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Monday, July 2, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Kevin Esvelt, head of the Sculpting Evolution group at the MIT Media Lab and an inventor of CRISPR gene drive - AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Kevin Esvelt, head of the Sculpting Evolution group at the MIT Media Lab and an inventor of CRISPR gene drive - AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Kevin Esvelt, head of the Sculpting Evolution group at the MIT Media Lab and an inventor of CRISPR gene drive - AMA!

Posted: 02 Jul 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hi, my name's Kevin Esvelt and I'm a scientist working on molecular, evolutionary, and ecological engineering. I played a very minor role in developing CRISPR genome editing and was evidently the first to realize it could be used to build gene drive systems capable of engineering populations of wild organisms.

If you haven't read about gene drive - and even if you have - I highly recommend reading this hugely informative essay by Dylan Matthews of Vox.

Relatedly, I'm a strong advocate of more open science, beginning with using gene drive research as a small and high-profile field trial of pre-registration in tech development.

Finally, we in Sculpting Evolution try to carefully consider our moral obligations and publicly admit mistakes. We'll be on at 2pm eastern (19 UT) - AMA!

EDIT: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver did a segment about this just last night!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do people that speak different languages get different located wrinkles?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 03:39 PM PDT

Since one language require certain facial/mouth movements, while another language require other facial/mouth movements – does that mean different locations on their wrinkles?

submitted by /u/Xeluc
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How do scientists measure the universe's expansion rate?

Posted: 02 Jul 2018 06:25 AM PDT

Does the sea/ocean floor have distinct biomes and ecosystems?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 09:06 PM PDT

On land, we see a huge variety of different natural environments - from mountains, forests, plains, rivers, and lakes to human settlements and cities. The diversity of flora and fauna varies wildly on the scale of even a few kilometers.

After watching some Subnautica videos, it struck me that I have always thought of an ocean as a very uniform environment, with maybe coral reefs or thermal vents being a rare exception to the norm. While Subnautica is clearly an over-exaggeration, I don't think that my view is that close to the truth either. Is this actually the case? Or does the ocean floor exhibit as much variety in different ecosystems as dry land does? If so, what are some examples?

How about above the sea floor? Can we identify different 'biomes' even in the 3D mass of the water?

submitted by /u/Abdiel_Kavash
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What makes treeline altitude (highest trees can grow) vary from place to place?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 07:53 PM PDT

In Colorado it's about 10,800'. In California it's about 8,500' in places.

submitted by /u/pulpbear
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You regularly hear about solar flares potentially damaging satellites in earth’s orbit, but never about them damaging the ISS. Do solar flares pose a threat to the ISS?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 03:35 PM PDT

Can we control or predict the direction of an emitted photon?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 10:07 PM PDT

That is to say, can we emit a single photon from a emission source and control its direction of emission? My understanding of the two-slit experiment and the concept of how a diffraction pattern can emerge even while emitting photons one at a time is that the diffraction pattern emerges due to it being the probability of any one photon impacting the senor at that location. More probable impact locations represent the maxima and improbable locations represent the minima.

Is it possible to emit a photon with such a specific direction such at we could predict it's impact point?

submitted by /u/macbowes
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What makes elements with the same number of valence electrons (like Carbon and Silicon) chemically different? What causes them to act differently at all?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 07:36 PM PDT

From what I understand, the valence electrons of the atom are what determines how it interacts chemically with other elements, are there any factors, besides maybe electronegativity, that make them different from each other?

submitted by /u/ArmandLegGames
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How come when through my polarising sunglasses coach windows have a shadowy lumpy pattern?

Posted: 02 Jul 2018 01:24 AM PDT

Looking through my polarising glasses on a long coach journey I can see a weird semi-regular pattern of shadow / black smears on the window? I haven't seen this through any windows previously.

My first guess is that it's to do with how the glass was formed, I know there's techniques they use to make it strong in the centre but weak at the corners. But this I guess work.

submitted by /u/Retsek860
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Relationship between the Thickness & Magnetic field penetration of a type-II superconductor?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 10:17 AM PDT

As I'm learning more about the "Meissner effect" relevant to type-II superconductor's, I'm curious if there is a proportionality between a material's thickness, and the magnetic field penetration? The greater thickness = Greater expulsion?

submitted by /u/tinkenieer
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Why are planet rings flat?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 06:16 AM PDT

It seems like they would orbit in random paths. Do their gravities pull eachother into a disc or is it something else? Also are there planets with more than one ring that are at a different inclination for eachother?

submitted by /u/madfun12
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How do ant colonies handle rain?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 03:25 PM PDT

Ant hills or the ones that completely underground with a small entrance. What happens when it rains? Is there a sealing mechanism?

submitted by /u/Slashenbash
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Is it possible for a sound to break the sound barrier? Why or why not and if it can, what would happen?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 08:24 PM PDT

So if you put a cannon on the back of a car going 50 mph and fire the cannonball out going going 50mph, the cannonball would just drop. Now if you put that cannon on the front of the car and fired it while the car was going 50mph, ignoring wind resistance, the cannon ball would then be going 100mph. I think.

So if you put a speaker on the front of a jet and the jet went fast enough to break the sound barrier then you turned on the speaker. Would the sound move forward faster than the speed of sound or is it it always a constant and the sound waves would just immediately collapse and trail behind?

submitted by /u/RedHairThunderWonder
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How does consuming caffeine compare to absorbing it through your skin?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 08:09 PM PDT

If a person were to drink a mug of coffee while another person (who has the same sensitivity/tolerance for caffeine as the other person) rubbed his or her skin with lotion with a caffeine level equivalent to that of the mug of coffee, how would the effects differ in regards to intensity and duration?

submitted by /u/TheBoyFromIpanema
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Sunday, July 1, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: We're three experts on plastic pollution who have worked with Kurzgesagt on a new video, ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're three experts on plastic pollution who have worked with Kurzgesagt on a new video, ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're three experts on plastic pollution who have worked with Kurzgesagt on a new video, ask us anything!

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 06:00 AM PDT

Modern life would be impossible without plastic - but we have long since lost control over our invention. Why has plastic turned into a problem and what do we know about its dangers? "Kurzgesagt - In a Nutshell" has released a new video entitled "Plastic Pollution: How Humans are Turning the World into Plastic" today at 9 AM (EDT). The video deals with the increasing dangers of plastic waste for maritime life and the phenomenon of microplastics which is now found almost everywhere in nature even in human bodies.

Three experts and researchers on the subject who have supported Kurzgesagt in creating the video are available for your questions:

Hannah Ritchie (Our World in Data, Oxford University); /u/Hannah_Ritchie

Rhiannon Moore (Ocean Wise, ocean.org); TBD

Heidi Savelli-Soderberg (UN Environment); /u/HeidiSavelli

Ask them anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do other mammals get headaches too?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 12:03 PM PDT

I'm specifically wondering about dogs, but do all mammals get headaches? If so, how can we tell that they have a headache? Do they also get migraines?

submitted by /u/chocolatem00se
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Does it matter where you adjust the volume of headphones?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 12:46 PM PDT

For most headphones, there are three ways to change the audio volume: on the headphone itself, on the pc/laptop/tablet and in the program you are running on it. Does the audio quality change depending on where you adjust it? And is there an ideal setting? (Should you put your pc on 100%? 75%? 50%? Or is it all the same?)

submitted by /u/ArenLuxon
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What causes "legs" - the droplets on the side of wine or whiskey glasses - and why do they form with some alcoholic drinks but not others?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 11:34 PM PDT

Why are some side effects of medications so common?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 10:39 PM PDT

In advertisements for medications, you always hear about nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, and suicidal thoughts as side effects. Everything from antihistamines to the blue pill seem to cause very similar side effects. Is there one bodily process responsible for one or more of these side effects?

submitted by /u/itskylemeyer
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Why are harmonic oscillators so important?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 02:38 AM PDT

Is there a name for how far a vehicle can deviate from it's velocity vector before losing control?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 06:55 AM PDT

Why do beans thrive in slightly acidic soil compared to more alkaline or neutral?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 04:37 AM PDT

How are climate zones on earth determined by solar irradiance?

Posted: 01 Jul 2018 06:52 AM PDT

How far can a typical bug see?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 08:00 PM PDT

I heard once that a bug can only see a few inches in front of itself. Is this true? If yes, can I get a better explanation as to why? If no, can someone give me the real answer?

submitted by /u/sloppies
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Are we gravitationally attracted to things outside the observable universe?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 10:14 AM PDT

Why do CO2 lines for soda/beer taps need to be kept cold?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 09:31 PM PDT

How does a Kale, a Cabbage and a Brussels Sprout still belong to the same plant "family" while displaying such varied structures and growth patterns?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 08:15 AM PDT

How did they become so different? Did they all start from a common ancestor or did they evolve parallel to one another?

submitted by /u/ijmj
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How briefly would a light have to be on for a human not to recognise that it was on at all?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 08:43 AM PDT

What actually happens when you “burn your tongue?”

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 05:10 AM PDT

How do doctors test for previously administered vaccines?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 07:14 AM PDT

What is the process that doctors take to test your blood for previously administered vaccinations? I recently had this done and was wondering how they do it...

submitted by /u/danefarley
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What would be the best shaped cone for channelling sound into the center?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 10:28 AM PDT

I think explaining why might help:

When out nature walking, hunting, bat watching etc. I always thought it would be cool to use an ear trumpet.

Something that is analog and channels the sound to an ear bud. So, I wanted to make a headset with 2 larger cones attached to it that amplifies the sound to your ears.

Like a pair of ear defenders, but inverted, and channelled into hollow ear buds that allow you to hear better. (With the option of swivelling them forward slightly so you can hear where youre looking.

I'd like no batteries, all analog with a wider field than a traditional ear trumpet.

Would this use the same ratios as a satellite dish or is it not that simple?

submitted by /u/RiskyClickPMs
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How are new invasive surgical techniques developed?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 10:27 AM PDT

It occurred to me recently that certain modern surgical techniques seem so incredibly delicate, intricate and detached from basic surgical techniques (cutting and stitching tissues), that i find myself unable to guess how they were developed to begin with. As an example certain heart problems can be alleviated by inserting a shunt in an artery by the groin then running it all the way up to the heart to clear a blocked vessel. Additionally gastric bypass surgery where huge tracts of the stomach and digestive system are bypassed to help obese patients. How was it determined that these techniques were safe and effective before implementing them on patients? Were these techniques developed using animal models? if so, when do the surgeons get the time to go away and test/ develop them? Were they developed piecemeal by slowly adapting more basic techniques? The problem only becomes more pronounced when you consider plastic surgery where interventions are not necessarily life saving. How are scaffolds, grafts, implants etc. developed without being able to experiment on humans? This has been bothering me for a while now and i'd appreciate any information you good people can provide.

submitted by /u/semaj912
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What fuel does a red giant use?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 12:26 AM PDT

I know that a star burns hydrogen to helium as fuel, but what about red giants? I tried googling it but people keep saying that red giants die just by burning up its fuel.

submitted by /u/Flamebleitz
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Saturday, June 30, 2018

"The speed of light is constant for every observer." But how can this be true? [pic]

"The speed of light is constant for every observer." But how can this be true? [pic]


"The speed of light is constant for every observer." But how can this be true? [pic]

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 02:58 AM PDT

Angler fish lure their prey using light emitting bacteria, but why would the prey which spends its entire life in total darkness of the ocean depths be even lured to such an obvious trap? Do only "lost" living organisms from the upper layers get tricked like that?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 11:42 AM PDT

Now that we are several years removed how does the environmental impact of Deep Horizon compare to Fukushima? Is one worse than the other?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 05:32 AM PDT

What's the difference between an ionised hydrogen atom and a proton?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 04:37 PM PDT

This is probably a super dumb question, but I was watching the latest scishow space video and they mentioned ionised hydrogen atoms, and that it meant it had lost its only electron. Wouldn't that mean it was just a singular proton?

submitted by /u/maythesnoresbwithyou
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Why do some ph meters go from -2 to 16? I thought ph only went from 1-14?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 08:48 AM PDT

Looking for ph meters online, some claim to measure from -2 to 16, which I didn't think was even possible. Are they just wild claims or does ph really go beyond 1 - 14

submitted by /u/YourFavouritePoptart
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f(x) = e^x, f(x) = sin(x) and f(x) = 0 are functions which arrive at itself again when derived (multiple times). Are there more such functions? Is this a relevant class of functions?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 01:35 PM PDT

Why does sound always propagate at the same speed though a given medium?

Posted: 30 Jun 2018 07:06 AM PDT

As in why can't we have a slow vibration and a fast one (as in wave speed not frequency)

submitted by /u/E-16
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Why is high voltage better for power transmission than high current?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 04:58 PM PDT

I've done some research and the following is what I understand of the topic. Please correct me if I'm wrong.

When power is transmitted, electricity is sent to a transformer, which increases the voltage and decreases the current according to the relationship S = IV. The reason for doing this is to minimize power losses along the transmission line, which is equal to RI2 . However, isn't power loss also equal to V2 /R, so having a large voltage would also cause a large power drop? Clearly there is a fault in my logic here because the power calculated with current and the power calculated with voltage would not be equal, so I am looking for an explanation of this. Thanks!

submitted by /u/TransformMySource
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How do photons mediate electromagnetism?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 10:15 PM PDT

Photons are said to be the mediater particle for the electromagnetic force. What is the process behind that?

submitted by /u/DoshNunez
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What principles of physics are at work in shaking a ketchup bottle?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 05:41 PM PDT

I've noticed when I flip a ketchup bottle upside down and shake it with decisive force in one motion when the bottle is closed, all the ketchup rushes towards the cap. When I open the bottle, it comes out with a little bit more force than normal. Is this due to maybe a sort of semi-pressurized vacuum or something? Would it work the same with the cap off? Is this how physicists get their ketchup? Are there other factors or methods worth considering?

submitted by /u/nfdgoisn
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Is there any relationship between vitamin D deficiency or getting adequate levels of sunlight and ADD/ADHD, Depression, or other neurological disorders?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 01:45 PM PDT

How are individual photons counted in double slit experiment?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 05:28 PM PDT

Are sensors sensitive enough to detect individual 'impacts' of photons or just like they can only estimate a certain photon 'flow' rate that the sensor is reading on the target?

I feel like that would be a way to get more confused about quantum physics if it's the first case, because the second is kind of easier to reason out if it's wave interference pattern.

Also, how about like electrons too, aren't we just reading like some sort of denser compressed field in the peak of a wave?

Sorry, I don't know much but I'm really trying to learn more bout this.

submitted by /u/crackercider
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Why is CPT symmetry so important in upholding QFT?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 11:38 AM PDT

People talk as if violating CPT would break modern quantum physics and require a rebuilding of it. Why is this?

submitted by /u/IPlayMidLane
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How long does a Schwann cell live for?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 09:00 AM PDT

Hey Reddit,

I have a question about Schwann cells.

So my understanding is that these cells will wrap the axon in a myelin sheath and in doing so trap themselves within the outer layers.

My questions is since the Schwann cells are pushed to the outside of the myelin sheath, does the cell die or stay alive? And if it stays alive, what is the purpose of keeping it alive when it cannot do anything?

Thanks, CuriousTehan.

submitted by /u/CuriousTehan
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Is it possible to to change the wavelength of an EM wave by subtracting energy from it?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 04:12 PM PDT

Or by adding energy. And if yes then how is it usually done in labs?

submitted by /u/AtbBerare
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What would a Bubble do in zero gravity/space ?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 10:15 AM PDT

Random thought I had. Please answer this

submitted by /u/GhostShower
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How do EMP bombs work ?

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 07:02 AM PDT

Hello, I'm wondering how EMP bombs work and how they can disable electronics system. Do they propagate high voltage electricity to fry the systems or is it something else ?

submitted by /u/Styfros
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Is silver a colour? Or is it really just the true reflections of things and we only see it as the colour silver for some reason.

Posted: 29 Jun 2018 05:21 PM PDT