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Thursday, May 17, 2018

Do ozone holes (like the one above NZ) make solar power in that area more effective?

Do ozone holes (like the one above NZ) make solar power in that area more effective?


Do ozone holes (like the one above NZ) make solar power in that area more effective?

Posted: 17 May 2018 03:36 AM PDT

If so, by how much? If not, why?

Obviously, the health costs would outweigh any benefit here, but I'm just curious.

submitted by /u/TwistedHammer
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Can both pressure and vacuum exert identical magnitudes of stress inside a pressure vessel?

Posted: 17 May 2018 07:54 AM PDT

The stress profile will vary based on if its pressure or vacuum, but will equal magnitudes of either i.e. 20 psi vs -20 psi (on either side of atmospheric pressure) exert comparable stresses on their container?

submitted by /u/ssinatra3
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How did we collect the details needed (atmosphere, dust storms, etc) to land space rovers on other on other planets?

Posted: 17 May 2018 07:25 AM PDT

Like how does nasa collect the details needed to design their rover so it does not mess up really quickly on a different planet?

submitted by /u/420everytime
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How do we measure mass in space?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:16 PM PDT

I've seen things like balances, but never understood how they're truly dependent on mass and not weight (due to gravity pulling them into the balance). How would we pull this off in space?

submitted by /u/JadenZombieZlayer
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Do animals have conversations?

Posted: 16 May 2018 02:48 PM PDT

So the other day outside of work I heard two birds having a conversation, at least that's the best way I can describe it. It wasn't a single call with a response, there was multiple pitches and calls back and forth. I think it was a conversation due to a small rest between the responses and one sounded higher pitched than the other. Do animals have conversations like us very often ? Is it limited to certain breed or species of animal ? Are there certain animals that cannot speak beyond basic howls ?

submitted by /u/plurBUDDHA
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If in order change the amount of energy in a system it is necessary to apply an external force, How can we increase our range when we swing on a swing, just by moving our legs?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:29 AM PDT

A less abstract definition for energy?

Posted: 16 May 2018 02:31 PM PDT

"The capacity to cause movement" is what I've read about how energy is defined, and that definition makes it sound like energy doesn't physically exist, like it's more of an idea, but energy can be measured like a physically existent thing. Is there a more conventional or updated definition for energy? Or is there a way of looking at the concept of energy that would make defining it more easily digestible in non-scientific circles?

submitted by /u/dfr0st
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What is the difference between numerical relay and static relay?

Posted: 17 May 2018 02:21 AM PDT

How do you get full wave retardation from a LCD structured light modulator?

Posted: 17 May 2018 01:01 AM PDT

Hi AskScience, this seems to be the most appropriate place to post this.

We have a transmissive SLM kit that should provide phase retardation of 2pi degrees for each pixel in a LCD panel. However, it is only able to provide half wave retardation. This has been tested using a linear polariser in the beam path after the LCD panel, and it acts as an intensity modulator which shows there is only a half wave retardation.

A linearly polarised HeNe laser is used as the input beam, and the LCD driver runs as an external display.

Does anyone know how to drive an LCD panel in order to achieve 2pi retardation?

All other venues to try and solve the problem have been fruitless so far, hence turning to reddit!

Many thanks....

submitted by /u/A_ScienceGuy
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Is sex in humans really binary?

Posted: 17 May 2018 05:51 AM PDT

We categorize people as male or female at birth based on phenotype (maybe karyotype?).

https://www.nature.com/news/sex-redefined-1.16943

I can't find a solid definition for categorizing people as male or female. There are people who exist (in biological terms) outside of the binary (intersex/pseudo-hermaphroditism).

Sex is influenced by many biological/genetic factors, so is sex in humans a spectrum rather than binary?

submitted by /u/rusu-ki
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Why do some organisms age faster than others? What determines how fast an organism ages?

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:18 AM PDT

How does deodorant work exactly?

Posted: 16 May 2018 07:01 PM PDT

What are the conditions for annihilation?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:18 AM PDT

Sadly I don't have a physics tutor to ask questions to, my understandings comes solely from self-study, so I apologise if my assumptions are incorrect or if the question seems outright stupid.

I used to believe that most every-day interactions were physical. That is to say that if I push a chair, the atoms in my hand were in direct contact with those of the chair, and this caused the force when I pushed. Now however, I believe that these interactions are electrical, and that atomic and subatomic particles don't come into physical contact in such circumstances, instead the electrons in orbit about the atoms in my hand repel those in orbit about the atoms in the chair. My reason for this thought process is the Rutherford experiment and the fact that most Neutrinos can pass through large bodies (such as the Earth) with no interaction at all, presumably because they lack charge.

Onto my question. I have read that annihilation occurs when a particle... Does something with its antiparticle. The phrases I've heard for that something are "interact"," collide", "come into contact with", etc.

Taking the example of positrons from beta+ radiation, I've read that these annihilate almost immediately to produce gamma rays. What interaction between a positron and electron is necessary for annihilation to occur? These particles are tiny and have opposite charge, so surely it's unlikely for them to actually experience contact so quickly? Is there a certain range a particle must be within of its antiparticle to annihilate? If so, what determines this range (e.g. mass)? If not, what condition must be met for annihilation to occur?

submitted by /u/Mierin-Eronaile
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How do dogs recognize other dogs of different breeds as dogs?

Posted: 16 May 2018 07:15 AM PDT

Dogs seem to have the capacity to recognize other dogs that look absolutely nothing like them as other dogs. They will respond by getting excited and barking in a way that they do not respond to other animals including human strangers or other small mammals. It is my understanding that all dog breeds are man-made as a result of breeding over the course of thousands of years. How then have dogs maintained the capacity to recognize other dogs of different breeds as still being dogs?

submitted by /u/DanZigs
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How do we Know that the SNR 0519 went Supernova 600 years ago when It is 150,000 light years away from us?

Posted: 16 May 2018 11:16 AM PDT

How do we Know that the SNR 0519 went Supernova 600 years ago when It is 150,000 light years away from us - which means we are seeing it as it was 150,000 years ago. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/snr-0519.html

submitted by /u/zaidsiddiquii
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Did Cro-Magnon cut their hair and shave their faces?

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:02 AM PDT

I don't see it being very advantageous from an evolutionary point of view to have hair and/or a beard as long as uncut hair can grow, and I don't know if the Cro-Magnons had the know-how or the technology to cut their hair.

submitted by /u/Shoretrooper
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Dear chemists, why do personal hygene products list water as "eau" or "aqua" in the ingredients?

Posted: 16 May 2018 10:34 AM PDT

'Chemistry'

submitted by /u/cji25
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Are there any “rare” blood types besides -O?

Posted: 16 May 2018 07:41 AM PDT

I know that O- is a universal donor and that there are not so many people that have that blood type, but I was wonering if there are any blood types besides the A, B, and O in all their variations. And is that part of a condition or a genetic mutation?

submitted by /u/Abrilchu
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Do dogs recognize their name in the same way we do, or do they see it as more of a command like "sit"?

Posted: 16 May 2018 08:56 AM PDT

Wednesday, May 16, 2018

How does a compass work on my smartphone?

How does a compass work on my smartphone?


How does a compass work on my smartphone?

Posted: 16 May 2018 04:06 AM PDT

I found these circles on a map which are weird formations; what made them?

Posted: 16 May 2018 04:15 AM PDT

I'll try to make this brief. I was looking on a local satellite map in my area, Thumb of Michigan, USA, and I found several circles, all in the area, if not the same section.

Some of it's state land, so I hiked out there to see what it was. There's no trails (new or old distinguishable) to any of these. They're a section of land, about 300-400 feet round, with...20-30 feet of water, like a moat, around it. There's no markings or telling of equipment that I could see that made these. I've asked people who know about the CCC, local historians, soil testing people, and a few logging gurus, and none of them can tell me what it is.

As best as I can tell, the trees are 70-135 years old on these patches of land.

Here's a picture from Imgur https://imgur.com/a/aRt3C0N

And I found it originally from here: https://www.tuscolacounty.org/gis/

You can see a view on Google Maps, but it must have to do with leaves covering it or what not. On the GIS map, there's 20+ of these.

submitted by /u/vampirebite
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Did Europeans catch diseases from Native Americans?

Posted: 15 May 2018 04:48 PM PDT

When Europeans first explored and settled America they brought "old world diseases" with them and that caused many death in the following years. But I was wondering if Natives had diseases that the settlers have no immunity for. If yes, did it cause much trouble ? Are there any sources for that ?

submitted by /u/birolata
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Why and how do stomachs rumble?

Posted: 16 May 2018 01:52 AM PDT

Why is the sky a yellowish hue after major storms?

Posted: 15 May 2018 05:09 PM PDT

In New Jersey, we just had a big thunderstorm come through (it's still here, really). It was part of a system that produced some tornadoes as well. While it is 8 pm, the sky and the world around us had this yellowish hue that is pretty rare. I've heard about this before, but can anyone explain why this happens? Is it the same/similar principle as the sky turning orange, red, and pink during dawn and dusk?

submitted by /u/Gryfenn
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How many fossils do we estimate is lost? And thus how much of the animal/plant kingdom of old times is left undiscovered?

Posted: 16 May 2018 12:16 AM PDT

Can you encrypt data more than once?

Posted: 15 May 2018 11:59 PM PDT

Lets say I have an image on my computer that I dont want anyone else to see.

Is it possible to encrypt it twice and double the encryption?

What about using two or more different encryption techniques?

submitted by /u/hashtagnub
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Why do earthquakes have "centers" that always appear to be point-like? Why aren't they long and thin, following the length of the fault line?

Posted: 15 May 2018 10:48 AM PDT

For instance, this map of the earthquake that caused the 2004 tsunami. Did the earthquake really happen at a single isolated location from which the effects radiated out? If so, why does this happen, as opposed to a long stretch of the fault all shifting at once?

Or was the location of the shift really more long/thin, and this map just depicts where the most energy was released?

submitted by /u/TrumpImpeachedAugust
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What exactly was Schrodinger trying to prove with “Schrodingers Cat”?

Posted: 16 May 2018 04:04 AM PDT

Active vs. semi-active vibration isolation vs. vibration control, which is what?

Posted: 16 May 2018 06:42 AM PDT

Title is a bit weird but I actually want to identify the differences between these four cases : 1) Active Vibration Isolation 2) Semi-active Vibration Isolation 3) Active Vibration Control 4) Semi-active Vibration Control

I am not sure if they are completely different strategies or similar terms used by different researchers.

Isolation is a term related to the transmissibility, but do Isolation and Control aim the same thing? What changes between active and semi-active?

Thanks in advance,

submitted by /u/godgear
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Does water temperature affect sediment deposition?

Posted: 16 May 2018 12:29 AM PDT

I just recently heard the term "cold water agate" and it dawned on me that this was something I had never considered. I have some knowledge of geology, but not extremely in depth.

submitted by /u/iLosePasswords
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How would one find the Free Energies of Metal Ions?

Posted: 15 May 2018 05:08 PM PDT

I'm currently doing simulations of complex formations in silico, and I'm interested in calculating the free energy of formation for the compounds. I know that I have to look into the Free Energy differences with the bound (G [ML]) and the unbound (G [M] + G [L]). I know I can just model the ligands to get G[L], but I'm stumped as to where to get G[M], and I couldn't find any relevant literature, either. Any help?

submitted by /u/kuroisekai
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How are pi's digits verified?

Posted: 15 May 2018 11:45 AM PDT

Once pi is calculated using an algorithm on a computer, how is it checked to make sure they are the actual digits? For the current record of most digits calculated, wikipedia says it took 105 days to complete generating pi, but only 28 hours to verify it. Why is this time so much less?

submitted by /u/BuddyIsKewl
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Will rising sea levels cause the Great Lakes to Rise too?

Posted: 15 May 2018 02:41 PM PDT

Great Lakes water levels are currently near historic highs https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/dashboard/portal.html.

Will rising oceanic levels resulting from Climate Change eventually push up water levels in the great lakes? Is that even how any of this works?

submitted by /u/ChewyLouis
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what happens to coal powerplants when a country dont use them for 55 straight hours?

Posted: 16 May 2018 12:17 AM PDT

you cant shut them down entirely, can you? and if you dont shut them down entirely, where does the produced power go?

submitted by /u/DrDespolardo
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What is an itch and why does it happen?

Posted: 15 May 2018 10:46 AM PDT

are there very basic axioms that cover all/most types of mathematics?

Posted: 15 May 2018 10:07 PM PDT

I was thinking about stuff like:

for a variable x: x = x

or all these things that are at the root of all types of mathematics, but we don't realize because they seem obvious. And also, that we assert to be right without proof.

submitted by /u/Arakniode
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What factors contribute to light refracting into a rainbow pattern when passed through a crystal?

Posted: 15 May 2018 06:12 PM PDT

I've noticed that when sunlight passes through crystals at the right angle, it always refracts into a rainbow. But when I hold a flashlight up to a crystal, it only refracts when the flashlight is intense enough and the right distance away. What factors determine the intensity and sharpness of a refraction pattern?

submitted by /u/SheLovesCacti
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What defines the coordinates in space?

Posted: 15 May 2018 05:31 PM PDT

How are coordinates defined in space? Is there a 0,0,0 (X,Y,Z) defined somewhere?

submitted by /u/prodigydk
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Is the critical angle of light affected by it's speed in the medium?

Posted: 15 May 2018 09:06 PM PDT

The question is specifically like this: Two transparent media, the speed of light in the first is lower than it's speed in the second medium. Then the critical angle of light in the second medium is (less than, more than, equal, no correct answer)the critical angle in the first medium.

I mean by the critical angle that it's the angle of incidence that if you exceed, light doesn't refract, but instead a total reflection happens.

submitted by /u/Mr-SomeRedditor
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Are RSA and Diffie Hellman methods both forms of public key cryptography?

Posted: 15 May 2018 07:36 PM PDT

If anyone could also clarify the differences, that would be a huge bonus- for now I'm just trying to figure out if they are the same thing!

submitted by /u/ds1749320
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Is an increase of the entropy of the universe definite or just extremely likely?

Posted: 15 May 2018 02:07 PM PDT

I've been looking for an explanation for the reason behind the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and many of the explanations I've read include an explanation of possible microstates, macrostates, and the probabilities of those macrostates based on the total number of possible microstates that compose those macrostates. This makes sense to me, but it also seems to imply that the universe increasing in entropy is just very probable, but it often seems to be presented as a definite law. Is it theoretically possible for the entropy of the universe to decrease for some infinitesimal fraction of a second, or is it impossible for this to occur? If it is impossible, can you please explain why? Thank you very much!

submitted by /u/0pp3nh31m3r
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Tuesday, May 15, 2018

Does a heart need to beat? Would we be able to replace the heart with something that continuously moves blood around with no pulse (using a pump/compressor of sorts)? Would there be complications by making the flow constant rather than pulsed/beats?

Does a heart need to beat? Would we be able to replace the heart with something that continuously moves blood around with no pulse (using a pump/compressor of sorts)? Would there be complications by making the flow constant rather than pulsed/beats?


Does a heart need to beat? Would we be able to replace the heart with something that continuously moves blood around with no pulse (using a pump/compressor of sorts)? Would there be complications by making the flow constant rather than pulsed/beats?

Posted: 15 May 2018 02:47 AM PDT

What makes some people have a better memory than others?

Posted: 14 May 2018 10:12 AM PDT

[Neuroscience] Why did we evolve to cry when we're sad?

Posted: 14 May 2018 08:42 PM PDT

I understand that we evolved to cry to protect our eyes but why do we cry when sad? It doesn't protect us from anything.

submitted by /u/Tacomeat220
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How do our bodies accurately predict the required trajectory and power when throwing an object at a target?

Posted: 14 May 2018 10:00 AM PDT

I was thinking about this when I slung a small bag of garbage into a dumpster about 30 feet away. It was misshapen, had uneven weight distribution, and it's not like it's an object I throw regularly, yet I was able to accurately guess how to throw it, and how hard as well.

Is there a science behind how our bodies are able to make these calculations on the fly? Is it simple repetition and muscle memory, or is there something more to it?

submitted by /u/NathanielGarro-
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What causes infatuation/'a crush'?

Posted: 14 May 2018 09:03 AM PDT

I understand there might be a number of approaches to a question like this, with a variety of physiological and psychological takes, so I'll give you a little context as to why I'm asking the question to help you clarify things for me.

Firstly, I should reaffirm the fact that I am asking this question that has been on my mind for a while with regards to the notion of a 'crush', a social term used by youths (like myself).

Secondly, the point is I was wondering if there is a discrepancy (and scientific explanation) between 'romantic' and sexual attraction. More specifically, I want to know if a straight person can have a 'crush' on a member (and only a certain member) of the same sex while still being heterosexual.

So, to link back to the titular question, I want to know what physiological and psychological factors influence a 'crush' and if those factors can include things that seem completely unrelated to sexual attraction like simply identifying with them/seeing yourself in them or empathising with them.

Sorry if this isn't clear at all, but I would appreciate any helpful responses, even if you can only answer the question from a particular field/point of view.

submitted by /u/Sheriff_Rick_Grimes
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Does the Sun have poles?

Posted: 14 May 2018 11:05 PM PDT

Similar to either the two geographical or magnetic poles that Earth has? Do stars in general have poles?

If the Sun does have poles, are the orbits of most planets roughly perpendicular to the Sun's polar axis?

submitted by /u/usernamematesout
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Does the earth expand and contract?

Posted: 14 May 2018 08:11 AM PDT

OK this may sound dumb but here's my reasoning. I work in construction and one of the common misunderstandings most people have is that everything in their house expands and contracts as the weather changes. This causes a lot of cracks and why there is usually a tolerance with materials.

But I was wondering does the earth expand and contract as it revolves the sun since it's not a perfect circle around the sun and gets closer and farther?

submitted by /u/UnderusedApple
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Why do only radicals give EPR spectra?

Posted: 15 May 2018 01:44 AM PDT

When applying CAR-T immunotherapy, is the magnitude of the cytokine release syndrome proportional to total tumor mass?

Posted: 15 May 2018 07:42 AM PDT

In other words, if the total mass of tumor cells is low, is it less likely that cytokine release will be a problem?

submitted by /u/CaffeineExceeded
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Gross question: Why don’t we get septicemia from rectal bleeding?

Posted: 14 May 2018 12:49 PM PDT

Why is the BFR rocket only slightly bigger then the Saturn V despite the huge difference in distance they have to travel?

Posted: 15 May 2018 06:55 AM PDT

Why is it dysfunction and not disfunction?

Posted: 15 May 2018 12:50 AM PDT

And are there any similar examples you can point to that either emulate the reason or alternatively where the reason has ignored and the more common use of "dis" has applied?

In my mind they both bean "bad" or "opposite" (e.g. disapprove, disengage etc.)

submitted by /u/giraffestafarian
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Are there more "demons" in physics than Maxwell's and Laplace's?

Posted: 14 May 2018 07:45 AM PDT

How did the moon form, and are there any remnants of earth still present inside of it?

Posted: 14 May 2018 05:43 PM PDT

How did the moon form after the impact event with the earth?

Are there any parts of earth that formed to become part of the moon? And if so, would there possibly be any remnants of it inside the moon that would be recognizable as having come from the earth?

For example, could the moon possibly house earth fossils if there was life at the time somewhere deep inside it?

submitted by /u/Runtowardsdanger
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Can people who have had their corpus callosum severed multitask?

Posted: 14 May 2018 08:46 PM PDT

Since the two halves of the brain should have no communication with each other, is it theoretically possible for each half to be working on a different task simultaneously? If so, has this been studied and/or documented?

submitted by /u/343861101315
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"The WHO estimates that more than 500,000 people around the world die each year as a result of eating too much trans fat." What exactly does this mean?

Posted: 14 May 2018 09:51 PM PDT

The quote is taken from this article: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/14/countries-urged-wipe-killer-trans-fats-foods/

What does it mean to say that 500,000 people die each year from trans-fat? How is such a figure determined? Does it have something to do with life expectancy?

submitted by /u/Q_SchoolJerks
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If there are 35 human blood groups, why do we only test for two (ABO and RhD)?

Posted: 14 May 2018 09:14 PM PDT

They say that when a supernova happens a small amount of heavy metal is produced, but how much would a star produce?

Posted: 14 May 2018 02:22 PM PDT

Does the flow of time have a constant?

Posted: 14 May 2018 05:20 PM PDT

Maybe I'm not asking the question right but I'll try to clarify. We as humans measure time based on a rotation around the sun (in terms of years, days, hours and seconds). Is there something more fundamental then this? Is there a constant like the speed of light in a vacuum or Planck's Constant for time?

submitted by /u/QuantumMoron
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When I try to close a program on Windows that is frozen, why doesn't Windows automatically do whatever it does when I open task manager and hit "end program"?

Posted: 14 May 2018 05:16 PM PDT

I.E., if I send a wm_close message repeatedly and it doesn't work, why doesn't Windows automatically run TerminateProcess or whatever it is "end program" does?

submitted by /u/7UPvote
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If the Queen of an ant colony were to go missing and can't be recovered... does life go on?

Posted: 14 May 2018 04:54 PM PDT

Does sound have an infinite volume?

Posted: 14 May 2018 09:39 PM PDT

I was listening to some music today and I was wondering why there's a limit to how loud it can be turned up on my phone; this led me to start asking the question: is there a limit to how loud and quiet a sound can be?

submitted by /u/iCoReLi
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