amplifier to get readings for data, so images sticking a machine in a tank of salt water with a machine producing nanovolts in it and getting a reading on the magnitude of the voltage. Currently, I have thought about using slightly charged chemicals which could take up the free electrons and produce a chemical signal or something like that. I also don't want to spend to much money. I would love to hear peoples suggestions, it would really help me!

-Mbio

submitted by /u/Mbio33
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Does the smoke from forest fires meaningfully block UV rays?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 08:47 PM PDT

Do people aboard the ISS experience astro-intestinal problems?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 05:11 PM PDT

How large a role does gravity play in digestion?

submitted by /u/grau0wl
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What can you tell about a person from a DNA test?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 04:53 PM PDT

I'm thinking about getting one some time in the future. I'm curious how it works, and I want to know as much as practically possible.

I'm guessing there's thousands of things, but as far as what you're told, what is there?

submitted by /u/Puzzleheaded_Stable
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How much C02 is released during a forest fire?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 08:55 PM PDT

Take the current forest fires in California at present for example.

submitted by /u/burnerneveruse3000
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If two points determine a line, two parallel or intersecting lines determine a plane, then does two parallel or intersecting planes determine 3d space?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 06:16 PM PDT

In 4d geometry.

submitted by /u/Catty-Cat
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Has a gravity assist/swing-by to pick up speed ever been done using the Earth itself? Could it help send probes to Venus and/or Mars?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 05:43 PM PDT

Why hasn’t London been able to reduce its NO2 levels?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 02:13 PM PDT

As shown by this graph, many cities across the globe have gradually reduced their NO2 emissions over the past 20 years. However, there are multiple outliers. In particular, London is demonstrating a slight upward trend in emissions. Why hasn't London been able to reduce it's NO2 emissions like other comparable cities.

submitted by /u/Luke-HW
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So I’ve seen posts asking about disease caused by cannibalism among humans and a few other animals, but is it common for other species to engage in cannibalism?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 12:32 PM PDT

Are there many species which are NOT affected negatively by cannibalism, and if so, do any of those carnivorous/omnivorous species actively or willingly engage in cannibalism?

submitted by /u/chrisdip55
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Is Lightening a Threat to Airplanes?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 04:36 PM PDT

Living near an airport, I see a lot of planes fly into storm clouds and it has me wondering - what's stopping these giant metal tubes from being struck by lightening?

submitted by /u/Scuilla
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Why do solar panels installed diagonal to the ground and not vertically facing the sun?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 01:42 PM PDT

Is astronomy a predominantly western study? Are there any stars/planets/phenomenon discovered and named by Arabic/Eastern cultures?

Posted: 22 Aug 2018 02:55 AM PDT

Is it possible the Bootes Void is void of planets because an advanced civilisation(s) harvested them all?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 09:12 PM PDT

How does hurricane modeling provide prediction on storm path?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 12:13 PM PDT

Whether a hurricane will angle left or right as it proceeds? Or continue straight? When a hurricane departs much from a predicted path, is that considered highly aberrant?

submitted by /u/Markdd8
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What does the amount of blades do for a airplane or helicopter?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 03:20 PM PDT

Tuesday, August 21, 2018

What's the cause for the extreme increase of Sargassum seaweed since 2011?

What's the cause for the extreme increase of Sargassum seaweed since 2011?


What's the cause for the extreme increase of Sargassum seaweed since 2011?

Posted: 21 Aug 2018 04:52 AM PDT

How does hail form? (Especially large sizes)

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 11:27 PM PDT

Why is the singlet-state gluon not allowed, instead of just being a non-strong-interacting particle?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 11:27 PM PDT

How does half life work for individual atoms?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 02:59 PM PDT

So I do know what half life means on a macroscopic scale. If you have an unstable substance with a half life of, say, a minute. It would mean that every minute, half of the atoms of that substance would decay in some other substance.

So when you start witb 120 unstable atoms with a half life of 60 seconds. Probably no more than a second after you start measuring there would already be one atom that has decayed. A minute later roughly 60 atoms will have decayed. The decay of the last atom, however, will probably be some minutes later.

Given that the decay of a single atom can be really close to t=0 and could also be really distant t=0 depending on the amount of atoms you start with. Why can some atoms 'hold on' longer than others. And why even more so when you start with more of those atoms.

Note: While typing this I realized that it is possible that every atom has the same probability of decaying at any given time and more atoms will decay when you have more rather than less. So half life is basically just the average rate of decay for individual atoms of that substance. This would translate into a macroscopic observation of halving every half life. Is this a correct way of seeing it?

submitted by /u/SyefufS
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Why are microplastics any worse than other small, inert particles like sand?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 10:31 AM PDT

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/08/20/636845604/beer-drinking-water-and-fish-tiny-plastic-is-everywhere

Even though plastics get everywhere, shouldn't they just pass through the digestive systems of animals?

submitted by /u/darkbane
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If deserts form around 30° latitude due to global pressure belts, why aren't there deserts in Florida or Eastern China?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 05:01 PM PDT

If I throw a ball straight up, how long does it remain perfectly still at its max height before beginning to fall? What factors, if any, affect this length of time?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 02:21 PM PDT

Are dielectrics affected by external magnetic fields?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 10:54 PM PDT

I understand they are only affected by constant or time-varying electric fields, but are they affected by constant or time-varying magnetic fields?

submitted by /u/9tothe9
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What is the del operator in the Schrodinger equation?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 09:52 AM PDT

How are there storms and wind on the Mars, when there is no atmosphere?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 09:46 AM PDT

Just saw "The Martian" and was wondering that.

submitted by /u/lassenym
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How high in latitude does water need to be to evaporate at room temperature?

Posted: 20 Aug 2018 10:20 AM PDT