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Thursday, May 3, 2018

Is it a coincidence that all elements are present on Earth?

Is it a coincidence that all elements are present on Earth?


Is it a coincidence that all elements are present on Earth?

Posted: 03 May 2018 02:06 AM PDT

Aside from those fleeting transuranic elements with tiny half-lives that can only be created in labs, all elements of the periodic table are naturally present on Earth. I know that elements heavier than iron come from novae, but how is it that Earth has the full complement of elements, and is it possible for a planet to have elements missing?

submitted by /u/paolog
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How were the first perfectly straight molds/outlines first manufactured?

Posted: 02 May 2018 08:39 PM PDT

This question keeps me up at night. We have perfect (or seemingly) perfect circular/straight objects, but how were the machines/molds used to create them created so perfectly straight? This probably only makes sense in my mind, honestly.

submitted by /u/HeyItsMezz
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Since the moon we see reflects the sun’s light, does that mean the earth also reflects the suns light and from space it looks as bright as the moon?

Posted: 02 May 2018 10:50 PM PDT

If substances like salt lower the freezing point of water, is there anything that raises it?

Posted: 02 May 2018 02:37 PM PDT

Is fast-food like McDonalds healthier now that technology has advanced since 1940 when it was first established or the opposite?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:58 AM PDT

What elements make up dirt/sand? Is it a bunch of different elements? Is that why there is so much of it?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:29 AM PDT

How do we still have radioactive elements billions of years after earth formed?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:46 AM PDT

To our current understanding, the Earth is about 5 billion years old, and formed from a dead star before it (why we have heavier elements). I'm curious as to how we still have elements with half-lives that formed so long ago?
Is there theoretically way more elements on the periodic table that are heavier than we have ever synthesized? Is it just a function of half-lives where there was so much more back then and now we are just seeing what's left?

submitted by /u/DEMDOGGaming
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Is the earth's iron core smooth or textured?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:48 AM PDT

It seems highly unlikely that it's lumpy, for obvious reasons, but it also seems possible that it could either accrete elements during the spin or even hold an uneven halo of materials.

submitted by /u/criostoirsullivan
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How does antibacterial soap kill bacteria?

Posted: 02 May 2018 06:05 PM PDT

I understand mechanical agitation and good ol' water can wash away bacteria, but what exactly does antibacterial soap do. Answers that involve organic chemistry are welcome!

submitted by /u/SheLovesCacti
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What time do they use in space?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:10 AM PDT

How do our Organs stay where they're supposed to?

Posted: 03 May 2018 01:26 AM PDT

How do our Organs stay in their current spot? Is it just because there's really no room for them to go anywhere else or are there special muscles that keep them there or something like that?

submitted by /u/Nca49
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why are galaxies flat and not spherical ?

Posted: 03 May 2018 06:03 AM PDT

If I understood right most things in the universe are round (Stars, Planets) because of gravity.

However in every picture that shows a "full" galaxy it is flat.

Why is that? Is our depiction of the galaxy just overly simplified or is it that way in reality?

submitted by /u/N1biru
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What determines the level of cloud coverage across the globe?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:32 AM PDT

Why isn't the Earth covered completely covered by cloud? Why is there always some cloud? If the Earth is completely covered by water, and we have no land mass, would we get even cloud coverage?

submitted by /u/fangfufu
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How straightness is achieved in construction?

Posted: 02 May 2018 07:01 PM PDT

How did we develop first straight objects? For example to create a ruler we need some straightness reference(I assume). Of course nothing will be 100% straight but when you think all the delicate machinary such as medical devices and the machines used in the space we must be pretty close. Is there a way to geometrically approximate to a straight line without a straight device?

submitted by /u/hydbird
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Are the radio waves produced on our planet getting sent out into space equally in all directions are are they directional? Are they strong enough to be received by beings living near other stars?

Posted: 02 May 2018 04:55 PM PDT

What happens if earth's magnetic field reverses?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:02 AM PDT

Does the iq and intelligence decrease if the brain is not stimulated?

Posted: 02 May 2018 06:22 PM PDT

like imagine if someone stop college and for 3/4 years he do nothing but watching netflix, do you know or have any study showing that his iq or intelligence decrease?

Yeah that dude was me

submitted by /u/Mikadofas
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Why do bright lights leave lingering light in your eyes even after you’ve looked away?

Posted: 02 May 2018 05:44 PM PDT

Why do greenhouse gases work? As far as I understand, Earth's temperature emission into space is supposed to only depend on its temperature. Why is reflecting heat back to Earth relevant? Shouldn't the gases themselves heat up and start radiating?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:42 AM PDT

X-ray powder diffraction - How to calculate the effect of different levels of beam monochromaticity on ring blurring?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:11 AM PDT

When was it discovered that the Milky Way wasn't the only Galaxy? How did science and the general population respond to it?

Posted: 02 May 2018 09:03 AM PDT

Wednesday, May 2, 2018

How was the first parachute tested?

How was the first parachute tested?


How was the first parachute tested?

Posted: 02 May 2018 02:59 AM PDT

Weight considerations aside, would lining a spacecraft with lead protect astronauts from harmful cosmic radiation?

Posted: 02 May 2018 12:50 AM PDT

If it could be layered in the outside walls of the craft/station, how thick would the layer need to be?

submitted by /u/thereal_ninjabill
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Have Insects ever been observed playing?

Posted: 02 May 2018 05:33 AM PDT

As we know the young of most species engage in some play with their littermates or parents, Has any species of Insects ever been known or documented to have ever played for the sake of enjoyment or is that limited to higher functioning organisms?

submitted by /u/Schruteboxes
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Can two circular polarisers be used for polarised microscopy or does it work only with two linear ones ?

Posted: 02 May 2018 04:53 AM PDT

I think I can't use two circular ones but I'm not sure as I'm not 100% sure how the circular ones work. Thanks in advance 🙂

submitted by /u/jeezokay
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What exactly is Particle-Wave Duality of Light?

Posted: 02 May 2018 05:45 AM PDT

I have read a little bit about Quantum Mechanics and this is a bizarre phenomenon(for someone who didn't take GCSE Physics) that I've come across that isn't explained very well.. So I was wondering if someone can perhaps provide me with a more comprehensive explanation with suitable analogies so that I have a better intuitive understanding of the subject.

submitted by /u/Ikizai
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Was Apollo 11's route precalculated and launched independently or did the crew have to fly it manually? If so, how much impact did the crew have mid-flight?

Posted: 01 May 2018 08:55 PM PDT

Why don't nuclear power plants use direct air cycle turbines?

Posted: 01 May 2018 05:51 PM PDT

DACT were successfully spun up during the nuclear propulsion program but nuclear aircraft were not viable for obvious reasons.

However they seem to make a lot of sense, why heat steam and run a turbine when you can run the turbine directly off the heat of the core? Wouldn't this be more efficient?

submitted by /u/Nautique210
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I'm getting ammonia readings in a confined space with seawater and barnacles. Where does the ammonia come from?

Posted: 02 May 2018 05:46 AM PDT

I work in a coal power plant. Part of the process is using seawater for cooling.

Sometimes our monitors detect ammonia inside the confined spaces when the condensers and tunnels are opened to be cleaned.

The cleaning involves scraping away the masses of barnacles in these areas.

Are the barnacles releasing ammonia somehow? When they die and start to decompose? Could the ammonia be introduced by something else in the seawater?

submitted by /u/Oddisphere
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Is an infinitely self sustaining exothermic chemical reaction theoretically possible?

Posted: 02 May 2018 07:07 AM PDT

My thinking is that a chemical reaction, or a group of reactions, create byproducts that can react with each other in a closed environment. If the system is completely isolated, there won't be any gasses/reactants escaping. This would basically be a kind of free energy. Is this theoretically possible?

submitted by /u/Maenethal
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What happens if the ISS passes directly above a ground-based optical telescope while it is observing the sky?

Posted: 01 May 2018 10:19 PM PDT

Why does tellurium poisoning make your breath smell like garlic?

Posted: 01 May 2018 07:06 PM PDT

A few months ago, I was assigned to do some basic research on tellurium for a school project. When researching I found out that Tellurium breath has a garlicky odor it never said why though. It is some chemical reaction or just a coincidence?

submitted by /u/W334
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Is it possible to fill a football with just enough helium to match the density of air, making it float in place?

Posted: 01 May 2018 04:35 PM PDT

It just came across my mind, throwing a football that does not come down. Would it be possible?

submitted by /u/LlamasOnFire
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 02 May 2018 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What makes something bouncy?

Posted: 02 May 2018 07:37 AM PDT

How Do Skyscrapers Get Around the Square-Cube Law?

Posted: 02 May 2018 07:34 AM PDT

Does our internal body temperature fluctuate depending on the temperature outside?

Posted: 01 May 2018 08:24 PM PDT

I am learning general principles of sampling, in particular, importance sampling. I am looking for a good explanation for reweighting. Can anyone please explain when and why we need reweighting? What is the intuition behind reweighting in general? What does it accomplish?

Posted: 01 May 2018 04:13 PM PDT

I am a student in chemistry. I struggle understanding complicated notations used in statistics papers.

submitted by /u/FSylvestris
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How do hydrocarbons form on other planets, etc.?

Posted: 01 May 2018 08:49 PM PDT

Organic chemistry is very much not my strong suit, but I was wondering what the chemical processes involved in hydrocarbons forming without some type of biomass looks like, as on bodies such at Titan. And to add to that, are similar processes found on earth in a notable amount, or do all of our hydrocarbons form from biomass?

submitted by /u/FallenShadow1000
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Do galaxies spin like a vortex?

Posted: 01 May 2018 10:32 AM PDT

(I'm tasked with artistic license on this one) but do galaxies revolve like a vortex; faster towards the center? or is it a static 'bicycle wheel' rotation?

also if it is like a wheel, how come?

submitted by /u/zoid78
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How does the aiming work for the lunar Laser Ranging Retro-reflector experiment?

Posted: 01 May 2018 11:23 AM PDT

How are the earth-based lasers aimed for this experiment? Is it necessary to be accurate down to the precise location of where the reflector is placed on the moon? Or, is there enough beam dispersion over the long distance that you only need to be pointing generally in that direction?

submitted by /u/ButMoreToThePoint
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How Can This Paleontology Paper Be Using C14 Dating if the Longest Half-Life of any Carbon Isotope is C-14 (5,730 years)?

Posted: 01 May 2018 10:47 AM PDT

Here is the Paper.

I understand radioactive decay, but I don't understand how this paper concerning a fossil of 420 million years can use carbon dating (of any isotope) and receive accurate data.

Edit: So it seems the paper is not dating the specimen via carbon dating, but instead measuring the ratio of stable isotopes (C-12 and C-13) relative to each other. This makes more sense. Thank you all!

submitted by /u/FE21
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Do fingerprints change as you age? For instance if your fingerprinted at 5 years old will it have any similarity to your fingerprints at 20?

Posted: 01 May 2018 09:40 AM PDT

What is the speed of light in a non-inertial frame of reference?

Posted: 01 May 2018 07:17 AM PDT

I recently watched a VSauce video where they said that light travels at a constant speed for everyone as long as you aren't accelerating. So what happens when you accelerate? Does the speed of light change, and if so how can we calculate the new speed?

submitted by /u/2Gud2beHuman
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Tuesday, May 1, 2018

How Precisely Are Satellites put into orbit? Is it to the meter?

How Precisely Are Satellites put into orbit? Is it to the meter?


How Precisely Are Satellites put into orbit? Is it to the meter?

Posted: 01 May 2018 02:38 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We're a climate scientist and filmmaker with Vox exploring the melting Arctic and the impact it's having on global weather. AUA!

Posted: 01 May 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hi /r/AskScience! I'm Jennifer Francis, a research professor at Rutgers University. I study the Arctic - how and why it's changing so fast, and how rapid Arctic warming and ice loss will likely cause more frequent extreme weather events in mid-latitudes where most of us live. Think strings of bomb cyclones, drought, heat waves, and even long cold spells.

And I'm Eli Kintisch, host/writer of Vox's THAW video series which explores the melting arctic in a series of three mini-docs. I got the chance to travel north in the middle of the Polar night on board a research vessel to share this story firsthand. We'll be on at 3 PM ET (19 UT), ask us anything!

Thanks to Vox and the /r/AskScience mods for setting this up. We'll be answering questions from the /u/vox account but signing off individually on each reply.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Are there advantages to rockets being aerodynamically shaped once they have left the atmosphere?

Posted: 01 May 2018 02:26 AM PDT

How much of a threat is space debris?

Posted: 01 May 2018 06:54 AM PDT

We keep seeing reports of how space debris is increasing continuously and yet we see new satellites being shot up daily. So is space debris that much of a threat or is it grossly overstated by the media? And if it is what can we do about it?

submitted by /u/A_confusedlover
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Being that graphene can theoretically occur naturally, would it be considered a mineral?

Posted: 01 May 2018 07:05 AM PDT

Could graphene be considered a mineral? The reason I ask is because, since graphene is harder than diamond, the Mohs Hardness Scale would have to somehow factor in graphene. Could this possibly lead to adding an 11th hardness point Why, or why not?

submitted by /u/JCWMM_
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How could hadrons containing top quark be produced?

Posted: 01 May 2018 06:34 AM PDT

I know that top quarks cannot produce hadrons because of their incredibly short lifetime.

Disregarding that; how can top quark conceivably produce hadrons, even if in bizarre conditions?

submitted by /u/88880
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Why do so many people suffering sleep paralysis experience a threatening creature or presence?

Posted: 01 May 2018 12:55 AM PDT

I've noticed that most people who experience sleep paralysis describe something that could be construed as being scared of some kind of presence in their room, be it aliens, demons, succubi, ghosts and similar. What part of the human brain makes us hallucinate this, why is it activated as we go to sleep and why does the presence almost universally seem threatening or scary? It's so common that I assume there must be some part of the brain that specifically produces this experience. For bonus points, could this part of the brain also be responsible for religious experiences, i.e. something similarly supernatural but benign rather than threatening?

submitted by /u/Yurksdude
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Why do we get vitamin D from the sun? Could we make a light that gives off vitamin D?

Posted: 01 May 2018 05:25 AM PDT

Why can't prosthetic fingers just "tie" to the muscle?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 07:18 PM PDT

From what I understand, the finger is essentially just a string pulled by the muscles in your arms. If you lost half a finger, why can't a prosthetic just have a replacement string stuck onto the remaining half of the string? You wouldn't have feeling in the finger, but it should function the same as the original.

submitted by /u/Joshless
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How did we figure out the shape of proteins and other organic compounds?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 07:23 PM PDT

How did scientists discover the true and exact shape of such tiny patterns? The structures of some biomolecules seem to be perfectly 3D scanned shapes

submitted by /u/KitKatEater
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Which region of the United States has the lowest probability of both meteorological and geological natural disasters occurring?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 08:42 PM PDT

Essentially, what region of the United States is evidently the safest place to live if you wished to avoid being hit with all the natural disasters possible in North America (including, but not limited to, volcanic, hurricane, tornado, earthquake, flooding, fires, etc...)?

Obviously, nowhere is 100% completely safe and there are many other factors that can come into play in deciding this. But looking past the possible outside factors, which livable region has the lowest probability for disaster?

submitted by /u/RadiationDM
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Why does the ANS have a two-neuron pathway versus the single neuron pathway involved in the Somatic Nervous System?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 10:00 PM PDT

Are there advantages (or drawbacks) of using two neurons? Evolutionarily speaking, where did this difference arise? Also: Is there a functional difference in the preganglionic neuron being myelinated in the sympathetic system versus the ganaglionic neuron being myelinated in the parasympathetic system?

submitted by /u/brothernature487
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Why is it when a glass of waters sits out for a long period of time bubbles start to form?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 01:36 PM PDT

Do lights produce thrust?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 09:04 AM PDT

I'm at my desk pretending my flashlight is a rocket. Does it actually produce any (super tiny) thrust if I left it going from the photons it emits?

Bonus question: if the answer is yes, how big of a flashlight would I need to leave earth?

submitted by /u/ActualPasta
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Why are there weight limits on roads?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 03:57 PM PDT

Is it possible to efficiently divide our attention in two?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 10:11 AM PDT

Is it possible to think at two different things at the same time while still being efficient in what we are doing? By that I mean thinking about two complex notion like doing an algebra problem whike writing a dissertation.

Would it be possible to train our brain in doing two different things at one?

submitted by /u/Thekingiselsewhere
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[Chemistry] What is the reaction happening in my US MRE heater bags? What gas is being produced?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 11:04 AM PDT

I occasionally use US MRE when I am out on a hike or for a long day of fishing and I was wondering what was going on in there?

submitted by /u/Pwnzored1
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Where do permanent magnets get their energy from?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 11:14 AM PDT

When a permanent magnet gets close to magnetic materials like iron, it attracts that material. To move matter you need to turn some form of energy into kinetic energy, following the law of conservation of energy. Where does that energy come from in the case of permanent magnets? Do they get weaker over time?

submitted by /u/gamerscreed
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How do we know that polar bears can smell prey from 32km away?

Posted: 30 Apr 2018 11:27 AM PDT

Do the put food 32km away (and clear everything beyond that radius) to see if the polar bear can smell it?

submitted by /u/Eydunsson
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