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Monday, July 9, 2018

What are the current limitations of desalination plants globally?

What are the current limitations of desalination plants globally?


What are the current limitations of desalination plants globally?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 02:50 AM PDT

A quick google search shows that the cost of desalination plants is huge. A brief post here explaining cost https://www.quora.com/How-much-does-a-water-desalination-plant-cost

With current temperatures at record heights and droughts effecting farming crops and livestock where I'm from (Ireland) other than cost, what other limitations are there with desalination?

Or

Has the technology for it improved in recent years to make it more viable?

Edit: grammer

submitted by /u/MrTigeriffic
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What is actually going on when people claim they are "double-jointed"?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 11:33 AM PDT

What happens to light on opposite sides of intergalactic bodies undergoing the expansion of the universe?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 05:11 AM PDT

So if two intergalactic bodies are traveling away from each other at or faster than the speed of light, light from one will never reach the other. But what happens to the light on their opposite side? Does light go faster than the speed of light? Or what happens?

submitted by /u/V3NG34NC3
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Why do stars appear to constantly change colour?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 11:59 PM PDT

I know this is more of a less complicated 'kids question', but I'm honestly not bothered enough to search for it on Google.

Anyway, when ever I look up at the night sky, any star I stare at seems to be constantly changing colours in a rapid flash.

Does this happen because of the way the light refracts in the atmosphere, or are my eyes just fucked and can't process bright colours properly?

submitted by /u/I_Control_The_Sauce
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How is it possible to brute force a password when most computers/websites lock a user out after a low number of incorrect tries?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 11:27 AM PDT

Why are there more islands in the Pacific Ocean compared to the Atlantic Ocean? What causes this difference?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 05:17 PM PDT

The Pacific Ocean is significantly older than The Atlantic Ocean, does this have anything to do with the amount of islands each contains? Or does the depth of the oceans play a role in it?

submitted by /u/C0mGussler
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Does the AC frequency affect the molecular conductivity?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 06:20 AM PDT

I recall reading somewhere that several molecular compounds have different conductivity depending on the frequency of the current; however, I cannot find this anywhere. Does anyone know what is the name of the process when molecules change their conductance based on the frequency of the current?

submitted by /u/StarAvenger
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If black holes have such a strong pull that not even light can escape, how come this is true even when it has the same mass to something else?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 10:57 PM PDT

I was under the impression that mass is what determines gravitational pull (generally). We orbit the Sun in the way we do because it has the mass of the Sun (or really, we orbit a point created from the gravitational pull of Sun, Earth, and all the other planets and objects and it just happens to be in the Sun, but that's not really relevant I don't think).

However, if the Sun was instead a black hole with the same mass, wouldn't we still be orbiting it the same way? Yet light still can't escape from the event horizon. How can this be if it's coming from an object with the same mass as the Sun?

submitted by /u/uknownada
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Is all of the current absorbed by a CPU converted to heat? Or is there a fraction of in that goes into the computational work?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 01:15 PM PDT

Not really sure of how to pose this. I studied that cmos tech only consume energy when changing state, which is required for it to work, but does ALL of the energy absorbed goes wasted into heat or is there a part that goes into the "work" made to calculate things?

submitted by /u/puppiesshelter
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Plausibility of a solar shield to combat global warming?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 03:04 AM PDT

With the news today that we are hitting global records in temperatures and they are increasing year on year without meaningful change to combat global warming I've been wondering about technological solutions.

Wouldn't a 'solar umbrella' at a lagrange point be an effective means of cooling the planet? It would no doubt be highly complex feat but would it work if we could get the material into space?

It seems far more realistic than carbon capture technologies considering the scale and cost and the inefficiencies associated with the technology. At least in my mind.

submitted by /u/rapidtonguelicking
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When will spaceprobes be able to use electricity as ther propulsion? Does this mean that they could in theory run for forever?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 12:52 AM PDT

How does Caulerpa taxifolia square with the advantages of multicellularity?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 11:18 AM PDT

When I ask my friend Google what's so hot about multicellularity, it says:

  • It allows organisms to get larger (not limited by diffusion).
  • It makes specialisation easier.
  • It's more robust because some cells can die without killing the organism.

Cool. Except: Enter Caulerpa taxifolia, the killer app killer alga. C. frickin' taxifolia don't care about any of the stuff I just said. C. taxifolia's unicellular as can be, but

Now if this was some kind of super-fragile trick that only works in some specific environment, okay, I'd let it slide. But this baby is wildly successful in a bunch of places, most of which are full of alga-eating things.

Someone's taking me for a ride here!

  1. If multicellularity is so good, what's C. taxifolia's trick to do better while being unicellular?
  2. Whatever that trick is, why can't I (and large complex organisms in general) copy it instead of being multicellular like a chump?

If y'all need me I'll be by the pond screaming at algae.

submitted by /u/JeremySmokedham
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What does trigger fruit ripening?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 01:55 AM PDT

Does it occurs at a certain extent of growth? Can it be induced?

submitted by /u/frankven2ra
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Do humans know how reflections work from birth, or do they learn it?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 10:01 AM PDT

A lot of other animals don't understand reflections. Do humans understand reflections from birth, or do we slowly learn how they work? If someone hadn't seen a reflection their whole life, and saw one when they were 50, would they understand it?

submitted by /u/polypeptide147
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Is gallium used in our everyday lives? Or is it just used to have fun with.

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 02:19 AM PDT

Im basically asking if humans use gallium to do anything scientific, does it have any special properties that other metals do not have (apart from the obvious lower melting temp)

submitted by /u/zacyut236
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How does real-time ray tracing work?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 01:19 AM PDT

So I know the basics of real-time ray tracing. But I was wondering what effects this can have on rendered environments and if like motion blur, there are a multitude of ways this can be achieved. And besides that, can it be used for other purposes? Like moving the camera when it comes too close to an object.

submitted by /u/damylolface
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Will we ever get true color photos of nebulae? If not, why?

Posted: 09 Jul 2018 12:18 AM PDT

All the photos we have are composites and are black and white, but will there ever be a time when we have cameras that can actually show us what the real colors are, if any? If not, why?

submitted by /u/Myson91
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How many neurons does an average modern neural network have?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 09:32 AM PDT

It's estimated that the human brain has about 83 billion neurons. I know that there is a huge difference between the biological brain and modern AI's on computers. Im also aware of that the number of neurons is not only decisive for the performance (beacause it plays a huge role how they are connected etc). But putting that aside, I'm interested in the amount of neurons to get a perspective of what modern computers are capable of processing in comparison to the human brain.

Also, on average to how many other neurons is every one of them connected? Again it's estimated that the neurons of the human brain have about 1000 connections.

Thank your for your answers!

submitted by /u/bistdunarrisch
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Does chaotic motion truly exist?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 09:18 AM PDT

Hi all,

I've always found the concept of chaotic motion to be very puzzling, specifically the behavior of chaotic motion machines. I am a camp counselor at a summer camp, and our camp recently took a field trip to a science center in our city. I found the chaotic motion exhibit to be the most interesting as it featured one of these machines and allowed the user to witness its unusual and seemingly unpredictable behavior.

My question is this: Does chaotic motion truly exist? If the same amount of force is applied to get the machine in motion, will the behavior of the arms be different every time?

It seems to me like the phenomenon of chaotic motion results from the difficulty to recreate the exact conditions of the last spin of the machine, and this is what I tried to explain to the campers in my group (who were also interested in this exhibit).

Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/WetPretz
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Why are circuit boards green?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 10:12 AM PDT

It seems so standard. I'm guessing it's some great, cheap, easily produced insulator to keep the wiring clean, but why is there no variety?

I would imagine that there's alternative methods to build these bad boys, but I've never seen one.

submitted by /u/i_made_reddit
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Is there a mathematical object which is a matrix but in 3 dimensions?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 01:09 PM PDT

What I'm imagining is basically have a matrix on a piece of paper and then another matrix on another sheet of paper that lines up with the first sheet and so on.

If it exists, does it have any use in mathematics?

submitted by /u/CallMeAladdin
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Do negatively charged phospholipids affect the resting membrane potential of a cell?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 11:46 AM PDT

Phospholipids are a major component of all cell membranes

Do phospholipids like phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol affect the RMP, considering they're asymmetrically spread throughout the plasma membrane?

submitted by /u/diti123
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How does special relativity account for the magnetic field?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 06:30 PM PDT

I have read that special relativity makes the magnetic field a consequence of the existence of an electric field. If this is right, could someone please explain how exactly this works?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/overweight_neutrino
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Sunday, July 8, 2018

Does egg yolk color tell us anything about the nutritious value of the egg?

Does egg yolk color tell us anything about the nutritious value of the egg?


Does egg yolk color tell us anything about the nutritious value of the egg?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 04:18 AM PDT

Title.

submitted by /u/Mohcen
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Why do Flies behave the way they do around hanging light fittings?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 01:57 PM PDT

With the hot weather, Flies inevitably end up coming through my open window and amassing around the light fitting in the centre of my living room, flying in a constant 4 or 5 point formation around the circumference of the light. Now I have seen this many times before but I have to ask... why do they do this? This light isn't on and doesn't even have bulbs in, but they are constantly drawn to it. Also, whats the little tussles they have with each other every few seconds or so? Are they fighting or is it some kind of reproductive thing?

submitted by /u/RiggzBoson
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How are lenses cleaned and maintained on large telescopes (e.g. The Hubble)?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 07:17 PM PDT

Do birds feel wake turbulence from airplanes?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 06:46 PM PDT

How does reproducibility happen in very expensive experiments?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 06:11 PM PDT

I've been addicted to PBS Space Time and just got done with the "sterile neutrino" episode. The host mentions that several very large laboratory experiments disagree on the results.

That made me wonder: what happens when a claim is made that's the result of a very unique/expensive test result? I'm thinking along the lines of a particle accelerator or a test that's due to space probe data.

Wouldn't these not be reproducible under the same conditions? For instance, if a sensor was malfunctioning in a space probe - and some conclusion was made from the results, how would they be falsified?

Sorry for the long-winded question!

submitted by /u/profesh_2_death
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As objects fly higher in the sky, thebegin to cast larger shadows. At what point do their shadows start to get smaller?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 03:25 PM PDT

Is there a sort of terminal point or height where the shadow will begin to get smaller?

submitted by /u/jay_gun
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How do Dual SIM-Dual Standby phones share the radio antenna between SIMs?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 08:28 PM PDT

How do I scientifically measure quality of life in a country or city?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 02:23 AM PDT

Are all discovered exo-planets in near-circular orbits like in our solar system? And are all exo-planets orbiting the same star all in the same orbital plane, like in our system?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 04:24 PM PDT

What's the Curie temperature of a CoPtCr alloy hard drives are usually made of?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 05:21 PM PDT

I was reading a bit about computer forensics and I thought that one way of effectively deleting all the data from a mechanical hard drive would be heating it up to the Curie point of the magnetic medium in the platters, so that magnetic domains get all messed up and what is left is just random bits. At what temperature would that Curie point be? Would it be the max between the Curie temperature of Cobalt, Platinum and Chromium? Or the min? Or maybe (as I think to be the most likely) the fact that we're talking about an alloy changes everything?

Thanks in advance to everyone who will spend their time answering this.

submitted by /u/JanitorsEvilEye
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How does Explosive Trace Detector work?

Posted: 08 Jul 2018 02:03 AM PDT

In the some aeroports, when people get searched, the searching team has a piece of fabric that they run on the searched person's electronics, clothes, hair and inside their bags, then put into this machine which supposedly shows whether traces of explosives exist or not.

How does this fabric keep the traces of explosives and not getting it mixed with anything else, and how is the machine able to check if those traces exist or not in matter of seconds? Does this machine do its job sufficiently? Or it's just another piece of time wasting procedures in the aeroport?

Edit: I am not sure if this is engineering or chemistry, but I'll put it chemistry since I think it is closer...

submitted by /u/Derura
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Why is there a convention of treating antiparticles as being 'time-reversed' on Feynman diagrams?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 05:51 PM PDT

How does VPN (Virtual Private Network) work?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 02:01 PM PDT

At school and at work, certain websites can be blocked, but I and many friends have used VPN to gain access to sites that are blocked and I have always wondered how VPN is able to do this and potentially what else it is useful for.

submitted by /u/NoRegrets15
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How did a seedless and underground vegetable like potato disperse and spread itself before human intervention?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 08:33 PM PDT

I'm assuming other animals might have dug and eaten but still there's no seed to disperse. How and why did it even evolve in this way? Isn't it very disadvantageous for it?

submitted by /u/AshishBeck
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Do doctors take blood from organ donors when they die? If so, can they take the entire (approximate) 10 pints?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 04:42 PM PDT

Gave blood earlier today and this seems like an enormous source of potential blood donaions.

submitted by /u/PndofSwedishcheeba
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Do the permanent magnets in coal power plants ever need to be replaced?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 11:38 PM PDT

In other words, do the magnets in electrical generators ever need replacement?

submitted by /u/sleepystar96
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What are the ethics of human testing in things like the new HIV vaccine?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 08:10 AM PDT

Source in case you aren't familiar with the specific study I'm asking about.

My question revolves around the ethics of human testing others, but mostly this case. How do you do human testing with something like HIV/AIDS, or anything without a cure. For example, if the vaccine doesn't work, or someone happens to have an unknown adverse reaction, and the person now has HIV.

submitted by /u/cardsoffate
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Why are prions from cows infective while those from pigs, poultry and fish are not?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 08:07 AM PDT

In Jurassic park, the T Rex had movement-based vision. This has been disproven, but are there any animals, alive or extinct, which have this type of vision?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 02:34 PM PDT

Saturday, July 7, 2018

Do dogs of one breed prefer to be with their own breed over others or are they all just dogs to them?

Do dogs of one breed prefer to be with their own breed over others or are they all just dogs to them?


Do dogs of one breed prefer to be with their own breed over others or are they all just dogs to them?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 06:11 AM PDT

Would electron degenerate matter behave similarly to a solid, gas, or liquid?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 12:43 PM PDT

In the book "The Collapsing Universe" by Isaac Asimov, he claims that degenerate matter would behave like a gas. He explains that while the electrons are compressed into a free flowing goo, the nuclei still remain relatively spaced out, and would thus act like a gas. Given that this book was written in the early '70s, is this an accurate statement, or do we have a better understanding of degenerate matter?

submitted by /u/Joshbecker117
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In the '60s, chemist and Nobel laureate Glenn Seaborg predicted "islands of stability" amongst the superheavy elements. Is this hypothesis still plausible, and how well does the evidence support it?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 07:03 AM PDT

As most readers of this sub are likely aware, elements heaver than Uranium are, generally speaking, unstable. However, since the 1930s (?), scientists have been creating superheavy, "synthetic" elements in the laboratory, the heaviest of which being element 118, which was first created in 2002. Now, generally speaking, these elements typically have very short half-lives, rapidly decaying into lighter elements. However, in the late 1960s, famed chemist Glenn Seaborg proposed that certain superheavy elements (somewhere around 120) might be stable -- or, at least, metastable (?).

Although nuclear chemistry is not my field, I can only assume that when Dr. Seaborg first proposed this notion, it was reasonable and plausible given the evidence available at the time. However, I can also only assume that the state of the evidence has changed somewhat in the 50 years since then. Thus, my question:

In light of modern research/models/et cetera, how plausible is the "island of stability" hypothesis, and how strong is the evidence supporting it? How has the state of the evidence changed since Dr. Seaborg first proposed this hypothesis?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Throbbing_Smarton
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Why do plants turn yellow when they are dehydrated?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 05:40 AM PDT

It's hotter than normal in the UK right now and grass everywhere is changing from green to yellow due to the lack of water. Does the chlorophyll break down? I would have thought that if you increase the concentration of it the plants would become greener when dehydrated

submitted by /u/TruncatedArchipelago
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Are you at greater risk of sunburn up on a mountain?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 12:31 PM PDT

I remember being told that sunburns are more likely when you're up in the mountains because the air is thinner. And that's why Andean peoples wear wide brim hats most of the time. And I think my own experience matches that. I've burnt pretty quickly when up in mountainous terrain.

But I also know (believe) that UV is mostly blocked by the ozone layer. And the ozone layer goes from 33,000 feet to 165,000 feet. So even on top of Everest you're fully under it. So it shouldn't matter how high you walk. You should still be protected.

So what's going on? Which part of what I think I know is wrong?

submitted by /u/twat69
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How do the properties of air affect sound transmission?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 05:53 AM PDT

How do the properties of air--such as: humidity, temperature, dust, pollen, precipitation, etc.--affect sound transmission? As a bit of a bonus question: is sound below cloud cover likely to be reflected by the clouds or absorbed by it?

I recently moved into a house a few miles from a major airport and on some days it's very apparent how close the airport is, but on other days it's easy to forget that it's there. I haven't objectively measured the sound levels so maybe there is some subjective bias at play, but I was curious if perhaps there could be something about the air that is affecting the way sound moves through it.

submitted by /u/zax9
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Why are there no anti-derivatives for some functions (eg sinx/x, sin(x^2), x^x) when one can easily be graphed?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 09:16 AM PDT

For instance, there is no anti-derivative for sinx/x, (though strange enough pi/2 is the answer to its integral from 0 to infinity) but yet it can be graphed here: https://i.redd.it/9ltisgukrc811.png

submitted by /u/throwaway32241
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Do our genetics play a big role in mate selection?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 06:45 AM PDT

Why does splitting an atom create so much energy?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 12:11 AM PDT

Is dark matter slowly condensing towards the galactic center due to gravity?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 07:49 AM PDT

So, unlike normal matter, dark matter can't clump together and will never form objects or even atoms, it will forever be single particles, I get that part. But it still has mass and interacts gravitationally with itself and normal matter.

There is more mass at the centers of galaxies, and also more dark matter (because it was creater there, I assume? Or did it move there?) Given very very long time, would the dark matter halo become smaller and denser, more concentrated towards the middle? Maybe there is a difference already between new galaxies having a more diffuse dark matter halo and older ones being more compact?

Bonus question: given infinite time and no heath death of the universe (say it wasn't expanding), would all matter eventually condense into one gigantic black hole at the common gravitational center of everything?

submitted by /u/dawnlit
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Does a healthy person's blood look any different to an unhealthy person's blood under the naked eye?

Posted: 07 Jul 2018 02:33 AM PDT

I'm a blood donor and the nurse today told me that my blood looked healthy, I consider myself to be fairly healthy and I'm just curious if you can actually tell the difference just by looking at it.

submitted by /u/thenewlydreaded
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do men genetically carry female traits?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 02:55 PM PDT

For example do the father's genes have a say in breast size or uterine size, or is are these 'female' genes only brought forth by the mother?

submitted by /u/thepessimisticpixie
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Is there any way to gauge the age of magma as it leaves a volcano, and, if there is, would the age of that magma be pretty consistent from volcano to volcano?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 08:17 PM PDT

How were the heavy metals from iron Uranium made?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 02:06 PM PDT

When is stationary flow approximation valid ?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 03:01 PM PDT

I am doing a fountain experiment for school, and my theoretical approach depends heavily on the Darcy Weisbach equation. However, the flow is not completely stationary in the sense that the mean speed of the fluid changes slightly with time(maximum 0.1m/s^2). Under these conditions is the Darcy equation still a good approximation ? Does someone know any papers that discuss this? Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/trigozord
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How do gums adhere to jaw bone?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 09:04 PM PDT

I couldn't figure out what to Google for the answer to this. How do your gums stick to the bone? Are there cell surface receptors that interact between the two tissues?

submitted by /u/black_rose_
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Why can’t we see stars in the picture of Earth taken from Mars?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 05:11 PM PDT

I can link the original image from NASA but my question is that if Mars has absolutely no (or very little) light pollution, and it has a thinner atmosphere shouldn't the night sky be lit up with tons of stars?

Does this have anything to do with bending of light and or the abundance of methane in its atmosphere? Or is it possible that you would see tons of stars and this is just another doctored NASA image?

submitted by /u/DaWylecat
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Do photons ever not take the simplest path when traveling to their destination?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 08:39 PM PDT

So I was just watching this YouTube video and I am not a scientist in anyway, just a curious person: the video was saying that when photons bounce off a mirror, it's not that they are told to do so but that they will actually follow an infinite path and that the common path being it's reflection is the simplest path so it follows that one. Do photons ever not follow this "simplest" path? Any response would be appreciated I just want to learn more about how photons act and why they take this simplest path. Also, why is it that anything takes the simplest path as opposed to any random path?

submitted by /u/tubbyo12
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With NASA's Kepler telescope nearing the end of its life cycle, what are some of its notable contributions?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 07:48 PM PDT

In quantum field theory, where does the energy that is causing quantum fluctuations coming from?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 07:17 PM PDT

Is dark matter uniformly distributed throughout the universe or is it concentrated in specific areas?

Posted: 06 Jul 2018 11:18 AM PDT

From what I've heard we don't know what dark matter is but we know it exists by observing its effects on other things in our universe. Do these observations tell us where it is?

submitted by /u/bornofthemachine
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