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Monday, June 18, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Max Welling, a research chair in Machine Learning at University of Amsterdam and VP of Technology at Qualcomm. I've over 200 scientific publications in machine learning, computer vision, statistics and physics. I'm currently researching energy efficient AI. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Max Welling, a research chair in Machine Learning at University of Amsterdam and VP of Technology at Qualcomm. I've over 200 scientific publications in machine learning, computer vision, statistics and physics. I'm currently researching energy efficient AI. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Max Welling, a research chair in Machine Learning at University of Amsterdam and VP of Technology at Qualcomm. I've over 200 scientific publications in machine learning, computer vision, statistics and physics. I'm currently researching energy efficient AI. AMA!

Posted: 18 Jun 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Prof. Dr. Max Welling is a research chair in Machine Learning at the University of Amsterdam and a VP Technologies at Qualcomm. He has a secondary appointment as a senior fellow at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR). He is co-founder of "Scyfer BV" a university spin-off in deep learning which got acquired by Qualcomm in summer 2017. In the past he held postdoctoral positions at Caltech ('98-'00), UCL ('00-'01) and the U. Toronto ('01-'03). He received his PhD in '98 under supervision of Nobel laureate Prof. G. 't Hooft. Max Welling has served as associate editor in chief of IEEE TPAMI from 2011-2015 (impact factor 4.8). He serves on the board of the NIPS foundation since 2015 (the largest conference in machine learning) and has been program chair and general chair of NIPS in 2013 and 2014 respectively. He was also program chair of AISTATS in 2009 and ECCV in 2016 and general chair of MIDL 2018. He has served on the editorial boards of JMLR and JML and was an associate editor for Neurocomputing, JCGS and TPAMI. He received multiple grants from Google, Facebook, Yahoo, NSF, NIH, NWO and ONR-MURI among which an NSF career grant in 2005. He is recipient of the ECCV Koenderink Prize in 2010. Welling is in the board of the Data Science Research Center in Amsterdam, he directs the Amsterdam Machine Learning Lab (AMLAB), and co-directs the Qualcomm-UvA deep learning lab (QUVA) and the Bosch-UvA Deep Learning lab (DELTA).

He will be with us at 12:30 ET (ET, 17:30 UT) to answer your questions!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If Thorium is so abundant and cheap, why is it so hard to get a sample of?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 09:08 PM PDT

This video from "Periodic Table of Videos" stresses how hard to get Thorium is, but every proponent of Thorium ever has noted that a major benefit of thorium is that it is so abundant and cheap to mine...

So which is it, and if it's both, then how is this inconsistency settled?

Are people just throwing away Thorium because it has no use currently? I would still expect there to be SOMEONE selling nice thorium spheres or cubes for classrooms...

Edit:

I'll clarify that I'm not asking about Thorium reactors or LFTRs or MSRs.... Just why is it so hard for a chemist to get a sample, and when he does why is that sample so tiny?

As far as I understand Thorium emits only alpha particles which are easily stopped by the lightest of shielding and might even be safe to handle with only gloves... I'd assume someone would be selling chunks of it!

submitted by /u/Leav
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Does the sun orbit in a subgalactic disk with other stars like the planetary plane or is the stellar neighborhood amorphously dispersed?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 09:38 PM PDT

In the 18 years since we’ve been using the ISS, what kind of experiments have been conducted in outer space, what have we discovered, and what are we still trying to find out?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 02:29 PM PDT

I've flaired this as Astronomy, but I'm not exactly sure if it 100% fits this category. Didn't seem like Planetary Sciences was the right choice, either.

submitted by /u/Funes15
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What is the most efficient mechanism for converting matter to energy?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 09:35 PM PDT

At the moment the most efficient I know of would be nuclear fusion. Is there anything that's more efficient?

submitted by /u/Darvy0
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How do engineers determine their recommendations for an engine's oil?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 11:02 PM PDT

Aside from the obvious climate rating, what determines if an engine requires heavy or thin oil? How can Mobil oil be the recommended oil for Porsche engines?

submitted by /u/sodapop43
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Is energy always conserved? Are there exceptions ?

Posted: 18 Jun 2018 04:14 AM PDT

This video suggests that this isn't the case. During red-shift of photon, the energy is simply lost!

Questions:

  1. Why does photons get red-shifted ?(I always thought red-shift was a local phenomenon, between the observer and object, or within the reference frame.)
  2. This link suggests that energy is used by the universe itself while expanding, does that mean entire laws of physics will change? All the constants that define the universe will change?
  3. This paper seems to suggest that it all depends upon the frame of reference, so all the constants and measurements we do is solely dependent upon the frame of reference ? Or is it that some measurements are local and some are universal ?
  4. Is space-time is not flat, and is curved , what are the observable effects ? and what are the effects due to it ?

PS: Physics is clearly not my forte :P

submitted by /u/somu1795
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Why do I get light headed when I stand up and stretch?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 09:38 PM PDT

How bad is the environmental damage from the fukushima disaster and how much worse will it get?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 07:12 PM PDT

How does cold denaturation work?

Posted: 18 Jun 2018 03:45 AM PDT

In simplest terms?

submitted by /u/foreheadofsecurity
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If I throw a dice twice and want to know the probability of getting a 6 at least once, why do I have to square the probability of "not getting a 6" first ? What is the logic behind computing the opposite instead ?

Posted: 18 Jun 2018 05:33 AM PDT

The probability is 1 - (5/6)2 whereas the intuitive solution would be 2 x 1/6

What maths phenomenon makes it so that the probability of "not being a 6" the way to have to solution ? Does it have to do with independance of the throws ?

submitted by /u/BlueInt32
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If heat breaks things down, why does cooking your steak make it tougher?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 09:34 PM PDT

Did Sputnik 5 pass the Karman Line?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 10:57 PM PDT

Can your ears "pop" from air pressure change from weather fronts?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 10:01 PM PDT

I work at a lake and today that was a storm that rolled in during my shift. I was outside working while it came and and started to pour. I began to feel that weird thing in my ears like there was pressure. It was raining a lot and I work at a lake (I wasn't swimming in the water) so it could have been water in my ears. I'm just wondering if the pressure change from different types of fronts can affect people.

submitted by /u/NotActuallyReal1
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How do world powers develop new nuclear weapons/warheads/systems if testing has been banned since 1996?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 01:14 PM PDT

If Mars once had complex multicellular life, would there be any evidence leftover on the surface today?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 07:39 PM PDT

[Social Sciences] How long did it take for the first homo sapiens to migrate from Africa to the rest of the world?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 03:49 PM PDT

And did the other humanoid species travel at the same time but just die before getting to modern day Russia?

I guess the main question is how long from Africa to The Americas.

submitted by /u/WarOnErrorism
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What would happen if a hole was drilled through the centre of the Earth and something was dropped into the hole?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 08:35 PM PDT

If a hole was drilled through the centre of the Earth and an object was dropped in it, would it come out the other end?

How would gravity affect the object as it passed the equator and the gravitational force was flipped?

Would there be a difference in how the object acted if you dropped it from north pole to south pole vs east side of the earth to west?

submitted by /u/Yamikoa
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Can we see the Big Bang?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 12:49 PM PDT

Given how when we observe objects farther than a light-year away we are technically seeing the past, is it possible to one day build something capable of seeing far enough away that we would see the big-bang or the very early effects of it?

submitted by /u/wax-ladrian
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How do we communicate with far away satellites and probes?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 03:11 PM PDT

How do alcoholic drinks have sugar in them if yeast consumes sugar in order to make alcohol?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 06:55 PM PDT

I understand that some alcoholic beverages may start as a juice (wine for example) which is high in sugar but yeast is supposed to consume sugar and as a byproduct make alcohol. Despite this a lot of alcoholic beverages have a lot of sugar in them. Why doesn't the yeast just consume all of the sugar?

submitted by /u/creasingwolf
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Why exactly does Saturn have rings?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 08:46 AM PDT

Sunday, June 17, 2018

In the winter when frogs are frozen, are they conscious or asleep?

In the winter when frogs are frozen, are they conscious or asleep?


In the winter when frogs are frozen, are they conscious or asleep?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 08:04 PM PDT

Do they see and feel when they're frozen, or do they simply fall asleep?

submitted by /u/Sy3Fy3
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Do firefighters have to tackle electric car fires differently?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 06:03 AM PDT

Compared to petrol or diesel car fires. I can think of several potential hazards with an electric car fire - electrocution, hazardous chemicals released from the batteries, reactions between battery chemicals and water, lithium battery explosions. On the other hand an all-electric car doesn't have flammable liquid fuel.

But do the different hazards actually affect firefighting practice, or do firefighters have a generic approach anyway?

submitted by /u/cantab314
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What metrics make a peninsula a peninsula?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 09:39 AM PDT

Why is the Labrador Peninsula a peninsula and Alaska isn't? Is there some threshold ratio of shore to mainland?

submitted by /u/lathan1
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How does the deep sea maintain life?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 02:50 AM PDT

Sun light is the main source of power for life but deep in the ocean is pitch black so, how does it sustain life without a high energy source like the sun flowing into the system

submitted by /u/Senrien
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What math function do they use to produce "out of focus" image blurr effect?

Posted: 17 Jun 2018 07:12 AM PDT

I am doing some hobby calculations about what exactly happens to the light intensity of screen when the image is out of focus.

Then it struck me, how do they produce the effect in real life softwares? I'm curious.

My results were mostly about finding the area of intersection with some circles. (Assuming aperture is shaped like a circle)

Do they use similar methods?? Or do they use just some arbitrary ramp?

submitted by /u/dmdbqn
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How long can bacteria survive on everyday household items without nutrients and water?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 03:53 PM PDT

What causes the electric activity in the brain?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 02:11 PM PDT

Does it start with chemical reactions? Something to do with ions? What actually causes the signals to occur?

submitted by /u/NogodsaMan
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Do fish know how deep underwater they are?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 12:48 PM PDT

Does sea life have a way to sense pressure?

Could fish who live close to the surface survive much deeper? How about the opposite?

Can they sense how fast they're diving/climbing?

submitted by /u/wearsAtrenchcoat
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How big of a deal is the time dilation due to Earth? When we colonize elsewhere, will time travel differently on the colonies?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 07:20 PM PDT

Kind of a layman here, but from what I understand, the heavier something is, the more it displaces time. I've read about a few experiments where a clock in a tower goes somewhat faster than one on the ground.

So it makes me wonder, if we colonize something extremely tiny with very little gravity, like an asteroid with 5% of Earth's gravity, won't time travel faster there than on Earth? If we are communicating by, say, lasers, will the difference in frequencies of transmission and reception be important? What about a colony ship traveling sublight speeds to a nearby planet?

I guess what I'm asking most succinctly is: in the context of space travel/colonization, what are the practical ramifications of time dilation?

submitted by /u/oorza
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If you charge your phone, or laptop, or anything, does it weight more than if it is dead?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 01:20 PM PDT

can there be multiple pairs of electron orbits with the same energy difference?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 09:14 PM PDT

is it possible to have 2 sets of orbits (a,b and c,d) or more which have the same energy difference? If yes, if a photon with energy as said energy difference is introduced, which electron would be excited? could we experimentally verify this ?

submitted by /u/excitedpositron
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How does a sonic boom work?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 12:36 PM PDT

I was asked this question by a child (11y) and didn't have a fitting answer. Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/TotalThanks
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Why do planets spin?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 01:50 PM PDT

Is it the force of external objects that hit it in the early stages of its life? Or it holds the rotation of the first block of materials that formed it? Other question: do we know of a planet that rotates so slowly that an asteroid hit is enough to change its direction of rotation?

EDIT: "does a planet exist that rotates so slowly that an asteroid hit is enough to change its direction of rotation?" Is not exactly what I meant. I know that it would be quite improbable due to the mass of the planet but I wanted to know if we have some observational evidence of it.

submitted by /u/lollorava
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Why do metals glow a bright red when heated?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 11:01 AM PDT

How do our stomachs make noise/rumble?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 01:37 PM PDT

Is a combustion engine more or less efficient when in a cold environment?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 09:28 AM PDT

In other words, will a cars engine be more fuel efficient when running in a cold or hot environment?

submitted by /u/A_Dozen_Aardvarks
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What is it about vines that allows them to creep? Is it a structural thing?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 03:16 PM PDT

I notice that they grow out and at the tip (of grape vines anyway) there are little... fingers almost with hooks at the end that wrap around whatever they encounter. When something close to them is above them, they appear to "reach" for it by curving upward. I'll post a pic. How do they know to go up, and how does their physical makeup allow it?

submitted by /u/NiuStart
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How are mesas formed?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 03:50 PM PDT

So I feel like I learned once when I was younger and it should be fairly simple. Most people just say "oh water and wind erosion" or "the land used to be underwater" and ya, I get that. But that doesn't exactly account for why they are SO flat on top and have such sheer drop offs at the ends.

submitted by /u/devonimo
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How do laser printers print color?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 12:16 PM PDT

If everything is made up of particles, how is it that we have solid objects such as chairs and walls? What made them into the shape/thing they are? How do they stay together?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 02:21 PM PDT

What is unified field theory?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 07:13 AM PDT

Something I've seen mentioned a few times now and was wondering if anyone could explain in basic terms. Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/The_Mad_Monocle
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Are babies born with a gut flora, or is that something that develops after they are born?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 07:33 AM PDT

What would happen if one takes a vaccination when they had already been vaccinated previously?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 10:27 AM PDT

Theoretically, if one was given the polio vaccination, for example, as a child, then in adulthood they took the vaccination again, would they get sick, or would nothing happen? Is it dependent on the vaccine? I know you can/have to get repeatedly vaccinated for something like the flu, because it changes every other year, but what if it is something like Varicella?

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Saturday, June 16, 2018

If I wanted to set Titan on fire, what would I have to do and what would the end result be like?

If I wanted to set Titan on fire, what would I have to do and what would the end result be like?


If I wanted to set Titan on fire, what would I have to do and what would the end result be like?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 07:16 PM PDT

Obviously you can't just light a match, you'd have to bring in a lot of oxygen before you could get the methane to combust. How much would I need?

Given that the atmosphere is 98.4% nitrogen, would it even be possible to do, even with the addition of a massive amount of oxygen?

What would the effects be, and what would be left afterward?

Silly question, but I'm curious.

submitted by /u/7LeagueBoots
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How long does it take for nuclear waste to cool?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 12:02 AM PDT

On the internet I find answers varying from 5, 10 to even 30 years or longer concerning cooling "exhausted" nuclear fuels and waste. How is this calculated or estimated?

When reading about the Elephant's foot (Chernobyl disaster) I read from several sources that the radioactive mass still releases heat and (obviously) high radioactivity. How can it be that something that happened more than 30 years ago still releases such high temperatures? Is heat always present with radioactive material?

submitted by /u/pukkj
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Does the Strong force have an equivalent Schwarzschild radius?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 04:52 AM PDT

I'm not sure how to properly ask this but upon reading about strong force I've made some parallels with gravity and how it creates a black hole. Is the strong force by any chance involved for fission or fusion?

submitted by /u/SuspiciousSugar
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How are large buildings containing asbestos demolished?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 02:02 PM PDT

How can water puddles evaporate?

Posted: 16 Jun 2018 06:23 AM PDT

You're probably thinking that I'm pretty stupid right now but oh well. How does the water in something like a puddle (e.g. from rain) evaporate? The boiling point of water is 100°C and obviously it's not 100° outside so how does it work?

submitted by /u/IOwnThisAccount
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How are single CPU dies sectioned off into multiple "cores"?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 10:49 PM PDT

Like AMD uses multiple dies and ties them together with the infinity fabric, but Intel uses one singular die. How? What defines a processor as having multiple "cores" anyways (multiple FPUs, schedulers, what?)? I guess a better place to start is what makes up a single core CPU?

submitted by /u/TheDukeOfIdiots
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Does space heater efficiency increase with heater element size?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 03:46 PM PDT

Hi everyone, I have a question about heating.

I'm having a bit of a standoff with the father in law about space heaters and their element size.

Let's say, you have 2 space heaters both rated at 1500W and one has an element of 100x100mm and the other has an element of 500x500mm.

I theorised that all electric heaters are the same efficiency, nearly all the power is transferred into heat (apart from some power to run the fan) regardless of element size and thus will heat the room in the same timeframe.

His theory is that a larger element will put out more radiant heat and thus heat a room quicker for the same power, therefore claiming it to be more efficient than a smaller element size.

What is your opinion on this?

submitted by /u/daantjuh44
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How "tall" is the Milky Way?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 07:51 AM PDT

I've read that it's 100,000+ light years across the "disk" of the Milky Way from edge to edge, but how "tall" or "thick" is it?

Are all the stars and planets/solar systems lined up, like our solar system, or Saturn's rings on an essentially flat plane? Or do stars and systems "stack" up on top of each other "vertically"?

How much can they "stack" and what limits/causes this? Is there a minimum and/or maximum "thickness" for galaxies?

I hope this made sense, I'm genuinely curious

submitted by /u/postman475
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At what rate do proton collisions occur/get detected at LHC?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 03:53 PM PDT

When its running at 100%?

One a month? A day? A thousand an hour? Is there much of a difference between those that are created and those that are detected? (could they ever know?)

submitted by /u/Traffodil
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Why are race tires so wide?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 12:28 PM PDT

I have recently learned that the frictional force is independent of the surface area. But race cars always have very wide tires why?

submitted by /u/The_only_ralph
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A photon is the smallest unit of the electromagnetic field and can't be divided, however, the energy of that photon can be arbitrarily small. So then what classifies a photon?

Posted: 15 Jun 2018 08:18 AM PDT

Does that just mean a photon is a ripple in the electromagnetic field and can be any size? But you cant half a ripple?

Also in regards to the distinction between fermions and bosons and their stack-ability; Would two electrons next to each other be analogous to two ripples that 'bounce' off each other and photons be like to two ripples that construct if they are on top of one another?

submitted by /u/tip-top-honky-konk
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