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Thursday, July 19, 2018

What happens when you sleep that makes you feel rested upon waking up?

What happens when you sleep that makes you feel rested upon waking up?


What happens when you sleep that makes you feel rested upon waking up?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 08:00 PM PDT

How does a rocket propel in space?

Posted: 19 Jul 2018 12:53 AM PDT

How does a rocket propel in space? I know that today they use ion thrusters or they shoot fuel out the back to accelerate in space but I don't get how that's possible. From what I understand, space tries to "suck" everything from the spacecraft so if that space craft ejects fuel, wouldn't the fuel be "sucked" from every direction once it exits the tail, therefore not providing an efficient thrust? The videos that explain this show that the fuel travels In a straight line directly opposite from the direction the spacecraft is going.

submitted by /u/ChrisA17
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Does anti-matter have to react /annihilate with its exact counterpart? Like anti-hydrogen with hydrogen, not anti-hydrogen with helium, for example.

Posted: 19 Jul 2018 04:56 AM PDT

I'm conscious making, containing and mixing this stuff is darn complicated but theoretically, would anti-hydrogen 'annihilate' with other nuclei?

submitted by /u/greeneebeenee
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[Physics] Do stars have a North pole and South pole like Earth?

Posted: 19 Jul 2018 06:00 AM PDT

Can you help me understand diffusion?

Posted: 19 Jul 2018 03:51 AM PDT

imagine a closed system of indistinguishable, physically, chemically, characteristically identical atoms.

imagine you could magically label them such that their characteristics wouldn't change, they would still be identical, but the labels could distinguish them.

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if you took the right half of the system and labeled those atoms "A" and the left half "B," would they diffuse such that they were equally mixed?

if so, if you then took half of the equally diffuse mixture and labeled them "C" and the opposite half "D," would C's and D's diffuse as well?

if so, would they diffuse without interrupting the equilibrium of A and B? would there be equilibrium with respect to A, B, C, and D as well as AC, AD, BC, and BD?

if so, and you did it again with half "E" and half "F," would equilibrium be reached with respect to all possible label combinations?

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I've heard it explained that diffusion is a statistical phenomenon rather than a physical one, that things in an area of high concentration have a higher probability to leave than they do to enter, since there are more things that can leave than there are that can enter. is it this simple? is there a better explanation?

for some reason it hasn't ever clicked in my head.

submitted by /u/potatotate_spudlord
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What exactly is The Drude Model for calculating metallic permittivities, and what exactly is metallic permittivities?

Posted: 19 Jul 2018 04:39 AM PDT

I know this isn't a well formulated question, but I'm taking a relatively deep plunge into physics for a job (plasmonics), and it'd be really helpful. What exactly does this Drude Model do, and what can it be used to find about a specific metal?

I'm assuming this metallic permittivity has something to do with the plasmon frequency of the metal (to my understanding, that's the frequency of an electromagnetic field that will excite the free electrons in the metal the most).

submitted by /u/sabi0
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How was speed of light measured accurately in the olden days when technology was archaic?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 07:26 PM PDT

Especially that light can supposedly travel the earth 7 times in one second or something ridiculous like that.

submitted by /u/urmmatters
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How does the treasury department determine appropriate debt maturity distributions?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 07:02 PM PDT

With a lot of investors concerned with the possible inversion of the yield curve, I was curious about how likely/possible it is for the Treasury Department to shift their auction amounts to higher duration notes/bonds and away from shorter bills/notes to steepen the yield curve.

 

I've found that average length has been increasing for a few years, and the Office of Debt Management has a plan for future debt schedules (page 27/29), but a lot of their explanations for their maturity schedule centers around vague terms like "Maintaining Liquidity".

 

So, basically, what are the general factors that the treasury department considers when they create they determine maturity schedules and do they factor in monetary policy/federal reserve actions?

 

Thanks

submitted by /u/The_One_Who_Sighs
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Are laser microphones limited in frequency? Or could you use a maser or RF to achieve the same result?

Posted: 19 Jul 2018 02:10 AM PDT

How does a nuclear bomb work? How is the explosion controlled and keep from splitting every single atom in the universe if it’s just a chain reaction of atoms splitting ?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 06:27 PM PDT

Why is it that portable chargers above a certain mAh cannot be brought on the plane?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 07:16 PM PDT

I was on a plane lately and they took away my 50000 mAh power bank :(

submitted by /u/Dat_unknown_guy
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How are modern scales able to measure our body fat % when we just stand on them?

Posted: 19 Jul 2018 12:12 AM PDT

If two fermions with the same spin can't occupy the same position, how 'close' can they be?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 06:00 PM PDT

I'm almost certain I'm not grasping even the basics here, but does 'position' in this sense mean the same spot in space, or space-time? Or is this some other meaning of position that isn't quite like the colloquial use?

submitted by /u/ffenliv
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Have there been any studies on the relationship between gender birth order and romance/sexuality later in life?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 05:34 PM PDT

My wife is the youngest of 4 and the only girl. We now have a daughter and a son, the daughter is 4 years old than the son. She was noticing how different things seem to be for our son than when she was young. There's a stronger baseline of girl toys and shows, and more of a general understanding of women's needs than she ever experienced.

We know in general homosexuality is a mix of genetic and environmental factors, and were curious if growing up with an older sister raises those odds (we don't care personally, we're just curious scientifically). We're also curious if marriage/divorce rates differ as we're aware our son is more comfortable with girls than other boys his age, which we think is because he lives with an older one.

So, we're just curious if there's any work that has been done on correlations amongst these things. Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Moltrire
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How do 95% confidence intervals work in nutritional studies?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 05:26 PM PDT

This study looked at protein requirements for female cyclists: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476478

The mean protein requirement was 1.6g/kg, but one woman required 2.8g/kg to reach nitrogen balance, a huge disparity.

The authors reported that the upper end of the 95% confidence limit was 2.2g/kg, and suggested it as a guideline.

So in this case, are they saying that 95% of all women studied had their protein requirements met by 2.2 g/kg, and that the woman requiring 2.8 g/kg was an outlier in the highest 5%?

submitted by /u/RusticBohemian
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Are laser weapons simply beyond our grasp for the time being or impossible/impractical compared to 'conventional' weapons?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 11:48 PM PDT

Say I want to make a laser cannon to blow up tanks, is the technology to do so cheaply and effectively compared to a rocket launcher simply not there yet or at least theoretically possible or is it impossible to do so practically? I read this forum post that seems to make it sound like lasers are really impractical in terms of energy efficency and certain materials like metal are apparently not good receptors of light energy. So are lasers just a thing that science fiction jumped the gun on or is there a future yet that might hold blasters?

submitted by /u/RoadTheExile
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Why do they collect blood from mice’s orbital sinuses?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 12:30 PM PDT

(Tagged as bio because I'm not sure what else.)

So I'm volunteering at a lab this summer as part of a student training program. It's been super cool, but there's one thing I cannot get out of my head: why do they take blood from the eyes of the mice?

I was watching them take blood samples today, and not going to lie, it's kind of... icky. Not going-to-pass-out-right-here-in-the-lab icky, but ickier than anticipated. What they were doing was anesthetizing the mice, then jamming a teeny capillary tube right near their eyeballs and drawing blood with it. (Most of my fellow volunteers were not fans of this.) It would bleed afterwards, usually just a drop, but one or two mice bled quite a bit onto the table. The mice would wake up a few minutes later and go about their day, in no apparent discomfort, but it got me wondering.

Why exactly do they use this method of collecting blood? (As far as I know, the study they're doing isn't specific to the eyes.) The procedure itself is fast, but it requires individually anesthetizing every mouse, which slows things down a lot. The mice seem fine afterwards (as far as I can tell; I'm not a professional but they act exactly the same as they did before), but would they also have been fine with some other method? Is there something about mice in particular that makes this spot a really good spot for collecting blood?

I've tried Googling it, but most of the results are just instructions on how to do it and not why they're doing it (that or animal welfare/ethics groups, which have plenty of legitimate concerns, but that's not really what I was looking for.)

submitted by /u/ArcadiaPlanitia
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Why does the Atlantic seem to have so few islands?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 08:09 AM PDT

Why is the Moon always in the night sky? Shouldn't it be on the "day" side of the Earth at some point every month?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 08:04 PM PDT

Anecdotally, it seems that the Moon always occupies a spot on the night sky regardless of where you are on Earth. Even during a new moon, the Moon still occupies a spot in the sky despite being invisible. I know the Moon's orbital plane isn't perfectly perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation but shouldn't there still be a good chunk of the month where the Moon is on the "day" side of the celestial sphere and thus completely gone from the night sky?

submitted by /u/StevesEvilTwin2
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Wednesday, July 18, 2018

Why do we have to "fall" asleep? Why can't we just decide to be asleep?

Why do we have to "fall" asleep? Why can't we just decide to be asleep?


Why do we have to "fall" asleep? Why can't we just decide to be asleep?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 08:17 AM PDT

Did we prove speed of light is constant then it was incorporated in theories or did theories predict speed of light would be constant than it was proved by experiments?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 01:23 AM PDT

Which came first? The theory or the experiment that the speed of light is always constant?

submitted by /u/jonbristow
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What is going on in a tree stump immediately after the tree is cut down? Does the stump continue to try to live? Is the tree instantly dead like a human would be if the human suffered something equally catastrophic?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 06:17 PM PDT

When classifying a moon, is it based around the relative size to the planet? Or do all moons have to be a certain size or larger?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 01:18 AM PDT

When the sun "bleaches" a pigment, where does it go?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 05:25 AM PDT

Does some portion of the pigment evaporate? Is it a chemical change in the molecules to reflect more white light?

submitted by /u/tactiphile
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[Earth Sciences] What is the nature of underground rivers?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 05:28 AM PDT

Do they kind of seep through the mud/rock/whatever is down there, or is there a sort of air gap through which they flow, like a tunnel? I'm really struggling to understand what an underground river would look like. Apparently there's one 200km wide which is 4km beneath the Amazon river, and is the same length. What is going on?!

submitted by /u/PM_ME_PICS_OF_SPICE
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What goes on in the body when someone increases their stamina?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 10:17 PM PDT

What increases stamina? Scientifically speaking, what is stamina?

submitted by /u/franksrirachan
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How do birds stay cool?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 05:41 AM PDT

If they're warm-blooded but don't have sweat glands, how do they regulate their body temperature in 90+ degree weather?

submitted by /u/PedanticQuibbles
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Why does milk curdle when lemon is squeezed into it?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 05:16 AM PDT

How do reptiles and insects produce venom? Also if a snake is bit by one of its own will it die?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 07:02 PM PDT

If I were to replace the graphite anode in a Lithium Ion battery with a single layer of Graphene, would the charge time/battery life/cycle life improve?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 01:13 AM PDT

Is it possible that we'll find materials with a higher refractive index than diamond, or is there a reason that diamond is the limit?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 06:37 PM PDT

what is a steel foundry cauldron made of, why does it not melt at high temperatures?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 04:54 AM PDT

Why can't blood be artificially produced?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 03:11 PM PDT

Aside from cooling the body and exctreting harmful substances, why do we sweat?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 08:12 PM PDT

What happens to space debris after “burn up” occurs in Earth’s atmosphere? Where do the all those particles go?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 06:12 PM PDT

Not sure if this falls under the realm of physics, astronomy, or earth sciences but yeah, what becomes space debris post burn up? Does it all fall back to earth as tiny chunks? Does it become a cloud of small particles? What really happens to space debris when "burn up" occurs?

submitted by /u/Z_2_A
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Do other mammalian species experience difficulties with breastfeeding?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 05:28 PM PDT

So many human women have trouble breastfeeding their newborns (latching problems, milk supply problems, etc). Is this issue unique to humanity, or do whales, dogs, and raccoons have these problems too? If it's a human-specific problem, why?

submitted by /u/withanfnotaph
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What is the difference between hydraulic oil and motor oil?

Posted: 18 Jul 2018 02:38 AM PDT

Does the “keto” diet actually help burn fat faster? Or does it just come down to calorie restriction?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 06:35 PM PDT

Does the "keto" diet actually help burn fat faster? Or does it just come down to calorie restriction?

People at work were saying it burns fat instead of carbs, but I told them it's calories in vs out at the end of the day.

Edit. And does it burn stored fat or consumed fat?

submitted by /u/DAREdidnotwork
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How does the human body regulate its temperature?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 12:49 PM PDT

The ideal temperature is the one the enzymes work at their optimum, yet how does the body "know" how to keep that temperature?

submitted by /u/hvmorlos
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Would sound travel differently in heavy water as opposed to water?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 04:02 PM PDT

Tuesday, July 17, 2018

Is the brain of someone with a higher cognitive ability physically different from that of someone with lower cognitive ability?

Is the brain of someone with a higher cognitive ability physically different from that of someone with lower cognitive ability?


Is the brain of someone with a higher cognitive ability physically different from that of someone with lower cognitive ability?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 09:56 AM PDT

If there are common differences, and future technology allowed us to modify the brain and minimize those physical differences, would it improve a person's cognitive ability?

submitted by /u/ginko26
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How do birds learn the call that's specific to their species?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 07:29 AM PDT

Would a bird that has never met another of its species still make the same call? Could isolated populations of the same species develop calls that are different to one another?

submitted by /u/HotKarl27
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How come all the planets seem to be on an even plane around the sun?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 06:49 AM PDT

It seems that In a 3D environment, that the would orbit at all different angles. Another question: why do they all orbit the sun the same way?

submitted by /u/02grimreaper
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What’s the point of max linear dimensions (L+W+H <=158cm) rule used by airlines? Why is it not volume based(L*W*H)?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 07:07 AM PDT

A lot of airlines around the world now have a max linear dimension limit (http://www.travelmerry.com/ViewBaggageInfo.aspx) and it is typically 158cm. Apparently some airlines routinely charge the passengers even if the linear dimensions are exceeded by 5 cm.

Now I am guessing this rule was designed keeping suitcases in mind. Assuming a typical suitcase shapte which fulfils this 158 cm rule ( 78+48+32), you end up with a volume of approximately 120Litres. Let's call this the intended volume limit. If you are exceeding the dimensions by 5 cm ( 2.5+1.5+1), you could end up with a volume of approximately 131 Litres. i.e 11 litres more than the intended volume limit.

But if someone checks in a cube shaped box ( each side measuring 158/3 = 52.67cm) with a volume of 146 Litres he is still not charged despite being about 26 litres over the intended volume limit!

From the airline's point of view they are concerned about two things – volume and weight. Although the liner dimension(L+W+H) has a bearing on the volume, why not be more specific and have a rule about the max volume(LWH)?

Edit: calculations

submitted by /u/tirboki
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What's the difference between actual sleep and just laying down when fighting off a disease?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 05:47 PM PDT

I've currently got a cold, so my body needs rest to fight it off and recover.

What's the biological difference between having an actual sleep, or just laying horizontal and watching tv/reading ?

Is my immune system doing the same thing?

Do I actually need more sleep when sick, or does physical inactivity suffice?

submitted by /u/UsernameUndeclared
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What’s the difference between sleep and just laying down/resting?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 08:17 AM PDT

Why is sleep required for our bodies, and what does it do that simply laying down and resting doesn't do?

submitted by /u/SpaceUndies01
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Out of all the spacecraft we have landed on planets, is it possible some may of contained bacteria that has stayed on that planet? And possibly even spread?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 05:25 PM PDT

Why does the western part of North America have so many named, smaller deserts, despite seemingly all being next to each other? Why don't we name it as one single desert like we do with the Sahara?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 02:28 AM PDT

Reading through the Wikipedia article on deserts in NA, I noticed that there's no single name for the desert on the western half of the continent, but it's seemingly broken up into smaller parts. Why is this? I suspect that part of it may be that, since it's oriented by longitude, the desert in British Columbia is different from Baja California or Mexico, but I'm not sure.

submitted by /u/CaptainSteelmeat69
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Why do animal trials rarely translate into novel medical therapies in humans?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 12:14 AM PDT

Tons of treatments, especially those regarding neurodegenerative diseases or cancers proclaim breakthrough treatments in diseases of mice. However these announcements usually stay as announcements, and no new therapies come from it in the years that follow. Why is this so?

submitted by /u/ambystom4
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Using a magnet as the core of an electromagnet?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 07:13 PM PDT

If I aligned the poles of the magnet and the electromagnet,(North of magnet is at North of electromagnet), would the magnetic flux of the magnet And electromagnet superpose on each other?

submitted by /u/Sauces0me
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What does it mean to claim fractional electric charge particles exist in the Earth's core?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 04:16 PM PDT

I was listening to this panel that's loosely constrained to talk about string theory. At the timestamp Witten is claiming that 1/5 electric charge particles could exist in the Earth's core.

I'm not very familiar with the subject, but I did some Googling and found quite a few articles on "The Search for Fractional Electric Charge." Can someone give an explanation on:

a. Why fractional charge is controversial, or at least was at the time of this panel discussion

b. How would someone observe this if they are in the core of planets.

c. Was this taken seriously as an answer to the missing baryon problem? One of the members at the table makes a quick comment about it.

submitted by /u/profesh_2_death
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What was there before the Big Bang ?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 05:14 AM PDT

If a high-energy neutrino passes through my body and interacts with the atoms within, will it produce light, however fleeting?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 09:57 AM PDT

I was reading about the remarkable IceCube neutrino detector and considering the high energy neutrinos creating a trail of photons as they pass through everything, including our bodies. Is that accurate? If so, what becomes of such photons? Do they escape?

submitted by /u/Tyree_Callahan
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Is the water at the bottom of the ocean more "condensed"?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 12:03 AM PDT

Is the water in the deepest parts of the ocean more "condensed" due to the pressure?

Also say you manage to get the water at the deepest parts of the ocean in a container, what happens to that container once you start bringing it back to the surface and open it? Does the water shoot out due to it no longer being under pressure, or does nothing happen and you just have a container of water?

submitted by /u/JakexDx
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How large are eddy currents generated by time-varying magnetic fields?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 09:02 AM PDT

I want to try an experiment where I detect joule heating due to eddy currents. I want to induce eddy currents in a small copper plate. I have a function generator providing AC voltage and an (audio) amplifier to boost the signal provided by the function generator. I have a coil of wire (speaker coil to be precise) that will act as an inductor. I attach the output of the amplifier to the coil (with the impedances matched) and since the input is a time-varying voltage, it will produce time-varying current in the inductor, which should then generate eddy currents.

Is there any formula to be able to estimate the eddy current and power loss due to eddy currents?

Thanks guys :)

submitted by /u/DoctorKokktor
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Has there been any research on methods for obstacles to identify themselves to an autonomous vehicle?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 08:16 AM PDT

I've been reading a lot of articles about artificial detection in AVs and all the research is focused on AVs using their onboard sensors to detect essentially uncooperative obstacles. What I'm wondering is if there's any research related to signal emitters or other devices which could be attached to pedestrians/cyclists/other vehicles (or even signs, roads, etc.) to provide environmental data directly to the ego-vehicle.

submitted by /u/Thewhyofdownvotes
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Can ants differentiate between colonies?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 09:55 AM PDT

If one ant comes across another ant from a different colony, is there a way it can tell its not from theirs?

submitted by /u/SixtyNineGG
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How come I share 99% of my DNA with a chimp, but only half with my brother?

Posted: 17 Jul 2018 12:36 AM PDT

I'm not adopted, I believe.

submitted by /u/ReasonForClout
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Why do some isotopes, such as potassium-40, undergo beta decay while others do not?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 07:57 AM PDT

If a neutron can decay into a proton, and some other subatomic particles, via the weak nuclear force, why does this not happen in all atoms?

submitted by /u/UnSG
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Is it possible to hold anti-matter in a vacuum container that's being blasted with photons to keep it in place?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 07:26 PM PDT

Just thought of this, couldn't find a good answer online. I'm probably wrong but I'm curious as hell now.

submitted by /u/AllahJesusBuddha
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Does light hurt deep sea creatures?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 07:58 AM PDT

When researches/robots go down into the ocean past the limit of what light reaches and they use a source of light to be able to look, like a flashlight. Does that light hurt the animals or make them uncomfortable in some way?

submitted by /u/tacosdeassuhdude
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How do objects with special paint emit different colours depending on where you view it from?

Posted: 16 Jul 2018 10:44 AM PDT