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Friday, August 10, 2018

If you were a human floating towards the sun, at what distance from the sun would you feel an Earth-like temperature?

If you were a human floating towards the sun, at what distance from the sun would you feel an Earth-like temperature?


If you were a human floating towards the sun, at what distance from the sun would you feel an Earth-like temperature?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 09:23 AM PDT

Any evidence for fertile hybrid origin for *Homo sapiens* ?

Posted: 10 Aug 2018 05:53 AM PDT

There is increasing evidence being reported in the scientific literature of fertile hybrids forming new species for both plants and animals. Orchids of the genera Epidendrum and Ophrys, rodents Ctenomys, Frogs Phyllomedusa, Guenon monkeys, to name a few examples. A common theme reported is that fertile hybrid formation seems to be associated with ecotones, zones of overlap in species that once had ranges completely separated. Fertile hybrids can result where there is a wide difference in number of chromosomes between parent species.

This leads up to my OP question, is there any evidence to suggest that modern humans, Homo sapiens, has origin as a fertile hybrid species of two proto-human Hominid species that once had allopatric distribution that over time came to overlap, I assume in Afirica ?

submitted by /u/RDDav
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When does the body produce Melanin?

Posted: 10 Aug 2018 06:45 AM PDT

When is the body producing melanin or for the matter is there even a specific time for that? Does Melanin production occur only at a specific time like for example how some body functions only occur while sleeping or is it a process that activates as soon as sunlight hits the skin? Sorry I know this an kinda an uncommon question, maybe even dumb, but I'm really want to know

submitted by /u/rememberthisokokok
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Why does rain fall as individual droplets and not sheets or continuous lines?

Posted: 10 Aug 2018 05:23 AM PDT

Why do dogs' paws develop sooner than other parts of their bodies - leading to puppies with over-sized paws?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 05:53 PM PDT

How is radiometric dating reliable over billions of years?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 07:01 PM PDT

I've took chemistry earlier this year, and we had a segment on radiometric dating. One of my friends (who shares the same class) is very religious, and doesn't take science very seriously. When the topic came up at lunch, he expressed serious doubts over whether the decay rates where truly constant. I then told him that scientist had put several radioactive materials under intense conditions (change in temperature, pressure, etc) and that they didn't change. He then told me that we can't "extrapolate from this to deduce they are correct over billions of years". I later googled what he said, and it verbatim came from an anti-science religious website.

What would I say to him to show that we could take that information? One answer I heard was that Radiometric dating was concordant with other dating methods. But I would like some additional help with this.

submitted by /u/TheUltimateMaster98
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What’s the most powerful form of erosion?

Posted: 10 Aug 2018 06:26 AM PDT

Which is most effective at eroding things in nature? Water, salt water, wind? Where is erosion most prevalent and what natural materials are best resistant to erosion?

submitted by /u/Grandmaster_Ninja
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Why do fans sound like white noise?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 01:06 PM PDT

Why do 45% of people have Hazel colored eyes? In other words, why is hazel the most abundant eye color?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 07:18 PM PDT

Does sweating become useless when the air is above body temperature?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 01:05 PM PDT

So if sweat wicks away heat from our warmer body to the colder air then wouldn't that mean that if the air was above our body's temperature that sweating would make our body even hotter?

submitted by /u/DaSkinhead
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Did the 'strength' of seasons vary in the deep prehistory of the Earth?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 06:34 PM PDT

Seasonal variations in temperature, precipitation and other weather/climatic effects are affected by changes in the Earth's axial tilt and orbital eccentricity, which themselves are known to follow regular cycles with periods in the thousands to hundreds of thousands of years.

But if we look averaged over longer times scales and further back in time, say tens and hundreds of millions of years, what trends occurred with regard to the strength of seasonality?

For example, was the mean of the difference between summer and winter temperatures less or greater than the present day for a given latitude, and if so why? Would an observer at the latitude of today's temperate reasons find the season variation smaller or greater than today?

Would such differences if they existed be down to changes in Earth's orbital parameters (either irregular, or regular but with timescales in the tens of millions of years), or other factors?

(This question was inspired by a comment in Paleobiology 29(1), 2003, pp. 84-104, that says "concomitant with cooling and increased seasonality during the Tertiary", my emphasis)

submitted by /u/SurelyIDidThisAlread
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How do nocturnal animals behave in regions with 24 hours of daylight during parts of the year?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 11:43 AM PDT

Are there ways or examples of life existing without reproduction?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 09:25 AM PDT

What is the chemical reaction between kitty litter and motor oil?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 09:22 AM PDT

I was unaware just how fast kitty litter cleans oil up until yesterday. So i thought I'd ask.

I guess the question is more like " What is happening when kitty litter absorbs oil?"

submitted by /u/TiidBormah
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Is there audible thunder on the other planets of the solar system and if so, how loud does it get?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 09:08 AM PDT

What causes the crystalline like oxidation on this stainless steel weld?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 02:30 PM PDT

Picture here. This is a 316L hotwire GTAW weld made using orbital welding. I can see that some of the "shards" have already taken shape while under argon atmosphere, they are just a different shade of silver.

submitted by /u/T-brd
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During the times of the supercontinents, could there have been other, separate land masses that simply no longer exist?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 08:45 AM PDT

Looking at this amazing interactive map with the kids and referencing the list of supercontinents on Wikipedia, the earth is often shown as having one giant land mass and one giant, uninterrupted ocean. Nothing else. During the times when we know those supercontinents existed, is it still possible there were other, smaller land masses?

submitted by /u/foggybottomblues
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Does natural selection select for imperfect DNA replication?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 09:25 AM PDT

In order for evolution to occur, there naturally must be mutations in DNA, which can not occur if DNA replication were flawless and DNA were unable to be damaged. But on the other hand, excessive mutation can also lead to a plethora of issues.

So theoretically with excessively perfect DNA replication and preservation, a species would be unable to evolve and therefore eventually succumb to a changing environment, whereas a species with horrendous replication and preservation would be harmed by the mutations themselves.

Does this mean that natural selection therefore selects for a system that preserves and replicates DNA only to some imperfect extent rather than increasingly more accurately and safely?

submitted by /u/Saiky0u
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How much does air temperature effect a forest fire?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 01:08 PM PDT

Why does the sun turn a dark red color during large fires? (for example the wild fires in SoCal) Also, what makes the sun + sky appear different colors during a sunset?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 08:22 PM PDT

Does altered weight distribution make a coin unfair? And can we infer the level of unfairness of said coin simply by knowing its weight distribution?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 09:22 AM PDT

Same question of dice I suppose.

submitted by /u/playfulhate
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Do objects in space no matter what the weight, move at the Same speed if the same momentum force is applied?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 07:20 PM PDT

Example: one ton cube vs. 100kg cube. Both pushed with the same force. Would they move at equal speeds because weight (and maybe friction?) in space wouldn't matter?

submitted by /u/Synameh
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Cover a Condenser Coil: Get More Liquid R404A in Sight Glass, Not Less. Why?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 07:14 PM PDT

Specifically, when performing a quick refrigerant level check in low ambient temperatures the procedure is to cover the condenser coil to maintain 300 psi discharge pressure, equivalent to 100°F ambient. Then check receiver tank sight glass for ball float. If the refrigerant is not giving up the energy to the air, why is it changing state?

submitted by /u/zymase
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Thursday, August 9, 2018

Why do your eyes physically hurt when they adjust to brighter light?

Why do your eyes physically hurt when they adjust to brighter light?


Why do your eyes physically hurt when they adjust to brighter light?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 03:38 PM PDT

Why do photons obey the law of equal angles, when reflected off of a mirror?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 06:31 AM PDT

It makes sense why macroscopical particles are bounced back in an angle opposite that of their initial trajectory, when they collide with a surface. And in the wavefront-interpretation of light, where the electromagnetic wave induces a small current in the surface of a reflecting medium, causing a new wave to propagate, I can make sense of it as well..

But when viewing light as photons, reflection is, if I recall correctly, a matter of absorbtion and re-emission from a single electron. And this is were logic fails me, for why is the new photon not emitted in a completely random direction? Why is the angle fixed?

submitted by /u/ElisaKristiansen
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Why are the largest lakes in North America all roughly aligned?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 10:02 AM PDT

If you drew a somewhat curved line from The Great Slave Lake to Lake Erie, that line would go through or near 13 of the 15 largest North American lakes. Why is this? Is it a coincidence or is there a geological reason?

submitted by /u/muffinner
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How would we know if Dolphins or some other animal had a language?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:57 PM PDT

Dolphins have names, elephants and many kinds of birds have specific sounds to inform other of certain circumstances. These are probably not languages, but our own ancestors probably went through similar stages, so, how could we know if some animal species had a full fleshed language?, what would be the evidence to look out for?

submitted by /u/Frigorifico
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What would the cancelled Superconducting supercollider have achieved?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 11:44 PM PDT

In news articles at the time they kept on saying it would lead to more powerful rockets which got my space obsessed childhood self excited, but they never said how, was that nonsense?

submitted by /u/mrmonkeybat
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How does turbulence affect velocity of objects in water?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 03:36 AM PDT

Does it decrease an object's terminal velocity in water, or could it cause something to actually go faster?

submitted by /u/Monte_Piethon
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The South River Peak and it’s surrounding ridges in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado forms almost perfect asterisk when viewed by satellite photos. There are cauldrons in the area but South River Peak is not labeled one. Can the formation of this mini-asterisk shaped-range be explained?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 05:34 AM PDT

How does a nail grow off the nail bed?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:07 PM PDT

What I'm wondering is how the skin detaches from the nail where your nail starts to grow away from your actual finger. I know that the visible nail cells are already dead, so at the boundary between where our nails actually attach to our skin and where it grows away is there a little factory of skin cells working to detach and re-attach themselves to the nail?

submitted by /u/macbowes
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How can scientists measure the mass of an atom, and other subatomic particles to such extreme precision?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 05:59 PM PDT

According to Google, a proton weighs about 1.6726219 × 10-27 kg. How can scientists measure a single proton to that level of precision (8 significant digits)?

submitted by /u/walter_melon4444
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How would light travel down an isolated, infinite glass fiber?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:22 PM PDT

Maybe this question showcases my lack of understanding more than anything else, but I'm wondering if there's any intersection between what the double slit experiment shows, and what would happen if you sent a beam of light down an infinite conduit.

If a beam of light is so narrowly concentrated that there is only one possible path for it to travel, and it is prevented from ever leaving this path, can it still be described as a wave?

Besides problems with infinity, is there a reason this scenario could never happen?

Let's say the beam of light was never 'observed', could the light particle ever show up outside of the tube?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/SoThisIsAmerica
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Why do some clouds have well-defined edges, as opposed to forming an evenly distributed haze?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:18 PM PDT

How does soap work to get rid of odors and bacteria?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 11:44 PM PDT

I know washing with soap helps rinse away some of of your natural oils when washing any part of your body whether it be your hands, face, arm pits , groin , etc...... But everytime I ask how soap makes our hands cleaner from germs or how it makes us smell better.... The answer i get is because.... You are essentially washing away oils because one end of soap molecules love water - they are hydrophilic. The other end of soap molecules hate water - they are hydrophobic. This allows oils and grease to removed....

But how does this correlate to our hands being cleaner from germs and bacteria. And how does it correlate to removing odors from our armpits and body, etc... Are the odors, bacteria germs trapped on these oils?

How does soap work to make us cleaner?

submitted by /u/lukasthomas123
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What is Gravitational Lensing?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 03:15 AM PDT

When astronomers refer to lensing, they are talking about an effect called gravitational lensing.

submitted by /u/himansujay
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Did the weight of the Apollo astronauts affect the amount of fuel in their rocket?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 03:07 PM PDT

What are Quantum Materials, and how are they different from regular materials?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 06:09 PM PDT

Where electrons go when they "leak" to ground?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:17 AM PDT

In a electric class my teacher said Earth can drain an infinite amount of electrons or give them to us. But where they go? Or where they come from? Are there different amount of "free" electrons in the different layers of Earth?

submitted by /u/Hermogenest1
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If water is a conductor, than why doesn’t everyone nearby get electrocuted when lightning strikes the ocean?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 09:55 AM PDT

What empirical evidence is there, which I can observe from the surface, that the earth is a sphere? Does it have to involve a large body of water?

Posted: 09 Aug 2018 02:13 AM PDT

I'm not in any way a flat-earther, but I was trying to be devil's advocate yesterday and couldn't come up with anything. If I live by the sea and have good eyesight and I happen to observe a tall ship sailing away from me … it's a bit complicated.

submitted by /u/FiveYearsAgoOnReddit
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Wednesday, August 8, 2018

I there are blind and deaf people, are there any people with no sense of taste?

I there are blind and deaf people, are there any people with no sense of taste?


I there are blind and deaf people, are there any people with no sense of taste?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 12:37 AM PDT

Besides nicki minaj fans of course.

submitted by /u/engifar
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Is a patch of grass one singular organism? Or is multiple? How can you discern one specific organism of grass from another?

Posted: 07 Aug 2018 08:40 AM PDT

Do fish have stomach acid and ,if they do, can they have acid reflux?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 03:15 AM PDT

Could we build a camera with such extremely high resolution that we could zoom in on something and see atoms?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 05:18 AM PDT

I just watched a random 4k video where they showed extreme close detail of different things. For example we can zoom in on a fly's eye and see every single speck of it's eye which is impossible to see with our own eyes. So could we build a camera with 1000 times more resolution to zoom in even further and see atoms?

submitted by /u/vegancrossfiter
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Do wildfires mitigate the potential for future wildfires in the same area? If so, for how long?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 07:35 AM PDT

We've been told that in the past the policy of snuffing out wildfires immediately has increased the chances and severity of future wildfires. Wildfires are a natural part of the ecology and they clear out underbrush and other fuels making them less dangerous. In recent years there have been so many huge wildfires that it seems eventually we will get back to a state of nature and then these wildfires will will return to less intense but regular occurrences. Is this merely a phase we need to go through in order to return to the old normal?

submitted by /u/shaggyscoob
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What effects would the most commonly used antipsychotics have on someone not suffering from Psychosis?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 04:29 AM PDT

This is in relation to a personal writing project, so I don't know if this question goes against the sub Reddit's rules. This might count as a hypothetical question, or maybe to specific of a scenario. But assuming a person wouldn't have their misdiagnosis corrected for a long time (which can realistically happen sometimes), what results would long term psychosis treatment have on the person?

submitted by /u/Caustic_Cynic
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Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes but our distant ancestors don't. How does the number of chromosomes change over multiple generations?

Posted: 07 Aug 2018 04:17 AM PDT

[Astronomy] Are we only able to detect planets in a distant solar system when the angle of the solar system is aligned from our perspective like a frisbee? If so, what percent of stars does that account for?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 05:21 AM PDT

Do the two lobes of the thyroid serve different functions? In general, how do they differ and what are the implications of this for someone who has had a thyroid lobectomy?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 07:21 AM PDT

Basically, are the two lobes of the thyroid gland performing the same function as each other? If not, how do they differ? Relatedly, are there systematically differing implications/complications for those who have the right or left lobe of the thyroid removed as a result of disease?

Best I've found so far is this, but doesn't really answer my question/I don't fully understand if it does: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/22178560

submitted by /u/junzip
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How would waves be any different if there was a superocean like Phantalassa. Would they be larger and more dangerous or calmer and would anything else be different?

Posted: 06 Aug 2018 02:30 PM PDT

If there is a breach in a fusion reactor, what will happen?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 01:18 AM PDT

I'm writing a novel and I want to have a fusion reactor breach its walls through some kind of coolant malfunction or whatever.

My question: If you had a stable reaction going, and then removed a chunk of the wall, would the resulting energy escaping be catastrophic or would things just flicker out? I'm hoping catastrophic for the books sake...

submitted by /u/FutureSpaceEngineer
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When receiving IV fluids, why do you get a metallic taste in your mouth for a few seconds?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:46 AM PDT

How close could a stellar black hole approach the solar system without our discovering evidence of it?

Posted: 07 Aug 2018 05:19 PM PDT

I've been seeing more articles lately on the possibility of undiscovered planets in our solar system based upon anomalies in the orbits of Oort cloud objects. Is it possible instead of undiscovered planets their orbits are being influenced by an undiscovered stellar mass black hole lurking somewhere within a few light years or has this has been ruled out? Also how close could a stellar black hole approach us without astronomers finding evidence of it disturbing the solar system? Thanks.

submitted by /u/jfleming3
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Why do fermented foods develop our microbiome better than other high fiber foods?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 05:15 AM PDT

What's "added" during fermentation that caters to the gut bacteria's gastronomic sensitivity?

submitted by /u/TheReyLuz
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Despite having dissolved CO2 (forming carbonic acid) and hydronium (from respiration), human blood is slighty alkaline. Why?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 05:07 AM PDT

Some HIV antiretroviral drugs cause a redistribution of body fat from the face and limbs to the abdomen. How is fat "redistributed" in the body, and why is it a side effect of these drugs?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 07:13 AM PDT

How can worker ants be female if they don't have the means to reproduce?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 08:16 AM PDT

How can we tell the sex of an entire subgroup of a species if none of them can reproduce? There are obvious reasons to why the drones are male and the queens are female, but where does the sex of the workers come from?

submitted by /u/OKaij
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Does earth’s rotation have an effect on air travel time?

Posted: 07 Aug 2018 05:34 PM PDT

Is a flight from New York to Los Angeles any faster or slower than a flight from Los Angeles to New York?

submitted by /u/shonzo18
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What determines the rate at which the prefrontal cortex develops?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 02:49 AM PDT

Can it be altered by certain external stimuli? Epigenetic factors? Is there variation across socioeconomic class? Across geography?

submitted by /u/_Tart
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Can a venomous animal die if it bites itself?

Posted: 07 Aug 2018 07:15 AM PDT

I know that venomous animals can eat their own venom (since their prey is presumably full of it) but what happens if, say, a snake bites itself by mistake? Would it be immune to its own venom?

submitted by /u/Mesoscale92
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Can rain evaporate before it hits the ground?

Posted: 07 Aug 2018 01:11 PM PDT

If it's raining on a hot day for example

submitted by /u/WelcomeToA
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How does bark help protect trees from fire?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 05:00 AM PDT

I know (especially in Australia where I'm from) often trees can be seen alive with very charred bark and a lot of our flora only will bloom after a fire as that's when the ground is clearest, how does bark and seeds protect themselves from fires? I've been speculating it might have something to do with the lack of resin in the bark but I'm not quite sure.

submitted by /u/Insinuous
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Does metal from the electrodes enter the water over time during electrolysis in a water purification system ?

Posted: 08 Aug 2018 04:44 AM PDT

Is earth technically the center of the "observable" universe or can we see farther in any specific direction and why?

Posted: 07 Aug 2018 05:06 AM PDT