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Saturday, May 19, 2018

What is the difference in voltage (or potential voltage) between the earth and space?

What is the difference in voltage (or potential voltage) between the earth and space?


What is the difference in voltage (or potential voltage) between the earth and space?

Posted: 19 May 2018 02:32 AM PDT

For example. If we built a space elevator, it's going to be a very long body extending from the surface of the earth into the farthest reaches of the atmosphere.

An object that long would surely create a significant voltage potential assuming it was ungrounded for the purpose of hypothetical science.

What would the possible voltage potential be from top (space) to bottom (Earth) be? Would we be able to harness any form of useful energy from such a device?

submitted by /u/Runtowardsdanger
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What was the diopter of leeuwenhoek`s microscope?

Posted: 19 May 2018 05:29 AM PDT

I need to know the diopter of the microscope for a project, but I can't find it on the internet.

submitted by /u/nanaro10
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What was Earth like in the immediate aftermath of the asteroid impact that killed the non-avian dinosaurs? What was Earth like in following years? How long did it take for the dinosaurs to die out?

Posted: 18 May 2018 11:26 AM PDT

What was Earth like after the asteroid hit? I imagine the area around the impact, probably for several hundred miles, must have been like a combo earthquake + volcanic eruption and there were tsunamis as a result. But what would things look like as you go farther away? If the asteroid hit the Yucatán peninsula, and I was about the same distance away as modern day Nunavut, what am I experiencing? What would I experience living on the opposite side of the planet? Is the whole world plunged into darkness? What type of darkness? Total pitch black or like a bad smoggy day?

What's the world like 1 year after impact? 2-5 years? 10 years?

And what's happening to the megafauna? The day after the impact are all the sauropods dead or something? Or is it a more "gradual" dying off (in terms of human lifetimes, not the geological scale)? For instance, one human generation after the impact, what do animal populations look like? Are there just no more dinosaurs or are there fewer but still relatively plentiful or is it just super sparse now? Are dinosaurs (especially huge ones like sauropods) disappearing at a rate that would be obvious to anyone looking or is it taking a thousand, ten thousand, or even a million years?

submitted by /u/foozballguy
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Are Monte Carlo simulations really necessary, considering that in order to set up the simulation, you need to know enough about the problem such that you can solve it analytically?

Posted: 18 May 2018 04:55 PM PDT

Consider the traditional MC simulation problem of simulating pi: you generate random points in a unit square and check to see if they lie inside or outside a unit circle. In order to run that simulation, you need to know the equation of the circle, which I would think imply that you already have the ability to compute pi without having to do the simulation. It makes me think that all MC simulations are like this -- you have to know enough about the problem to set up the simulation, which should be enough info to solve the problem already.

Are there practical problems for which Monte Carlo simulations are the only way to find a solution? If so, is that only because we don't know yet how to solve those problems analytically?

submitted by /u/StoriesAndAudio
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Is there a way to reverse starch gelatinization?

Posted: 19 May 2018 05:04 AM PDT

I make bubble tea for a living and I'm wondering if there is a way for cooked tapioca bubbles to not go through starch gelatinization? I'm completely oblivious of preservatives so any suggestions would be greatly appreciated!

submitted by /u/demetriUSA
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[Physics] Do the nuclear weapons have any use other than being a military or diplomatic threat ?

Posted: 19 May 2018 03:10 AM PDT

Where does the energy for exchange particles come from?

Posted: 18 May 2018 12:28 PM PDT

The weak interaction uses a W boson to transfer momentum, but it's much heavier than a proton and seemingly spontaneously comes into existence for the purpose of the interaction and then vanishes. I'd like to know how this complys with the conservation of energy because it doesn't really make sense to me.

submitted by /u/CongratulateItAMeme
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Are you looking through a window when you look at the reflection of something in it?

Posted: 18 May 2018 07:34 PM PDT

If I'm looking at the reflection of something in a window, am I staring out the window? My focal point is on the other side of the window, but what I'm looking at isn't actually there, so am I looking out the window, at the window, or something else?

submitted by /u/AhsokaT4no
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Does lightning only make sound when it hits ground?

Posted: 19 May 2018 01:28 AM PDT

It makes sense that it would, but I'm just curious as to why ?

submitted by /u/caffene_migraines
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Why is the radiation level so high on the surface of Europa?

Posted: 18 May 2018 02:08 PM PDT

Where does it come from? What kind of radiation is it? How high is it really?

submitted by /u/DrVentureWasRight
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Why *doesn’t* sediment cause ocean levels to rise?

Posted: 18 May 2018 11:26 AM PDT

Why is it said that hydrogen bonds hold water molecules apart?

Posted: 18 May 2018 02:30 PM PDT

For example, Chaplin on his webpage states: ''The hydrogen bonding, although cohesive in nature, is thus holding the water molecules apart.'' Why is that so?

submitted by /u/philthrowwy
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How do sulfur-oxidizing and sulfur-reducing microorganisms generate ATP?

Posted: 18 May 2018 10:09 AM PDT

I'm trying to understand how different forms of bacterial metabolism work, but I'm getting muddled up.

To obtain energy (ATP) and fixed carbon, organisms require an energy source, an electron donor, and a carbon source.

For example;

In eukaryotic heterotrophs;

  • Organic carbon is used in glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle to generate NADH (+ some ATP and FADH2), which acts as an electron donor in the electron transport chain to pump protons and generate an electrochemical gradient, which subsequently drives ATP synthase and generates ATP

How does this process work in an organism (bacteria or archaea) that, for example, reduces sulphate or oxidizes sulfur?

submitted by /u/slyboner
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Is there a minimum number of islands for an archipelago?

Posted: 18 May 2018 08:40 AM PDT

What is the shortest (by number) chain in the world?

submitted by /u/Eboxisin
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As the earth is hit by tons of meteorits over time, is there a risk that this leads to a significant perturbation of its orbit (because of the mass increase), so much that it could be dangerous to human kind ?

Posted: 18 May 2018 03:16 PM PDT

A recent post suggested a woman was 39 weeks pregnant. How long can a woman possibly be pregnant? Can a pregnancy last 350 days and deliver a living baby?

Posted: 18 May 2018 08:29 AM PDT

Friday, May 18, 2018

How do our hairs know when to stop growing?

How do our hairs know when to stop growing?


How do our hairs know when to stop growing?

Posted: 18 May 2018 05:06 AM PDT

How come my eyebrows for example stop at a certain length, yet if I cut them in half they'll grow back to that same size? How do they know their own length?

submitted by /u/Merkani28
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What is the difference between each one of the happiness chemicals (Dopamine, Endorphins, Serotonin, Oxytocin)?

Posted: 18 May 2018 03:18 AM PDT

I am scouring the internet for answers (currently this Quora answer: https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-dopamine-serotonin-oxytocin-and-endorphins) but I still fail to understand the difference between each happiness chemical.

Dopamine makes us feel good, but Endorphins regulate our well being (isnt that the same?). Also every chemical is being described as "responsible for happiness". And not only that, I have read that since we have thousands of different circuits comprising of millions of synapses, the same chemical may have totally different effects in each circuit, which just adds more confusion.

Do I need a degree in neuroscience to understand this stuff?

submitted by /u/BigBootyBear
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Could you beat a magnetized piece of iron until it loses it's magnetism?

Posted: 17 May 2018 07:21 PM PDT

Is a magnetic field subject to shock-induced interference? If I rubbed an iron rod with a magnet and magnetized it, could I then pound that piece of iron until it loses it's magnetism?

submitted by /u/Fartbox_Virtuoso
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Why does space-x use a suicide burn for its reuseable boosters rather than parachutes?

Posted: 17 May 2018 06:02 PM PDT

Why do pixels use RGB colors and not the primary colors RBY?

Posted: 17 May 2018 10:28 PM PDT

This thread is not to ask the same question that has been asked before, but to clarify some things that I felt were misleading with previous answers.

I was thinking about why our screens use red/green/blue to display colors, instead of the (classic)primary colors red/blue/yellow(or their complementaries). I found some old threads full of (what appears to be) people explaining scientific concepts without addressing the WHY of the question, or saying silly things like "your teachers lied", as if the objective concept of primary colors is wrong and the science of perceiving color is above the science of the light frequency spectrum.

Now, the problem with RGB vs (classic RBY)primary colors is that the primary colors are spaced out equally according to frequency whereas in RGB green is closer to blue than red.

I saw a lot of answers bringing up the difference between additive and subtractive colors, but not really much explanation behind why we'd use RGB in particular.

The one explanation that made sense to me was that the human eye perceives green easier than yellow(because it uses RGB rods), thus we use a slightly distorted version of primary colors to easily display all colors. However is this not also one of the reasons we use the slightly offset subtractive color scheme of cyan/yellow/magenta? If so, the frequent answer "because RGB is additive and screens emit light" is a bit misleading.

Also, nobody seemed to mention that the "green" in rgb is not pure green, but closer to yellow.

Is my analysis correct? Am I missing something?

Edit: Got some great answers and need to sleep on it now. Thanks!

submitted by /u/spelledmyaccuntwrong
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Are Volcanologist flocking to Hawaii at the minute, or is there not much to learn from being there in person?

Posted: 18 May 2018 02:31 AM PDT

I would think it would be an amazing time to be a Volcanologist with such an opportunity. Just an odd thought that hit me as I was watching the news, the idea of people evacuating and being scared while scientists might be eagerly arriving.

submitted by /u/ScubaDivingGiraffe
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How do scientists measure total insect populations?

Posted: 18 May 2018 05:13 AM PDT

Just read that the total mass of flying insects in German nature reserves has decreased by more than 75 percent since 1989. How did they measure the total mass of insects in 1989 and how do they do it now?

submitted by /u/settlekettle
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Is there any difference in later life between people born by C sections, or Natural births?

Posted: 17 May 2018 02:39 PM PDT

For example do people born naturally live longer, or have less chance of disability?

submitted by /u/Pumpkkinpatch
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Can someone help explain how the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa was heard 3000 miles away? This can't be true. How would that even be possible

Posted: 17 May 2018 11:14 AM PDT

Why is the ozone hole over Antarctica if all of the emissions that are causing it are from everywhere else?

Posted: 18 May 2018 05:59 AM PDT

What is the physiological basis of increasing stamina?

Posted: 17 May 2018 05:05 PM PDT

I.e., why does running get easier over time? I get that relevant muscles will get toned etc, but what else is involved?

submitted by /u/dragononawagon
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Have there been periods of greater or lesser volcanic activity on earth, and if so, what causes this variation?

Posted: 17 May 2018 01:56 PM PDT

How can a person's own stem cells be used on them to treat a genetic disease when the defective gene is present in the extracted stem cells too?

Posted: 17 May 2018 01:55 PM PDT

Will a baby whose umbilical cord blood stem cells have been banked be benefited in such a case ?

submitted by /u/queenofarts111
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Are invasive species ever beneficial to their new environment(s)?

Posted: 17 May 2018 02:23 PM PDT

EDIT: I'm not condoning the act of releasing a species into a new ecosystem, as I'm well aware of the dangers involved. I'm just wondering if the opposite can be true as well.

submitted by /u/redtail303
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Can a single mosquito carry multiple viruses at the same time?

Posted: 17 May 2018 10:56 AM PDT

For instance, can a single mosquito have a malaria virus and west nile at the same time and be able to transfer them both to a human in a single bite?

submitted by /u/NoWordOfALie
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What determines one’s blood type?

Posted: 17 May 2018 10:44 AM PDT

What are the constant regular magnetic pulses on this Schumann resonance magnetogram?

Posted: 17 May 2018 08:26 PM PDT

http://sosrff.tsu.ru/new/shm.jpg

There seem to be around 4 to 5 per hour very regularly. Most extend from around 2 Hz to around 28 Hz. I don't remember exactly when they started, but it seems like it's been more than a week now.

submitted by /u/dalkon
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Do volcanic eruptions, such as the one currently happening in Hawaii, have an effect on global temperature?

Posted: 17 May 2018 10:13 AM PDT

With the recent ongoing eruption of Kilauea in Hawaii, and the subsequent plume of ash being tossed into the atmosphere from it's summit, will such an event impact the global climate in any significant way? If so, in what manner? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Weapon_Eyes
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Can someone explain the significance of the Fibonacci sequence and how rabbit breeding pairs were used to identify this sequence?

Posted: 17 May 2018 09:49 AM PDT

I read a fiction book recently, and it discussed the Fibonacci sequence. As a non-mathematician, I am only aware that it is a sequence that adds the previous two numbers to come up with the next number in the sequence:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, et cetera...

The book tried to explain it as a way to determine the number of breeding pairs of rabbits over the course of the year. It was said that the number of breeding pairs at the end of the year was 144, but that the numbers in the sequence were the number at any point during the year, or something.

I just cannot picture in my head how this sequence was derived using breeding pairs of rabbits.

Also, is there a mathematical significance to this sequence, or is it just something neat that was observed?

I'm not asking for an overly simplistic explanation -- I was hoping for something a bit more technical than that -- but for something that someone with a BS in a technical field could understand, though I'm sure that I will feel like an idiot when someone explains it to me and I see where my brain couldn't get past. :)

submitted by /u/BananaFrappe
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What's the proportion of heat our bodies dissipate through thermal radiation?

Posted: 17 May 2018 10:17 AM PDT

I know it depends of the conditions (humidity, wind, temperatures etc) but I mostly want an order of magnitude.

We had a debate with a friend who told me that our clothing colors didn't matter for heat dissipation because only a really small fraction of heat is dissipated through thermal radiation, and most of it is conduction. I was certain that radiation was playing an enormous role, but I can't find decent sources on that. How can I figure out those numbers?

submitted by /u/Serialk
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Do muscles wear mechanically?

Posted: 17 May 2018 01:59 PM PDT

When muscles move they have moving parts inside them (actin and myosin). Do these parts deteriorate because of use?

Do muscles need to be constantly regenerated?

submitted by /u/m1el
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Thursday, May 17, 2018

Do ozone holes (like the one above NZ) make solar power in that area more effective?

Do ozone holes (like the one above NZ) make solar power in that area more effective?


Do ozone holes (like the one above NZ) make solar power in that area more effective?

Posted: 17 May 2018 03:36 AM PDT

If so, by how much? If not, why?

Obviously, the health costs would outweigh any benefit here, but I'm just curious.

submitted by /u/TwistedHammer
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Can both pressure and vacuum exert identical magnitudes of stress inside a pressure vessel?

Posted: 17 May 2018 07:54 AM PDT

The stress profile will vary based on if its pressure or vacuum, but will equal magnitudes of either i.e. 20 psi vs -20 psi (on either side of atmospheric pressure) exert comparable stresses on their container?

submitted by /u/ssinatra3
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How did we collect the details needed (atmosphere, dust storms, etc) to land space rovers on other on other planets?

Posted: 17 May 2018 07:25 AM PDT

Like how does nasa collect the details needed to design their rover so it does not mess up really quickly on a different planet?

submitted by /u/420everytime
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How do we measure mass in space?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:16 PM PDT

I've seen things like balances, but never understood how they're truly dependent on mass and not weight (due to gravity pulling them into the balance). How would we pull this off in space?

submitted by /u/JadenZombieZlayer
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Do animals have conversations?

Posted: 16 May 2018 02:48 PM PDT

So the other day outside of work I heard two birds having a conversation, at least that's the best way I can describe it. It wasn't a single call with a response, there was multiple pitches and calls back and forth. I think it was a conversation due to a small rest between the responses and one sounded higher pitched than the other. Do animals have conversations like us very often ? Is it limited to certain breed or species of animal ? Are there certain animals that cannot speak beyond basic howls ?

submitted by /u/plurBUDDHA
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If in order change the amount of energy in a system it is necessary to apply an external force, How can we increase our range when we swing on a swing, just by moving our legs?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:29 AM PDT

A less abstract definition for energy?

Posted: 16 May 2018 02:31 PM PDT

"The capacity to cause movement" is what I've read about how energy is defined, and that definition makes it sound like energy doesn't physically exist, like it's more of an idea, but energy can be measured like a physically existent thing. Is there a more conventional or updated definition for energy? Or is there a way of looking at the concept of energy that would make defining it more easily digestible in non-scientific circles?

submitted by /u/dfr0st
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What is the difference between numerical relay and static relay?

Posted: 17 May 2018 02:21 AM PDT

How do you get full wave retardation from a LCD structured light modulator?

Posted: 17 May 2018 01:01 AM PDT

Hi AskScience, this seems to be the most appropriate place to post this.

We have a transmissive SLM kit that should provide phase retardation of 2pi degrees for each pixel in a LCD panel. However, it is only able to provide half wave retardation. This has been tested using a linear polariser in the beam path after the LCD panel, and it acts as an intensity modulator which shows there is only a half wave retardation.

A linearly polarised HeNe laser is used as the input beam, and the LCD driver runs as an external display.

Does anyone know how to drive an LCD panel in order to achieve 2pi retardation?

All other venues to try and solve the problem have been fruitless so far, hence turning to reddit!

Many thanks....

submitted by /u/A_ScienceGuy
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Is sex in humans really binary?

Posted: 17 May 2018 05:51 AM PDT

We categorize people as male or female at birth based on phenotype (maybe karyotype?).

https://www.nature.com/news/sex-redefined-1.16943

I can't find a solid definition for categorizing people as male or female. There are people who exist (in biological terms) outside of the binary (intersex/pseudo-hermaphroditism).

Sex is influenced by many biological/genetic factors, so is sex in humans a spectrum rather than binary?

submitted by /u/rusu-ki
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Why do some organisms age faster than others? What determines how fast an organism ages?

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:18 AM PDT

How does deodorant work exactly?

Posted: 16 May 2018 07:01 PM PDT

What are the conditions for annihilation?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:18 AM PDT

Sadly I don't have a physics tutor to ask questions to, my understandings comes solely from self-study, so I apologise if my assumptions are incorrect or if the question seems outright stupid.

I used to believe that most every-day interactions were physical. That is to say that if I push a chair, the atoms in my hand were in direct contact with those of the chair, and this caused the force when I pushed. Now however, I believe that these interactions are electrical, and that atomic and subatomic particles don't come into physical contact in such circumstances, instead the electrons in orbit about the atoms in my hand repel those in orbit about the atoms in the chair. My reason for this thought process is the Rutherford experiment and the fact that most Neutrinos can pass through large bodies (such as the Earth) with no interaction at all, presumably because they lack charge.

Onto my question. I have read that annihilation occurs when a particle... Does something with its antiparticle. The phrases I've heard for that something are "interact"," collide", "come into contact with", etc.

Taking the example of positrons from beta+ radiation, I've read that these annihilate almost immediately to produce gamma rays. What interaction between a positron and electron is necessary for annihilation to occur? These particles are tiny and have opposite charge, so surely it's unlikely for them to actually experience contact so quickly? Is there a certain range a particle must be within of its antiparticle to annihilate? If so, what determines this range (e.g. mass)? If not, what condition must be met for annihilation to occur?

submitted by /u/Mierin-Eronaile
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How do dogs recognize other dogs of different breeds as dogs?

Posted: 16 May 2018 07:15 AM PDT

Dogs seem to have the capacity to recognize other dogs that look absolutely nothing like them as other dogs. They will respond by getting excited and barking in a way that they do not respond to other animals including human strangers or other small mammals. It is my understanding that all dog breeds are man-made as a result of breeding over the course of thousands of years. How then have dogs maintained the capacity to recognize other dogs of different breeds as still being dogs?

submitted by /u/DanZigs
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How do we Know that the SNR 0519 went Supernova 600 years ago when It is 150,000 light years away from us?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:16 AM PDT

How do we Know that the SNR 0519 went Supernova 600 years ago when It is 150,000 light years away from us - which means we are seeing it as it was 150,000 years ago. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/snr-0519.html

submitted by /u/zaidsiddiquii
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Did Cro-Magnon cut their hair and shave their faces?

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:02 AM PDT

I don't see it being very advantageous from an evolutionary point of view to have hair and/or a beard as long as uncut hair can grow, and I don't know if the Cro-Magnons had the know-how or the technology to cut their hair.

submitted by /u/Shoretrooper
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Dear chemists, why do personal hygene products list water as "eau" or "aqua" in the ingredients?

Posted: 16 May 2018 10:34 AM PDT

'Chemistry'

submitted by /u/cji25
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Are there any “rare” blood types besides -O?

Posted: 16 May 2018 07:41 AM PDT

I know that O- is a universal donor and that there are not so many people that have that blood type, but I was wonering if there are any blood types besides the A, B, and O in all their variations. And is that part of a condition or a genetic mutation?

submitted by /u/Abrilchu
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Do dogs recognize their name in the same way we do, or do they see it as more of a command like "sit"?

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:56 AM PDT