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Tuesday, July 24, 2018

What are the limits of gravitational slingshot acceleration?

What are the limits of gravitational slingshot acceleration?

What are the limits of gravitational slingshot acceleration?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 09:59 AM PDT

If I have a spaceship with no humans aboard, is there a theoretical maximum speed that I could eventually get to by slingshotting around one star to the next? Does slingshotting "stop working" when you get to a certain speed? Or could one theoretically get to a reasonable fraction of the speed of light?

submitted by /u/the_y_of_the_tiger
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Does a knee-jerk reflex happen while under anesthesia?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 08:55 PM PDT

Why or why not, and why would/wouldn't it happen while other functions continue?

submitted by /u/luwachamo
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Is there a limit on how sticky something can be?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 07:38 PM PDT

Flypaper and mouse glue traps are super sticky bind on contact substances. Is there a limit to how sticky things like this can get?

submitted by /u/Jovokna
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It is said that knuckles Crack because gas bubbles get popped. But how do those gasses get formed and released?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 11:37 PM PDT

Why are prion diseases so difficult to cure?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 02:56 PM PDT

How do relativistic effects affect planetary orbits?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 10:44 AM PDT

I imagine its just some tiny little correction, but I'm curious about order of magnitude how large that correction is and qualitatively what its effects are.

submitted by /u/CuriousZap
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What causes the shape of pilot wave in quantum mechanics?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 04:46 AM PDT

I can not picture the definition of the "event" that caused pilot wave's shape exactly in my head. Is it about fabric of space-time? Is it because of gravity? or something else that we don't know yet? what causes the "randomness" of the wave?

submitted by /u/majortom1234
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How do we know about dinosaurs soft tissue morphology through fossils?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 07:20 AM PDT

How do we know about a dinosaur soft tissue shape? how do we know how big are their muscles just by looking at their bones, and how sure are we about it? are we rolling with the best chance, or do we have any clue about how it worked?

submitted by /u/MetalMermelade
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What is the likelihood that the key to my house is also a key to a lock I don't know exists?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 10:55 AM PDT

There can only be so many variations on a key, right? So what's the likelihood that the key I have to open my house is also a key to something completely different, like a shed in Ireland, or a bike lock in Japan? I know this isn't too science-y, I just kinda wanted to know, and there's no "AskStatisticians" that I could go to.

submitted by /u/Porn_Account_81
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Why do halons do more damage to the ozone layer compared to CFCs?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 06:17 AM PDT

How does the bromine free radical do more damage compared to chlorine free radicals? Do all the halogens in an haloalkane become free radicals? Follow up question: what about similar molecules containing iodine/ other halogens?

submitted by /u/coldtaco_
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Is the human concept of present time just the maximum rate at which our neurons can fire?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 02:00 PM PDT

How has the changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen affect human evolution since our early ancestors came on the scene?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 08:34 PM PDT

I'm curious about whether the decrease in carbon dioxide has been an advantage for us in the way that eating meat might have given us more energy to work with, and I'm wondering if an increase in atmospheric co2 might hinder us, evolutionarily, in the future.

submitted by /u/atxav
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Does the heart rate respond to changes in the muscles or does the heart rate respond to changes in the respiration rate?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 08:55 PM PDT

Title is self explanatory

submitted by /u/Datskiz
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Is There Infinite Matter in the Universe?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 11:12 AM PDT

We believe that the universe is infinitely big, does that mean there is an infinite amount of matter in the universe or just space?

submitted by /u/tenariosm9
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How do you calculate the density gradient in a salt solution?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 07:36 PM PDT

For example how do you find out how dense the top is from the middle and the bottom ?

submitted by /u/NYmazer
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Stars near the center of the universe, how much longer has time "felt" do to moving slower?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 05:08 AM PDT

Another way of framing the question for clarity:How much faster do the galaxies at the expanding edge of the universe travel, and how much does the relativity of time change from there to slower parts of the universe?

submitted by /u/mde132
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Does the time flow different on Earth than it flows on other planets in our Sol system?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 11:14 AM PDT

I've been reading Scott Orson Card's books recently and the dependence of the time from our speed is a very pointed phenomenon. Can we measure the difference of how fast time passes between a person on Earth and a person on other Solar System planet, that moves quicker / slower? If the difference is too small, what with a body that doesn't move at all?

Edit 1: Missclicked "ee" instead of "we"

submitted by /u/d4rg0n
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Do all planets have seasons? If so, do they do anything?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 01:30 PM PDT

Why did everyone say that we've now confirmed the whole standard model after the Higgs-Boson was found? Aren't we still missing the graviton?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 09:39 AM PDT

What is Cobalt effect in the testing of Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR) of a membrane?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 12:16 AM PDT

In the testing of Oxygen Transfer Rate of a membrane using the sulfite-oxidation method, excessive cobalt as a catalyst can result in cobalt effect. However what does "cobalt effect" really mean and how does it affect the test in any ways if any?

submitted by /u/NeI3ula
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Do other species of pigeons (besides the rock dove) have a homing instinct?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 02:56 PM PDT

If not, what is different between rock doves and other pigeons that creates the homing instinct?

submitted by /u/Grenedle
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Monday, July 23, 2018

Why is it that some muscles «burn» while exercised hard, while in others you experience more of a fatigue-like feeling?

Why is it that some muscles «burn» while exercised hard, while in others you experience more of a fatigue-like feeling?

Why is it that some muscles «burn» while exercised hard, while in others you experience more of a fatigue-like feeling?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 08:09 AM PDT

E.g. my abdominal muscles will burn while doing crunches, while my arms will just stop moving while doing chin-ups.

submitted by /u/TheLittleThingy
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Like humans, do some animals develop quirks or “hobbies” outside of normal behaviors?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 07:28 PM PDT

Why does the air pressure in the car fluctuate and hurt your ears when you are driving fast with only one window open?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 06:50 PM PDT

How is the original amount of C14 in a fossil determined?

Posted: 23 Jul 2018 12:49 AM PDT

When it comes to carbon dating, I understand how the age of a fossil can be determined with the necessary information, being how much C14 is in the current fossil, how fast that C14 deteriorates, and the original amount of C14 in the animal. My question is how the original amount of C14 is determined? Looked everywhere I could and couldn't find an answer, so thank you for any replies.

submitted by /u/caizoago
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How long does it take to measure the physical effects of age? Conversely, how soon could it be conclusively determined that someone is not aging?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 05:43 PM PDT

Is the moon more radioactive than Earth?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 05:32 PM PDT

Can you build a radio waves camera?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 12:18 PM PDT

Can you build a radio camera that would let you to see router antenna signal as "light source"?

submitted by /u/Byamarro
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Since some species of goats faint, is that considered normal behavior or is this a disorder?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 04:36 PM PDT

  1. Is this a normal behavior in certain goat breeds or is this considered a disorder?
  2. In the case of the former, does this serve any evolutionary purpose? Or we simply don't know?

These questions come from my thinking that a goat fainting in the wild would be a huge disadvantage. Of course, this might be a result of domestication?

Any insight for my pure curiosity is appreciated. :)

submitted by /u/MaiqKnowsMuch
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How does the Mars atmosphere sustain the current wind and dust storms?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 09:57 AM PDT

So recently there have been planet wide wind storms on Mars. I looked up some information about Mars' atmosphere and saw that it has 0.6% of the pressure Earth has at sea level. If this is true how is there enough of a pressure difference in the atmosphere on Mars to produce winds strong enough and for a great enough periods of time that a planet wide storm is born that literally shapes the way the surface looks.

submitted by /u/Shaarr
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Why does water slide on hydrophobic meterials?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 02:19 PM PDT

Is it possible to harness energy from sound waves?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 02:05 PM PDT

Hi, I hope I don't sound stupid asking this question. Is it possible to harness energy through sound waves? They're vibrations which is a form of energy, right?

submitted by /u/The_1azy_Wabbit
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Can gill-bearing animals somehow "smell" underwater?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 08:53 AM PDT

Are tide heights affected by the time of day?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 01:22 PM PDT

I live in a coastal town and it always seems that a high tide is a lot higher when it occurs in the evening/night as opposed to in the day. Is this just coincidence or is there something else causing this?

submitted by /u/sneakersdoc
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Some throttling rocket engines have reduced Isp compared to their non-throttling versions. What causes this?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 12:43 PM PDT

Is the color of metallic gold due to its plasma frequency, or due to relativistic effects as many sources claim?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 08:46 AM PDT

It seems like there's been a number of claims, like this and a recent YouTube video out there that gold gets its color due to special relativity and the effect it has on atomic orbitals. This claim seems to relate back to this work on some gold-based molecules in a fluid. It's also appears in wikipedia here.

However, the reflection spectra of atomic gases are entirely different than atomic solids and often atomic spectral lines have no connection to the way a solid reflects light. The reason for metallic reflectivity is due to plasma oscillations and is a general property of a free-electron gas. Furthermore, looking at the reflectivity of gold and other metals, it's pretty clear that you don't have a sharp peak, like in atomic absorption lines, but a cut-off where all energies above it are not reflected (like a plasma frequency cut-off).

So are these claims about metallic gold getting its color from relativistic effects (i.e. atomic spectra) a bunch of bunk? Or is the plasma frequency of gold related to its absorption spectra in some subtle way that makes such a claim valid?

submitted by /u/DigForFire90
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Why is O the most common blood type even though the O allele is recessive?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 09:33 AM PDT

Is it harder to smell things in higher altitudes?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 12:11 AM PDT

Is there a theoretical minimum number of bits required to say, encode a message or a string of numbers?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 06:41 AM PDT

Was just thinking about how data is stored, and how it might be more efficient. Any work or reading someone could direct me to understanding that more would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/AboveDisturbing
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Can a human body be preserved in amber(like bugs) so that the body doesnt decompose and looms flawless even after a million years?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 08:47 PM PDT
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Sunday, July 22, 2018

Supposing I have an unfair coin (not 50/50), but don't know the probability of it landing on heads or tails, is there a standard formula/method for how many flips I should make before assuming that the distribution is about right?

Supposing I have an unfair coin (not 50/50), but don't know the probability of it landing on heads or tails, is there a standard formula/method for how many flips I should make before assuming that the distribution is about right?

Supposing I have an unfair coin (not 50/50), but don't know the probability of it landing on heads or tails, is there a standard formula/method for how many flips I should make before assuming that the distribution is about right?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 01:22 PM PDT

Why do our ears pop when a train we’re riding enters a tunnel? Shouldn’t the pressure inside be equal to the pressure outside side since it’s open to the air?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 06:19 AM PDT

Are there other studies on the efficacy of TDAP vaccines given to mothers during pregnancy for the protection of a newborn or is this the only one?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 12:13 PM PDT

As the title states, I have found one study showing the efficacy of the TDAP vaccine given to mother's. (http://news.unchealthcare.org/news/2018/june/unc-study-tdap-vaccine-given-during-pregnancy-reduces-occurrence-of-infant-pertussis-reinforces-cdc-recommendations-of-immunization-for-all-mothers). However, this appears pretty recent so I don't know if it has gone through peer review and/or the results have been reproduced. I am aware of the fallacy of relying upon just one study only to find out it was an erroneous result. However, I'm not super proficient in doing scientific research and haven't found other studies.

My question is twofold: 1) At what stage of the scientific vetting process is this result/Has anyone reproduced it? 2). I know that before efficacy studies are done, there are usually safety studies completed. Can you help me find those so I can take a look at them (I'm having trouble finding studies)?

submitted by /u/annarox21
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What is the role of reactive power in transmission networks?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 08:47 AM PDT

I've studied electrical engineering for some years, but honestly I'm still struggling with understanding complex AC concepts, especially reactive power. What's its role in transmission networks since reactive power can't do real work? Why is it important for large alternators on the grid?

submitted by /u/mrfredzzz
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Does the refractive index of a gas change with level of ionization?

Posted: 22 Jul 2018 07:46 AM PDT

I was doing some reading on refractive index of gasses and how that leads to ionospheric propagation of radio waves, but none of the resources I found explain the correlation between increased upper atmosphere ionization levels and increased angle of refraction.

I know that the precise refractive index of a gas is highly dependent on frequency, but I haven't been able to find even a vague outline of whether the refractive index of a gas goes up or down with increasing ionization, and it seems that either direction could explain the increased angle of refraction at a given frequency, depending on where in the ionosphere the "virtual reflector" is located. What papers I've found are all regarding self focusing and scattering of lasers in plasmas and such, and while the information I want might be there, it's so abstract that I can't find it.

The most logical explanation seems to be that ionized gas has a higher refractive index, which creates a tighter gradient between the index of the atmosphere (which is >1) and space (which is ~1), which leads to total internal refraction at a higher incident angle.

The other way of looking at it seems almost as logical though; that only the upper most layers of the atmosphere become ionized, dropping the refractive index of that layer closer to the ~1 of space, which still results in a tighter gradient between space and atmosphere, but at a lower altitude.

submitted by /u/hamsterdave
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What causes volcanoes to erupt?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 08:33 AM PDT

If one makes abstraction of what they are orbiting and simply consider their composition and structure, is the distinction between large moons and rocky planets really all that significant?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 08:58 PM PDT

Why aren't MSR reactors utilized more?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 02:20 PM PDT

So, my understanding of MSRs (Molten Salt Reactors) is that we could use the waste from our water reactors to melt salt, use the excess heat to boil water, get a whole bunch more energy out of it than from water reactors, and wind up with waste that is only dangerous for centuries rather than hundreds of millennia.

Am I wrong? Why aren't we doing this?

submitted by /u/Cwardw
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How do they calculate the very exact hour and minute when to launch rockets?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 06:45 PM PDT

Can someone explain Copenhagen interpretation, Many Worlds interpretation and De Broglie Bohm Pilot Wave theory?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 04:59 PM PDT

How do you donate your liver? Dont you need it to survive?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 11:19 AM PDT

So i was seeing a video in which a woman met the person that donated his liver to her, but how does that work? Can you survive without a liver?

submitted by /u/M33RHARIS
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How does Analgesic Gels relieve muscle pain when applied to our skin?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 09:57 AM PDT

What makes D-Wave quantum computers considered controversial?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 04:52 PM PDT

I see people sometimes call the computers that D-Wave makes controversial and not a "real" quantum computer. So what makes one a "real" quantum computer? Is it just people throwing shade at D-Wave, or are their computers more like pseudo quantum computers?

submitted by /u/UsernamePlusPassword
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Why is bread permanently turned into toast when we heat it, why can't we change it back?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 03:08 PM PDT

I understand that heat can change how molecules are structured like with baking, and thats a part of it, but why does it toast, and why can't we turn it back into bread?

submitted by /u/ticktockFUCK
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Why do we hear several seconds of thunder noise after seeing a lightning?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 12:17 PM PDT

After seeing a lightning, usually there is a 4-10 seconds of noise, despite the lightning takes only a fragment of second. What causes that long noise?

submitted by /u/NiceInformation
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What happens when an object hits another object at a velocity faster than that of a mechanical wave in either object?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 09:32 PM PDT

I am assuming that the object would have no ability to rebound and would simply begin to plasticly deform.

submitted by /u/LianelJoseph
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Have we found decoder for the workings of inner ear?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 08:41 AM PDT

As I understand, our inner ear encodes mechanical movement into electric signal, which is exactly what microphones also do.

I'd imagine the problem is, we don't quite know how the information is encoded, or what information aside sound itself gets translated.

Or do we? Has someone measured nerve impulses while playing specific sound and figured out how output to nerve impulse relates to input? Which would make it possible to build artificial ears or even direct audio-to-brain connection, skipping ears whatsoever?

submitted by /u/Bang_Bus
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What exactly does "non-deterministic universe" mean?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 07:12 PM PDT

By the uncertainty principle and limitations on our computational abilities, we humans can never model the universe's evolution. Is that what non-determinism refers to? (i.e. specifically with respect to humanity's point of view)

Suppose a higher, external being was able to observe the exact state of the universe at any point in time. Can it be said that it sees the universe as deterministic?

submitted by /u/tbqh123
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Why is HIV found in semen?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 08:26 AM PDT

HIV being a virus of the immune system, it makes sense to me that it is found in the bloodstream but not in other bodily fluids like saliva/nasal mucus/etc. So why then is it present in semen and vaginal mucus when neither of these fluids have any connection (that I know of) to immune function?

submitted by /u/willeyerasmus
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To how many digits of precision do we know the half life of Uranium 238?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 08:25 AM PDT

Charging an electrostatic double-layer capacitor(i.e Supercapacitor) using an exterior magnetic field?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 04:28 PM PDT

Studying about the nature of supercapacitors lead me to consider this idea:

At the discharged state of a supercapacitor, with ions spread uniformly within the electrolyte, and not connected to a power supply, only forming a circuit with a resistor. Wouldn't it be possible to separate the charges using an exterior magnetic field?

Accelerating a 2000F capacitor, in a strong magnetic field(1T+) would give rise to a Lorentz force(F = q(E + v) x B) that would separate the positive/negative ions wouldn't it?

I also think, that if the capacitor was intially charged then connected to a circuit and moved rapidly in that strong magnetic field, the discharge would be affected due to the Lorentz force acting on the (+&-)ions?

submitted by /u/9tothe9
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With two objects experiencing time dilation, is one second relative to each object itself exist the same "amount"?

Posted: 21 Jul 2018 12:19 PM PDT

From my understanding, one object will experience slower time than the other. So if there was a clock with each object, and one experienced time twice as fast, would one second be equivalent to two seconds for the other object even though they both experience "one second" the same? From an outside perspective (4D?) of the two objects, how does this work?

EDIT: Sorry the grammar in the question is awkward. I mean "does one second relative to each object itself exist as the "same amount"?" If that helps..

submitted by /u/Cynoname
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