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Wednesday, August 15, 2018

When Pangea divided, the seperate land masses gradually grew further apart. Does this mean that one day, they will again reunite on the opposite sides? Hypothetically, how long would that process take?

When Pangea divided, the seperate land masses gradually grew further apart. Does this mean that one day, they will again reunite on the opposite sides? Hypothetically, how long would that process take?


When Pangea divided, the seperate land masses gradually grew further apart. Does this mean that one day, they will again reunite on the opposite sides? Hypothetically, how long would that process take?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 09:01 PM PDT

All the depictions of Pangea that I've seen show one landmass on one side of the globe. What if anything is on the other side? Or, did the landmass span around the globe and the representation is just for simplicity of illustration?

Posted: 15 Aug 2018 04:59 AM PDT

Why does air humidity make temperature feel hotter?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 07:41 PM PDT

Does it have something to do with making the air more thermal conductive? Or something else?

submitted by /u/Blazin_Potato
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Why is there a big gap in salamander range between southern China and Manchuria?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 09:38 PM PDT

According to Wikipedia's salamander range map, there is a discontinuity in salamander range. They don't inhabit a large core area of north China, but they inhabit areas to its north (Manchuria) and south. The article says their Old World habitat is Holarctic, and Wikipedia's Holarctic map fully covers north China.

submitted by /u/-n-y
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Are Mosquito Effected by Drug Content in Blood?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 10:49 AM PDT

If someone takes medication like Aderall, and then a mosquito sucks their blood, does the drug (amphetamines in this case) have any effect on the mosquito sucking it? Would a mosquito become drunk from drinking blood with a high alcohol content?

submitted by /u/trustMeImDoge
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Why aren’t/can’t non-recyclable plastics be processed and used as aggregate in construction applications?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 07:52 PM PDT

Is it possible to detetc canine distemper virus with a pregnancy test?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 10:13 PM PDT

My vet recommend me to aply a CDV test to my dog cause he has a runny nose (clear, aqueous snot) constantly sneeze, and sometimes reverse sneeze. I thought it was flue or allergy, but my vet told me to make the test just to be sure despite my dog is vaccinated against the virus. Anyway, I boarded the "omg, my dog probably has CDV, he's going to die" train and ask my vet to do the test. Latter he came with a pregnancy test and I was like "wtf, that's a pregnancy test", but he told me it worked for CDV too, a was really anxious and wasn't thinking straight and told him "yeah, whatever you're the vet, I don't want my dog to die". The test was performed with a snot and ocular fluid sample, with a negative result at the end. He told me "ok, seems like is just a flue" and I go home with a prescription for the flue. Then I remember the little I learned about antibodies in college and read about how pregnancy tests work, antigens, antibodies and shit. And now it seems to me that my vet trick me to get some extra money, or he simply doesn't know what he is doing, also I'm worried again about my dog.

tl;dr: my vet applied a pregnancy test to my dog to detect canine distemper virus, and now I think he trick me to get extra money or he doesn't know what he is doing. Can that work?

submitted by /u/Lau-G
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How did organisms find themselves with different numbers of chromosomes from species to species? Humans have 46 while fruit flies have 8.

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 06:17 PM PDT

I have been trying to do some reading and asking around about the following question, but I feel like I am confused, probably because I am missing an important point or five:

So, through the slow processes of evolution, new genes arise out of mutations, where new gentic information can be introduced into DNA and ultimately the gene pool.

What I do not understand is how organisms have a different number of chromosomes differing species to species. How is it that a unit as large as a chromosome, packed with an immense amount of genetic information, varies among the plant and animal world? Is a chromosome added or reduced suddenly, or introduced/chipped away gradually over time, becoming a new, or lost chromosome?

If an additional chromosome is added or taken out in the next generation, how could that animal survive? Down syndrome, where organisms have an additional chromosome due to issues with crossing-over, are in almost all cases mentally inequipt to survive the dangers of life. A reduction of an entire chromosome can also have many ill-effects.

In addition, organisms that have different chromosomes are unable to mate and produce viable offspring when mating with an orgnasm of another species, due to the different number and types of chromosomes. So, how is it that if an orgasim survived a change in the number of chromosomes where able to pass that new line of genetic information on, if the number of chromosomes dictates what can breed and what can't?

I'm obviously missing some important, fundamental information.

submitted by /u/BlackSheep717
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Is water subducted along with crust?

Posted: 15 Aug 2018 05:26 AM PDT

At the marianas trench, for example, ocean crust is subducted down into the mantle. I was wondering if water goes along with the crust.

Follow ups:

  1. If so, how much water, in general?

  2. Does that mean there was more surface water in the past than there is now? If so, how much? How do we know? If not, what mechanism is there to return water to the surface?

  3. What happens to the water that is subducted along with the crust? Does it bond with magma? Does it remain in liquid form or steam? Does it aid in cooling?

submitted by /u/heisenberger
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Does water, in its liquid state, exist as H2O molecules or H+ and OH- ions?

Posted: 15 Aug 2018 05:12 AM PDT

Why do radio signals of the same frequency not mix, but rather, one overpowers the other?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 02:03 PM PDT

For clarity: I live in between the ranges of two radio broadcasts of the same frequency, often when I am listening to one, the other takes over; why wouldn't the signals always combine to form an amalgamation of both broadcasts?

submitted by /u/MasterTorgo
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How are annual meteor showers annual?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 03:05 PM PDT

How does the process for using cream of tartar to remove silver tarnish work?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 01:25 PM PDT

The process is described here: https://www.stain-removal-101.com/homemade-silver-cleaner.html The short summary is that dissolved cream of tartar in water when there's silver and aluminum in the water and touching each other cleans off tarnish from the silver. How does this work? Given that the aluminum and silver need to be in contact, it seems like this is some sort of battery-like process.

submitted by /u/JoshuaZ1
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Why can't herbivores eat meat, and why can't carnivores eat plants?

Posted: 15 Aug 2018 01:21 AM PDT

Is there a fundamental difference in the digestion process? Is it psychological? I know very little about animal anatomy or biology, but I would love to learn more!

submitted by /u/Mr_Industrial
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What are the current roadblocks to creating practical quantum computers?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 07:22 PM PDT

Are there places where glaciers are growing?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 12:11 PM PDT

Do oranges and vitamin C actually help agaisnt colds or is this just one of those wide spread missinformations?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 02:59 PM PDT

If it does help, how does it help?

submitted by /u/Dwolfknight
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How do they 3D print things in space if there is no gravity to hold it down?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 05:41 PM PDT

Why do we have ulna AND radius ? Is it something with shock absorbing ?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 03:19 PM PDT

Why did the oxygen levels changed so wildly in the Carboniferous period?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 11:14 AM PDT

I'v seen some videos that got me extra curious.

From what i understand in very basic fashion is that somehow the trees 'evolutionized' this lignin stuff and started wrapping themselves in it like growing bark, except this bark grew like a mf and averaged like 1 part actual tree and 8 parts bark around it (max 20-1) . this made trees like towers and when they did finally outgrew themselves and fall over non of the decomposing stuff that was around could get through the bark. this made carbon rise and oxygen to rise and then animals and insects started getting huge. after a while the decomposing stuff learned how to eat lignin and stuff setelled.

Now this right here i don't get, every living thing has that evolution story of how it managed to get by, like fins, gills, wings and such, but usually these changes help the species like get by more easily or bump them up 1 or 2 in a few cases to the top of the food chain. Lignin f'ed up the world for like 60 million years, can anyone provide like a not heavy on chemistry explanation about how long did it take decomposeroids to learn how to eat lignin, how did the trees came up with that insane stuff in the first place..???

submitted by /u/viktor_vaizale
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How do doctors get the blood pressure of patients with amputated limbs?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 06:57 AM PDT

Does every galaxy have a supermassive black hole?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 01:11 PM PDT

I came across this article and it had me wonder, "doesn't every galaxy have a supermassive black hole at the center?".

I'm assuming I'm wrong here, is there one that has no black hole at the center?

submitted by /u/FlusteredByBoobs
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What happens to the adrenal gland during a kidney transplant?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 02:45 PM PDT

I read that the donor's adrenal gland is left behind, but is the recipient's gland somehow reconnected? If not, do patients experience problems with adrenal fatigue with one gland that has to work extra?

submitted by /u/AggressiveOil
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Tuesday, August 14, 2018

Is it difficult to determine the password for an encryption if you are given both the encrypted and unencrypted message?

Is it difficult to determine the password for an encryption if you are given both the encrypted and unencrypted message?


Is it difficult to determine the password for an encryption if you are given both the encrypted and unencrypted message?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 05:33 AM PDT

By "difficult" I mean requiring an inordinate amount of computation. If given both an encrypted and unencrypted file/message, is it reasonable to be able to recover the password that was used to encrypt the file/message?

submitted by /u/XiAxis
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Do any of the Perseids actually "land"?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 07:00 PM PDT

Does the presence of heavy elements in the Earth indicate we are made from a remnants of a former supernova? Was it part of the Milky Way? Do we know anything about its nature, stellar environment, or even when it occurred?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 07:30 PM PDT

Why do train overhead catenaries use pulleys for tension?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 04:17 AM PDT

Why is a multiple pulley system like in this picture necessary? Why not have weights directly connected to the wire with only one pulley?

submitted by /u/Gamatan
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The Nand Game (nandgame.com) shows how all logic gates can be built out of NAND gates. Can this be done with any logic gate as a starting point, and if not, what makes NAND (and any other gates with which it's possible, if any) special?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 07:31 PM PDT

What is the life expectancy of a modern high rise building?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 04:42 PM PDT

For a modern or not so modern skyscraper (i.e. Empire State), what is the forecasted due date? I mean, I guess they build and design them with some kind of expected life time. Or are these buildings able to stand up forever as long as they are properly maintained? I am talking about the structural integrity mainly, not so much about all the installations inside.

I work with aircrafts and we frequently joke that an aircraft can fly forever if properly maintained (see B52s and many of the war birds from WW2 and earlier still flying). But... Can the structure of a building be "maintained"?

submitted by /u/Kkbelos
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Why do some drugs and medications (even in generic form) come in specific shapes, like diamonds, squares and circles?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 07:06 PM PDT

How does CAR-T cell therapy work?

Posted: 14 Aug 2018 04:25 AM PDT

I've heard good things about the response to CAR-T cell therapy, but fail to grasp exactly how it works.

I'm aware there is a Wikipedia article on this, but it seems I'm missing some prerequisite knowledge to fully 'get it'.

Reading suggestions also welcome (I have no background in neurology, medicine, oncology).

submitted by /u/WTFWaffles
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Is there a type of 3-Phase power where the phases are offset 90 degrees?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 08:32 PM PDT

I have a book that briefly goes over electrical theory and 3-phase power. It shows a sine wave graph with the phases offset 90 degrees (which would leave one 180 degree gap). The paragraph describing this alignment doesn't seem to follow either. I know normally it's 120 degrees apart, but I just wanted to make sure this isn't some special kind of 3-phase. Thanks for the help

submitted by /u/asdfgdhtns
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What exactly is a Laplace Transform?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 01:00 PM PDT

I am pretty much done differential equations and I know how to do them, but I don't quite understand what they are.

I know the derivative of a function is the rate of change at any given point, and the integral of a function is the area under the curve, but what is the Laplace Transform of a function?

submitted by /u/SolShadows
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Medicine Can somebody explain to me why viruses aren't considered living cells?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 03:42 PM PDT

My knowledge is little about the general structure of viruses but upon research I've come across many debates on whether viruses are or are not living cells. Would anybody be able to clarify this for me?

submitted by /u/guest700
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How does an inductive transmitter clamp work? Like one used in pipe locating.

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 09:49 PM PDT

These are circular attachments that go over pipes to energize them for utility line locating. I can't seem to find any graphics of the magnetic field lines or schematics of the inside or anything like that.

Is it an iron or metal ring that has part of it wrapped in copper wire with a current ran through it? Really I am trying to build one myself but can't find out what it's made of and they aren't cheap.

submitted by /u/MarkjoinGwar
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How do we know that the Earth is as old as it is?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 03:27 PM PDT

I understand there are many methods of testing radioactive elements in rock, and that the rate of decay can be used to measure how long those elements have been in those rocks, thus telling us approximately when the rock was formed.

I also understand that rock, specifically sedimentary rock, forms in layers. rock at the bottom of the Grand Canyon was there before the rock at the top of it; it's impossible to be otherwise.

So, we just need to dig a hole as far down as we can and measure that rock, right? Well... once we get to a certain point, it's not the same rock anymore. It either changes into a metamorphic rock, or gets down far enough to melt into magma and then perhaps become igneous rock through some other process.

This means, in my mind, there must be a limit to how deep we can go before we run out of rocks we can reliably test. Either this is true, and there is some method of testing I don't understand, or I don't understand the rock cycle. Either way, please teach me!

submitted by /u/Dessum
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Is it much harder to synthesize the 119 element than the 118, just because its a new period? If yes, why?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 02:28 PM PDT

Ive heard about the hypothetical new orbitals that the 8th period and so on would have, but Id like to know how hard is it to actually create it using the methods we have used for the 115-118 elements?

submitted by /u/Pauliusvaliuke
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How do plants "ingest" water, nutrients and minerals?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 03:44 PM PDT

What is the role of the ridges (rugae) on the roof of your mouth?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 06:36 AM PDT

Why do we make calculations regarding radioactive decay in base e instead of base 1/2?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 03:55 PM PDT

The equations in base 0.5 seems so much more straightforward: N0 = Nt (0.5)t/h Instead of in the base e where lambda have to be introduced as L = ln2/h And then plugged into the equation: N0 = Nt (e)-Lt

submitted by /u/Y-Woo
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Why can’t you use petrol in a Diesel engine?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 01:55 PM PDT

What about the molecular shape and size make this impossible? Or am I completely off about it being that?

submitted by /u/rconnolly46
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How can misfolded proteins cause other proteins to misfold too?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 01:01 AM PDT

Monday, August 13, 2018

Of all the nuclear tests completed on American soil, in the Nevada desert, what were the effects on citizens living nearby and why have we not experienced a fallout type scenario with so many tests making the entire region uninhabitable?

Of all the nuclear tests completed on American soil, in the Nevada desert, what were the effects on citizens living nearby and why have we not experienced a fallout type scenario with so many tests making the entire region uninhabitable?


Of all the nuclear tests completed on American soil, in the Nevada desert, what were the effects on citizens living nearby and why have we not experienced a fallout type scenario with so many tests making the entire region uninhabitable?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 07:26 AM PDT

Since the speed of light is finite, how do we know that the galaxies’ shapes are really the way they appear?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 08:42 PM PDT

For example, the Andromeda galaxy is not situated perpendicularly to Earth, so the light from it's northernmost point takes longer to reach us than the light from the southernmost one, which surely creates some distortions?

submitted by /u/HAKRIT
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Space rockets curve when they launch to go into orbit instead of straight into space, but how is this achieved, is there a lean to begin with, does it naturally occur?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 11:36 PM PDT

Does a lens do work when it changes the direction of light?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 05:08 AM PDT

Light has a speed and direction (velocity) and to change this vector, a force must be applied. Is this because of the lack of mass (but by Einstein's Equation, anything with energy has some mass?"E =mc²")

submitted by /u/solololosolo
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What is the difference between Viscosity and Coefficient of Viscosity?

Posted: 13 Aug 2018 04:34 AM PDT

What are the long term effects of the morning after pill?(Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg)

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 07:18 PM PDT

Almost universally, doctors will tell you that the morning after pill should not be used as a regular form of birth control. It is an emergency contraceptive and should be reserved for emergencies only.

Short term effects include possible nausea, vomiting, headache and delayed periods. This is well documented. However, I cannot find any studies on the long term effects of taking Levonorgestrel. The only studies that exist, have been conducted on the intrauterine delayed-release levonorgestrel-releasing device(Lng-IUS/Mirena), and not the oral intake pill. Here are some of them

Where can I find information on what the morning after pill does to you in the long term? I would be interested in both cases, where the pill was taken once or twice, and where the pill was taken(against medical advice) regularly.

submitted by /u/ricoue
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What is NASA hoping to learn from sending a probe to The Sun?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 04:15 PM PDT

Is magnetic flux quantized like photons?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 01:17 PM PDT

It's easy to think of light traveling as photons with characteristic energies because they can be detected as such.

Does magnetic flux (or an electrical field) have the same characteristics? In other words, is there a particle-like behavior that can be observed?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/LaCroix_Gin
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Is there a time-varying electric field & displacement current within a supercapacitor?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 04:20 PM PDT

Since a supercapacitor combines both electrostatic double-layer capacitance and electrochemical pseudocapacitance methods, I'm curious if it behaves similar to a classical simple capacitor, producing a time varying electric field, and displacement currents when being charged/discharged.

submitted by /u/9tothe9
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What determines what type of radiation an element will generate?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 10:57 AM PDT

Titan (Saturn VI) is nearly double the mass of Earth's moon, but the calculated surface gravity is weaker. Why is this the case?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 01:20 PM PDT

If terminal velocity wasn’t a thing could rain drops reach sufficient speeds before hitting the ground, to cause damage or even kill someone?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 07:47 AM PDT

Most of the meteorites found on the Earth are small. How big part of their mass do they lose flying through the atmosphere?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 09:27 AM PDT

How exactly does the NASA sun probe cost $1.5 billion?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 08:28 AM PDT

Is there a line-item breakdown? Does labor make up a significant part of that number?

submitted by /u/Dday82
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Why are hitboxes so hard to get exact?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 03:20 AM PDT

A lot of video games have bad hitboxes, and often you bump into nothing. Why can't the developers just lock the hitboxes to the models & animations?

submitted by /u/Jussari
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If we could time travel back to the different eras of the dinosaurs, would we need a special suit for the climate back then?

Posted: 12 Aug 2018 05:21 AM PDT

I am aware we can't time travel... Yet/ever... I'm not asking about that possibility. I am wondering if we did make it back to the different eras; Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. Would we need a special suit to breathe or just be in the atmosphere that existed back then? Or would we be okay to go back in just our normal clothes.

submitted by /u/duckyisbeast
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