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Saturday, May 26, 2018

How do we know the age of the universe, specifically with a margin of error of 59 million years?

How do we know the age of the universe, specifically with a margin of error of 59 million years?

How do we know the age of the universe, specifically with a margin of error of 59 million years?

Posted: 26 May 2018 04:17 AM PDT

What causes different materials to expand or contract at different rates?

Posted: 25 May 2018 08:20 PM PDT

Recently finished the thermodynamics unit in physics, and wanted to know what causes different materials to expand or contract at different rates? Does it have anything to do with the heat capacity, or are they two separate things?

(I am aware that it is called the "coefficient of linear expansion" btw)

submitted by /u/superjes1
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Is there any wildlife at all in the Antarctic interior?

Posted: 26 May 2018 05:27 AM PDT

I saw this bit of a nature documentary about a penguin who goes marching off toward a mountain, away from the coast where all his penguin buddies hang out and occasionally go diving to eat fish. The narrator said the penguin was headed toward "certain death." Which makes sense, what's he going to eat? Is there anything at all in the interior of Antarctica away from the coast? It's frozen all year round and most of the land is covered by glaciers.

submitted by /u/big-butts-no-lies
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What makes paper fresh from the copier hot? Why don't inkjet printers produce the same amount of heat as copiers do?

Posted: 25 May 2018 09:20 PM PDT

What causes our throats to be sore after we use a loud voice?

Posted: 26 May 2018 06:21 AM PDT

I realized that this is something very basic that I don't understand. I can understand why using your voice for a long time causes a sore throat, from it getting dried out, hence why water is so helpful to broadcasters. But even if I yell for a short period of time, my throat becomes sore. Why?

submitted by /u/Aethi
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Colorblindness comes from a defect in the cones to perceive colors, is there a version where the cones work, and the rods are deficient?

Posted: 25 May 2018 10:24 AM PDT

Most of the information I see on color blindness is around the inability of eyes to detect specific wavelengths due to changes in the cones, however, I'm curious if there is a inverse colorblindness of sorts, where people are able to see all wavelengths of color, but aren't able to discern intensities or values coming from the rods.

submitted by /u/namingwaysway
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Do other animals get insomnia?

Posted: 26 May 2018 02:50 AM PDT

Why is your reflection in a spoon upside down?

Posted: 25 May 2018 07:48 PM PDT

How come when you look at something very bright like the sun, how come you can still see it briefly when you close your eyes?

Posted: 25 May 2018 06:43 PM PDT

Can real life sounds, like an alarm clock going off, carry over into a dream?

Posted: 25 May 2018 04:18 PM PDT

What makes certain materials perform well under pressure but poorly on impact(ie concrete, carbon fiber, etc)?

Posted: 25 May 2018 10:02 PM PDT

Does urine slosh around in the bladder?

Posted: 25 May 2018 11:08 PM PDT

There's probably not any air in the bladder so imagine the answer is no but the question occurred to me so here we are

submitted by /u/butterismygecko
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What makes water taste old?

Posted: 25 May 2018 01:14 PM PDT

What is the surface of diamond made out of?

Posted: 25 May 2018 12:47 PM PDT

I've been taught that diamond has it's specific properties because it is an allotrope of carbon with each carbon atom bonded to 4 other carbon atoms forming a tetrahedral structure. This structure repeats itself until you get to the edge or surface of the material.

Are there carbon atoms at the surface of a diamond only bonded to 1 only other carbon atom or only up to 3 carbon atoms and if so, is it still considered diamond at the surface?

submitted by /u/PocketCharacter
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What mechanic/s does Clear Eyes use to reduce/remove redness in the eyes?

Posted: 25 May 2018 11:13 PM PDT

How do we know that hunter-gatherer societies were egalitarian?

Posted: 25 May 2018 05:38 PM PDT

I've looked at a couple of artictles and they claim that hunter-gatherer societies didn't follow a hierarchical structure. Moreover, they di that in a way that seems to be implying that all individuals had approximately equal say in group decisions, with no "alpha male" or something similar. Is this true and what sort of evidence do we have to support it?

submitted by /u/skmmcj
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When wiping something down with alcohol, what is that filmy residue that's left behind?

Posted: 25 May 2018 11:13 AM PDT

When I take a fidget spinner by the centerpiece and launch the edge, it can spin for minutes. When I take it by the edge and launch the centerpiece, it stops after a few seconds. Why is there even a difference? Shouldn't the situation be symmetric? Something something frames of reference?

Posted: 26 May 2018 12:13 AM PDT

What happens in the eyes / brain during a migraine?

Posted: 25 May 2018 08:20 PM PDT

I occasionally get very severe migraines, to the point where all I can do is sit in my bathroom with all the lights off puking until it goes away in a few hours.

There are 3 main symptoms I experience:

  1. Loss of vision. Parts of things I'm reading or looking at will disappear from vision.

  2. Bright squiggly "auras". Basically lines of light that obstruct my vision.

  3. Intense pain in the back of my eye. Kind of like someone is pressing and holding down real hard on the back of my eye.

What's going on in my eye / brain that causes these symptoms?

submitted by /u/Malibu_Snackbar
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Why does the body/stomach hurt so much when we laugh really hard?

Posted: 25 May 2018 07:44 PM PDT

Always had this in the back of my mind, kinda funny to think about....

submitted by /u/hex_adapt
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Are our ears unable to detect pitches beyond human hearing? Or is our brain designed to ignore those pitches?

Posted: 25 May 2018 09:05 AM PDT

What is the difference between osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure? (Renal physiology)

Posted: 25 May 2018 09:54 PM PDT

How can I predict how much a small particle of arbitrary shape will diffuse?

Posted: 25 May 2018 10:45 AM PDT

I understand the "Stokes-Einstein equation"#Stokes-Einstein_equation) and how much a spherical particle will diffuse when it is small and experiencing purely Brownian forces. But what about particles that are not spherical? Is there a process to calculate the translational diffusion coefficient for a particle of arbitrary size?

submitted by /u/RickAndMorty101Years
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Friday, May 25, 2018

How is laze formed by lava mixing with sea water?

How is laze formed by lava mixing with sea water?

How is laze formed by lava mixing with sea water?

Posted: 25 May 2018 12:10 AM PDT

Do internet cables behave the same way as power cables, as in, are there are different "internet" capacities for different internet cables?

Posted: 24 May 2018 09:16 PM PDT

Will a new internet port on computers have to be created to handle the climbing internet speeds?

submitted by /u/FerrumCenturio
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How can a black hole have angular momentum? What is rotating?

Posted: 24 May 2018 11:16 PM PDT

I am under the impression that a black hole is a region more than a physical object. Is space itself rotating along with the black hole singularity? Is the singularity rotating?

submitted by /u/themaskedserpent
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Are there more men or women in the world? And how do we know?

Posted: 25 May 2018 04:23 AM PDT

It seems crazy that there would be a true 50/50 split. Wouldn't it be more like 49.7/50.3 or something? Does it matter?

submitted by /u/stumblecow
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How does anthrax as a type of bacteria exist in spore form? Are there other types of bacteria similar to anthrax and can they be weaponized too?

Posted: 24 May 2018 04:15 PM PDT

How does lava stay hot until it hits the surface?

Posted: 24 May 2018 06:13 PM PDT

It seems like a cools pretty rapidly once it hits the surface- why doesn't do this when it's 8 feet below ground? Or even a hundred feet below ground?

submitted by /u/coolhandhutch
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What causes nuclear pressure?

Posted: 25 May 2018 04:03 AM PDT

From what I know (which might be wrong), nuclear pressure is a force that pushes outwards that keeps stars from collapsing in on themselves. What causes this force?

submitted by /u/aj11783
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How does the Riemann Hypothesis make sense?

Posted: 24 May 2018 06:50 PM PDT

The Riemann Hypothesis states that all the zeros of the zeta function lie for the real part being half and s being negative even integers. How can this be possible?

If we take s = -2, don't we still get a positive sum which is not 0? Similarly, the same thing goes if we take s = -4,-6,... and so on. Does this mean we have some negative terms somewhere? If so, why do we get some negative terms which cancel out the positive terms in the first place? And even if we do, why do we get 0? I don't understand this at all.

submitted by /u/shoaib98libra
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'Chemistry' - After the discovery of oxygen, when was it founded that oxygen was a molecule(O2 instead O)? 'Chemistry'

Posted: 25 May 2018 12:40 AM PDT

Specifically how was it discovered that most oxygen is 2 atoms of oxygen?

Did they use the same process for H2 and N2 as well?

submitted by /u/novalavaly
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Does Volcanic activity cause global warming?

Posted: 24 May 2018 09:19 PM PDT

Understanding the nature of applied Lorentz force, and back-motional emf?

Posted: 24 May 2018 04:46 PM PDT

When I studied how a current carrying loop, that is designed in a rail configuration, I understood how charges moving in that wire(while constrained within) exposed to an exterior magnetic field that is generated by the loop, it will follow Lorentz law. However, integrated across the whole wire's length, expressed as:

F = IL × B

If a component is able to move freely(for the case of the figure-1, the projectile), the length element dL will begin to accelerate, due to the reasons explained above. However, what boggles me is when I imagine the consequence of that motion in relation to Faraday's law.

The loop is now changing, the whole system's area is now expanding as the element moves further away, a consequence of that change in flux is stated in Faraday's law:

ϵ = −d(ϕ)/ dt

Specifically,

ϵ= −B d(A)/dt = −BL d(x)/dt

Simplified,

ϵ = −vBL

Assuming, that this is not a varying magnetic field, the potential difference induced due to motion of the projectile within that length(L) is due to the build-up of charges created from the Lorentz force as well,** are there two forces here? Or is the same force that resulted in motion also separates the charges**?

Full system diagram.

It confuses me that the initial force that causes the electrons to move(current flow) is due to the battery, and from that motion of charge within the magnetic field created by the loop, the Lorentz force would move rod, at the same time... the Lorentz force would also generated a separation of charges that would create an opposing emf to resist the applied one from the battery.

submitted by /u/tinkenieer
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How did we evolve from reptiles to mammals?

Posted: 25 May 2018 04:27 AM PDT

So my understanding of evolution is that over millions of years, random gene mutations lead to a particular species being more and more different to its ancestors to the point where it can be called a different species entirely. I get that when it comes to things like Giraffes evolving longer necks to eat grass or humans evolving finer motor capabilities to create tools and farm and hunt. But how does evolution lead to amphibious, egg-laying reptiles evolving into live-birthing mammals? How could the offspring of, say, a reptile that mutates to give birth via live-birth instead of eggs survive being live-birthed instead of egg-birthed? Or am I thinking about this all wrong? In short, how did we make the transition across classes of animals (fish --> reptiles --> mammals)?

submitted by /u/CountAardvark
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How do we determine temperature from millions of years ago from sediment?

Posted: 24 May 2018 10:17 PM PDT

In another post I learned that ice cores only go back hundreds of thousands of years. I asked where we get climate information for millions of years back and was told sediment cores. I'm vaguely aware of how we determine climate from ice core samples, but how do we figure climate from sediment? And how far back do these cores go?

submitted by /u/thechairinfront
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What came before Pangaea?

Posted: 24 May 2018 11:22 PM PDT

The lessons I've been taught in school all my life have always started with Pangaea in explaining life. Which is fine, seeing as there is so much information to condense in Earth's entirety. Regardless of life, were there other arrangements of super continents that were equally as prominent or even just notable in Earth's past?

submitted by /u/BillnTedsTelltaleAdv
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Why does nuclear fusion release energy?

Posted: 24 May 2018 06:05 PM PDT

I'm sorry if this is a dumb question, and please correct me if my understanding is wrong. I'm far from knowledgeable in this field and just want to understand this in a semi-basic way.

I understand that as more protons are added to the nucleus, the Coulomb force causes them to repel one another more, and the less the nuclear force is able to hold the particles together.

What I don't get is why this results in a output of energy. As the repulsion between them increases and the nuclear force weakens, why don't they just cancel each other out, and instead they output energy. If the protons are repelling each other, and the nuclear force is holding them together, shouldn't they just add up to zero?

Another thing, why does so much energy get generated? I always see it explained using E=mc2 and that c is so huge is means lots of energy, but I'm not sure I see any mass being converted to energy, so why does it even apply?

Any help would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/Send_Me_Tiitties
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Why can't new cartilage be put in to counter osteoarthritis?

Posted: 24 May 2018 07:50 AM PDT

Are there any languages that are easier or harder for AI systems to sufficiently "learn" for translation purposes? If yes, what are the aspects of a language that make the process easier or harder?

Posted: 24 May 2018 04:34 AM PDT

How would viscity effect vibrations in a fluid? Would a lower or higher viscocity be more effective in dampening them?

Posted: 24 May 2018 03:04 PM PDT

What caused the geology of Watson Lake, near Prescott Arizona?

Posted: 24 May 2018 01:43 PM PDT

The strata patterns of Watson Lake are striking, with alternating layers of white and greenish-gray, and still other tones, stretching out seemingly for thousands of feet, if not miles. The pattern of width and color of layers seems very uniform. My understanding is that these rock layers are about 1.7 billion years old and igneous rock (or metamorphic from igneous origin). Could someone with a better understanding of geology answer a few questions, please? What causes the color differences between the layers? How were they laid down so uniformly over such a large area? The rocks are volcanic in nature and uniform in composition, and yet (I'm assuming) were weathered away to produce a set of islands; can you provide some insight into the processes behind that?

submitted by /u/j_from_cali
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Thursday, May 24, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: Hi, I'm Dr. Christina Nicolaidis and I'm editor of a brand new peer-reviewed journal called Autism in Adulthood. Ask me anything about the new journal or the ways that people on the autism spectrum can get better health care!

AskScience AMA Series: Hi, I'm Dr. Christina Nicolaidis and I'm editor of a brand new peer-reviewed journal called Autism in Adulthood. Ask me anything about the new journal or the ways that people on the autism spectrum can get better health care!

AskScience AMA Series: Hi, I'm Dr. Christina Nicolaidis and I'm editor of a brand new peer-reviewed journal called Autism in Adulthood. Ask me anything about the new journal or the ways that people on the autism spectrum can get better health care!

Posted: 24 May 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hi, I'm Dr. Christina Nicolaidis and I'm editor of a brand new peer-reviewed journal called Autism in Adulthood. I teach social work at Portland State University and internal medicine at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon. There's a lot of talk about autism in children, but not as much about autism among adults. That's why we just launched this new academic journal. Our goal is to cover the most pressing issues affecting autistic adults, from emerging adulthood to later life. I am particularly excited about including autistic adults in our new journal - as editorial board members, authors, reviewers and readers. As a doctor and a services researcher, my own research is focused on how people on the autism spectrum can get better access to health care services. Many autistic adults don't get the health care they need, resulting in more health problems and shorter life expectancy. Ask me anything about the new journal or the ways that people on the autism spectrum can get better care.

We'll be on at 1 p.m. Pacific (4 PM ET, 21 UT), we're looking forward to the session!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How come metals like copper and brass have a distinct “metallic” smell? What chemical is the metal producing that reaches our nose? Some form of metal ions?

Posted: 23 May 2018 06:07 PM PDT

Or is it some oxide that forms as the metal is exposed to air, or?

submitted by /u/starbounder333
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How is red shift the prove of an accelerating expanding universe?

Posted: 24 May 2018 05:18 AM PDT

People state in numerous video's I've seen on the subject that because stars further away are more red shifted the expansion of the universe is accelerating. But how do you know this? The light took longer to get here, isn't it also possible that the light is more red shifted in the past and the universe is slowing down. And that is why stars are less red shifted close by?

I hope I'm making sense and you can help me with this question.

submitted by /u/KrazyieK
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What exactly is in the space between galaxies?

Posted: 23 May 2018 04:43 PM PDT

Is it possible for a nasal mucus membrane to regenerate or regrow?

Posted: 24 May 2018 07:30 AM PDT

Like, if the entire membrane is gone. I suppose something like a transplant would be out of the question. I want to know if it's medically possible, and if so, how is it done? Would stem cells work?

submitted by /u/Amburrrrr
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Why do people turn so pale when they die? Except in cases of massive blood loss, where does the blood go and how does it get there with no heartbeat or nerve response?

Posted: 24 May 2018 07:52 AM PDT

How do male dogs know to lift their leg to pee?

Posted: 24 May 2018 07:40 AM PDT

My 3.5 month old puppy just lifted his leg for the first time, and to my knowledge he's never seen another male dog do so. What's telling him to go from squatting to pee to lifting his leg if it's not learning by seeing?

submitted by /u/chocolatem00se
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Do different animals perceive time differently?

Posted: 23 May 2018 04:24 PM PDT

What causes an increase in diastolic pressure with a decrease in systilic pressure?

Posted: 24 May 2018 04:32 AM PDT

Is there a physiological or pathological cause to this?

submitted by /u/AugustineD2
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Does the fetus have an umbilical cord from the start?

Posted: 24 May 2018 07:25 AM PDT

How come antiepileptics can work for mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder?

Posted: 23 May 2018 08:30 PM PDT

Are all of our cells replaced as we are, or can we point at a cell somewhere and say "that cell is 35 years old"?

Posted: 23 May 2018 04:26 PM PDT

Are domesticated animals like cats & dogs conscious about gaining weight? Do these animals "feel the need" to lose weight like humans do if they ever become too slow?

Posted: 23 May 2018 03:14 PM PDT

If an asteroid flew through Saturn's ring, would it leave a permanent hole? Have we ever spotted such a hole?

Posted: 23 May 2018 12:29 PM PDT

So I'm thinking that, because the ring system is essentially a bunch of particles and rocks in perpetual orbital motion around Saturn as the barycenter, if an asteroid collided with the ring at a roughly perpendicular angle, it would leave an essentially permanent hole.

Further, I'm guessing that the size of the hole would larger than the asteroids width due to the fact that it would knock some matter 'outwards' which would in turn collide with other matter causing what I'm imagining as an "orbital crater".

Looking for someone to set me straight and explain what would actually happen, and if its been observed already?

submitted by /u/SwirlPiece_McCoy
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Do blind people suffer from motion sickness?

Posted: 23 May 2018 01:36 PM PDT

What does Deinococcus radiodurans metabolize when it is living in a Nuclear Reactor? What food source is in there?

Posted: 23 May 2018 03:12 PM PDT

All I could find is about how it has a thicker cell wall, extra DNA copies, and means to repair DNA damage drom radiation. So what else is in the reactor that it can eat to survive?

submitted by /u/Sir_MAGA_Alot
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How does the reaction of carbon dioxide and water make carbonic acid? Does the carbon dioxide need to be in liquid form? If so, do the two liquids simply react or is there more involved?

Posted: 23 May 2018 05:25 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 23 May 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If a meteor hit the moon, would we be able to see it l?

Posted: 23 May 2018 06:00 PM PDT

Is it possible to magnetize any material regardless of its composition, even if it is only for a small fraction of a nanosecond?

Posted: 23 May 2018 11:41 AM PDT

Could synthesized endorphins be used in the treatment of tumors?

Posted: 23 May 2018 04:10 PM PDT

How do birds of prey not break their own bones on impact while hunting?

Posted: 23 May 2018 12:10 PM PDT

So as I understand it, birds have evolved over time to have hollow bones as it reduces their weight and helps with flight. However, I would assume this makes the bird's bones more brittle as a result, so how do they not shatter on impact, particularly in regards to faster species taking ground-based prey?

submitted by /u/NorseFenrir
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