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Thursday, April 26, 2018

How deep or shallow can the sand be in a desert?

How deep or shallow can the sand be in a desert?


How deep or shallow can the sand be in a desert?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 07:54 AM PDT

I mean not standing on a dune, just standing on fairly level sand at whatever average altitude from sea level any given desert is, how far down can the sand go? Can it be very deep or just a few inches before you hit different material? Does it vary greatly from one desert to another?

submitted by /u/urgeigh
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In the CPU manufacturing process, how do they apply copper to the silicon wafer after the pattern is etched?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 03:39 AM PDT

Just wondering how a very detailed pattern can be filled with metal (such as copper) in such a small scale (in nanometers). Surely molten copper will not work (that's just my assumption with the basic knowledge I have). Please enlighten me.

submitted by /u/weeping_banana
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Why do clouds have distinct edges?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 08:03 PM PDT

I understand that some parts of the atmosphere contain more water vapor than others. But shouldn't the boundaries be gradual and diffuse? Tobacco smoke, for example, quickly spreads and dissolves in the air, so why don't clouds?

submitted by /u/DesertPlain
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Does antimatter visually look the same as matter?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 08:25 PM PDT

If I saw, say, a chair made out of antimatter, would I be able to tell it was antimatter just visually?

Also, since we usually don't "touch" things due to Coulomb repulsion, would a bulk material (say a plank of anti-wood) pull us towards it when we try to sit on it?

submitted by /u/deltaSquee
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[Earth Sciences] Why can't they "tap" the gas coming out of the burning "door to hell" pit?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 05:39 AM PDT

This thing has been burning for a long time: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2014/07/140716-door-to-hell-darvaza-crater-george-kourounis-expedition/ Why can't they drill down near it and start capturing all of that gas? Is it not worth it? Is it not possible? If we can put our burning oil wells, why can't we put this out?

submitted by /u/bonzai2010
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How does the brain perceive mental images and could an artificial signal be sent to the brain using a biological/electronic connection?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 07:05 PM PDT

I am learning more about how the brain uses ions in order to send messages and how proteins work together as a whole in order to create thought. What I am curious now is if there would ever be a way to convert electronic signals into protein signals. Also as a bonus question, can directly injecting neurotransmitters through the skull affect the rhythm of the brain or the consciousness of the brain ?

submitted by /u/Strangelupin
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Is the Earth getting heavier?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 05:31 PM PDT

Over millions and billions of years, I would assume the earth got heavier/more mass as meteors, asteroids and comets landed here. Would billions of years of radiation from the Sun increase Earth's mass?

Does Earth's mass increase over time? If so, what does that mean? We gonna move closer to the sun? With the exception of human space exploration, do we lose mass too?

submitted by /u/4fingertakedown
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What is the expected black hole merger rate for the Milky Way?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 07:44 AM PDT

How long do we have to wait before we'd expect to see a black hole merger from within our own Galaxy? Wouldn't this be like a bjdillion sigma event? What could we potentially learn from it when it happens?

submitted by /u/QuirksNquarkS
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Does de-heading Yellow dandelions reduce their spread?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 04:26 PM PDT

When I was a kid, I would pull the yellow flowers off dandelions on the theory the seeds would not mature and would not be able to take root. Or maybe that they just would not spread widely and would just die there on top of the rest of the grass.

I was scolded for this by people who, accurately I'm sure, said I would have to pull it up by the roots of i cared to get rid of it.

But - does de-heading the yellow flowers have any effect?

submitted by /u/Happy_Bridge
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How does an electron microscope differ from a regular one?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 06:45 AM PDT

If a sun is bigger, will there be more area of habitable zone, or will the zone be further away?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 08:34 AM PDT

Why are brake discs made out of steel?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 06:13 AM PDT

The title really says it all. I'm wondering that why are cars brake discs made out of steel? Shouldn't it be more clever to make them out of stainless steel? Thanks all to you smart people!

submitted by /u/ilegalintorquay
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How do calculators calculate roots?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 04:06 PM PDT

Are there formulas for roots and others numbers such as "pi" or "e", or are the values stored in the memory? Also, if there are formulas, how do you make sure it's accurate?

submitted by /u/Squeacky_Avocado
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what does degree of asorption mean?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 05:28 AM PDT

Does energy also follow the law of gravitation? If so, have we observed this happening either directly or indirectly?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 05:16 AM PDT

How do pipes in skyscrapers deal with hydrostatic forces?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 01:49 PM PDT

If a pipe with water ran up the skyscraper, eventually the hydrostatic force would overcome the inward force of the pipes (at the bottom), how do engineers deal with the process of moving water up/down that high?

submitted by /u/TheHouseCalledFred
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Aside from the hygiene hypothesis, what are some of the other contending theories for the disproportionate prevalence of auto-immune disorders in the West, and other developed nations?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 05:00 PM PDT

Could artificial neural networks be used as one way functions?

Posted: 26 Apr 2018 12:24 AM PDT

Why is it that "objects are closer than they appear" in my passenger-side mirror. But not in my driver-side mirror?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 05:44 PM PDT

How does soap remove germs, odors and bacteria from our bodies and hands?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 12:37 PM PDT

I mean. Why exactly do we use soap? What does it do that plain water does not do?

I know when I google it , it bring up the saponification process and talks about how it removes oils...

But how does this correlate with removing germs, odors, and bacteria? Are they trapped within the oils?

What would happen if we ditched soaps on our hands, and in the shower.. and shampoo, etc...

Have never really knows how exactly soap works and why we use it

submitted by /u/ScarlettPup
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Would dust in a PC slow down performance in any way?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 02:22 PM PDT

Almost feels like something for r/NoStupidQuestions, but would cleaning dust out of a PC make it run faster?

submitted by /u/Turtpipchim
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Can you become colorblind after birth?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 11:02 PM PDT

Whenever I hear about someone being colorblind it is a condition they've had since birth, but is it possible for someone to become colorblind at another point in life? If so, how?

submitted by /u/FinnLM
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Wednesday, April 25, 2018

If the great pacific garbage patch WAS compacted together, approximately how big would it be?

If the great pacific garbage patch WAS compacted together, approximately how big would it be?


If the great pacific garbage patch WAS compacted together, approximately how big would it be?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:41 AM PDT

Would that actually show up on google earth, or would it be too small?

submitted by /u/Legend_Zector
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Does a person suffering from amnesia retain the personality traits formed from/during the experiences they can no longer remember?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:45 PM PDT

[Engineering] Why are the SABRE-engines on the Skylon spaceplane shaped like a bent tube, with the apparent thrust vector not aligned with the forward direction of the craft?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 06:24 AM PDT

All depictions of the Skylon single stage to orbit space plane show engines with a strange shape, where both the direction of the air intake and the direction of the nozzles are not aligned with the length axis of the fuselage. This gives the engines a bent kind of macaroni-shaped appearance. An example of this can be found here.

I have read some texts describing the different parts of the SABRE engines and how they differ from rocket engines or ram jets, but I find nothing that could motivate the strange engine shape, different from any other depiction of rocket- or jet engines.

Why is the engine shaped this way? Would it not cause unnecessary friction both from the outside air and air passing through the engine? Would you not prefer having the air intakes and the direction of thrust aligned with the length axis of the craft?

Or is this simply and artists depiction of the Skylon, and it has no real purpose in the actual engines?

submitted by /u/Zwolff
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Can high amount of concentrated electromagnetic waves warp space like gravity does?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:51 AM PDT

How do we have elements on the periodic table that we dont know the form of in certain temperatures? Are these just theoretical and we have never actually physically seen it?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:00 AM PDT

If I'm on the interior surface of a rotating cylinder in space, I'll feel something that I could interpret as "gravity". Is it possible to spin a cylinder fast enough to create an "event horizon" on the inside?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 02:50 PM PDT

Basically, ignoring material constraints, is it theoretically possible to make it so that centrifugal force creates an "escape velocity" greater than C? Also, would light coming from that surface appear redshifted in some reference frames but not in others?

Basically, what's the relativistic interpretation of pseudoforces like this?

submitted by /u/WheresMyChelios
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In the double slit experiment, how are individual protons/electrons fired?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 09:52 PM PDT

I understand the conundrum of the results of the double slit experiment (or rather like everyone else, I don't understand them) and it is absolutely amazing. My question is how, realistically, are individual photons/electrons fired one at a time?

Also what are the differences in the experiment for either type of particle?

submitted by /u/Mu_Meson
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Is there a limit to how far an electron can be from an atom?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:33 PM PDT

I'm in the 9th grade and recently started on quantum chemistry. My teacher told me that hypothetically, an electron could be at varying levels when located near a proton. Let's assume the element is hydrogen for the sake of simplicity. Each time we want to take the electron of hydrogen up a level, we can expose it to light. At first, we expose it to red, then slowly progress up the spectrum into gamma rays. Now this hypothetically could extend forever according to pretty much all sources that I've found, but there is one problem nagging me. At a certain point, the frequency of the wave would be so high that the distance between peak to peak would be a Plank length. First of all, now it's impossible to get the electron to move further away now, because it's impossible to make the peak to peak distance less than the Plank length and it would also be impossible to produce this amount of energy, so does that mean that this is the true maximum distance an electron can travel from an atom? Second, could anyone approximate how far away this would be (I've heard that Schrödinger's equation is useful for this, but I haven't learned that yet.)

submitted by /u/WaluigiRealVillain
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Is there a scientific consensus on how bad climate change is projected to be?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 07:20 AM PDT

I know something like 98% percent of scientists say climate change is happening and it's being pushed along by humans emitting greenhouse gasses. That doesn't say how bad it is going to be and I know that predictions are often wrong but you can say the planet is warming with relatively minor effects on the planet.

submitted by /u/goodsam2
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What would be "shelf life" of plutonium warhead? (please read text before answer)

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:17 AM PDT

I thought it'd be same with half life of whatever its made of, but after some thinking, I realized that a warhead needs to be over supercritical concentruation what can sustain chain reaction. Otherwize explosion can't happen. (solids doesn't compressable) and only reason it won't expolde right now is neutrons leaked in process.

This means whenever natural decay happens, a chain reaction will follow (while not expolde becase neutrons escaped) and that reaction will greatly accelerate decay speed. (until it can't sustain chain reaction, then its unable to act as warhead.) so I'm now not sure how long this will take.

submitted by /u/Wall_of_Force
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What is the energy cost per bit manipulation in reversible and irreversible processors?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:05 AM PDT

Hi guys, I'm doctorate student in computer Engineering. In one of my classes we discussed the computation cost per bit in irreversible and reversible computation models. And I'm trying to find out energy cost per bit manipulation in a modern CPU in terms of wattage. Also I want to ask that why a reversible CPU being built using Fredkin Reversible gates seems infeasible and what would be energy cost per bit in such a reversible processor. Thanks

submitted by /u/Roxside
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Why do the planets all seem to have the same inclination of orbit around our sun? Why are there no polar orbits or other inclinations?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:11 AM PDT

Does a moving Charge get affected by its electric and magnetic field?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 10:14 PM PDT

Usually when solving these types of questions, I will see any number of particles in a system with a point P as a reference point. This P point is used for the direction of a magnetic field (r-hat). The same applies for the electric field.

What about when your point P is a moving charge next to another moving charge? If P is the charge itself, then the electric field formula kq/r2 will net an infinitely large value as the distance r is 0. The magnetic field won't have an r-hat value for its own magnetic field either because the point P is the charge itself.

This leads me to believe that a moving charge is not affected by its electric and magnetic fields. is this correct for an undergraduate college physics class?

submitted by /u/Neffero
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How does a Housefly survive after continuously bashing its self against hard surfaces?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:40 PM PDT

Why do muscles get sore the day after exercise, not straight away?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 10:35 PM PDT

The damage to the muscles is done during the exercise, not after it, so why doesn't it ache right after?

submitted by /u/Bart_6_6_6
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For materials scientists, does reinforcing by composite coating has any explanations to wear rate?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:29 AM PDT

Could grain size, or volume fraction of reinforcement nanoparticles have an effect on wear rate of the coated steel? Increase it or decrease it.

submitted by /u/hotttpotatoo
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Yanar dag, is there no way to put out the fire? Are we keeping it lit just for nostalgia?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:21 AM PDT

What is causing this "fairy ring" on this volcanic island?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:30 PM PDT

Dropped Pin near Île Amsterdam

https://goo.gl/maps/CaQBtY4nut82

submitted by /u/ColonelStone
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What are current predictions for the future of the Amazon Rainforest? Is the forest as a whole at risk from human activity?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:32 PM PDT

What will be the future of continents?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:21 AM PDT

Will Africa collide as everybody says,and could India break apart from Asia?

submitted by /u/JewelCichlid99
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If cat's are covered in fur, and don't pant or sweat. How do they regulate there temperature when they fall asleep in the sun or on a heat vent?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:23 AM PDT

First off. I know cat's pant if they get hot enought but they don't while they are sleeping.

Moving on, how do they keep from over heating when they are sleep for hours in hot places? Do they have a lowered body temperature while sleeping? In general cats don't seem to mind heat so are they just built for higher temps? If so how? what adaptations do they have to deal with heat?

Thank you for looking at my question and I look forward to finding the answer!

submitted by /u/Solsting
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Everything in space spins it seems, so how could an enormous cloud of spinning dust and gas ever condense to form a star?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:30 AM PDT

It seems the angular momentum of a gas cloud would prevent the cloud from condensing, unless most gas clouds in fact do NOT have significant spin.

submitted by /u/jcgam
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Tuesday, April 24, 2018

How does hair hold onto water so well?

How does hair hold onto water so well?


How does hair hold onto water so well?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:47 PM PDT

I shower in the evening and my hair is still wet the next day

submitted by /u/TheGirlKing
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Why are rainstorms frequently accompanied with lighting, but snowstorms/blizzards rarely (never?) have lightning?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:26 PM PDT

In a rotating black hole, what is rotating?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 02:30 AM PDT

Just something that crossed my mind recently, since the horizon isn't made up of anything. What is the rotating. Or is it just a way to allow for the conservation of angular momentum without having to go inside the BH with our current understanding?

submitted by /u/Michkov
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What’s happening when cloths are bleached by the Sun?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 04:09 AM PDT

Why does Miso paste in Miso soup clump up the way it does?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:56 AM PDT

How easy is it to find a polynomial function of degree n to match n value-pairs?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:30 AM PDT

I have a dim memory, that my math teacher once said, he can "easily" find such a polynom. Doing that with value pairs (x,y) where they have a form of (x,0) is trivial, so I think it could be possible to do manually. Do you know of any viable method, or did my memory play a trick on me?

submitted by /u/errolo
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What does a monogamous bird do when his partner die ?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 11:59 AM PDT

Why does glide reflection have its own symmetry type, when it's just a combination of two other types (reflection and translation)?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 09:36 PM PDT

What would happen if we were able to cool our computers to 0K?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 06:14 AM PDT

Would they become less power-hungry? Make less heat?

submitted by /u/adamski234
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The label on my food says there are tens of kilojoules of energy per serving. Why can only our bodies use this energy and not for general power use?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 07:42 PM PDT

How does a doctor determine "you have a 5% chance of living" or x% chance of walking again, seeing again, and so on?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 05:43 PM PDT

Is it just a coincidence that the charges of protons and electrons happen to be equal in magnitude?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:27 PM PDT

How did they set the exact moment (not duration) of the second pulse of Universal Time (UTC)?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 03:50 PM PDT

How did they find the exact nanosecond to place the second pulse? Is it set exactly to the split second from solar mean time? Or did they just find an arbitrary moment approximately about mean solar noon? Why isn't the time 0,5 second ahead, or a half minute?

submitted by /u/Navstar27
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Why did earth's debris become a moon but Saturn's became rings?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:40 PM PDT

How did Olympus Mons get so big?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 02:47 PM PDT

When you put on a large amount of weight and your skin surface area increases, do you gain more hair follicles or does the space between each follicle just get bigger?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 03:57 AM PDT

Does Heisenberg's uncertainty principle suggest that you can determine velocity and position to good precision if you don't know the particle's mass? Is there even any situation where that could come up?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 12:29 PM PDT

How many photons do we see per star?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 11:11 PM PDT

Some stars seem brighter than others. At first thought, I would think that we see more photons from it. But then I think about how wide of an angle a star is shooting photons in all direction... and how far we are away, and the very very pricise angle needed to hit our eyes. I think the number of photons being released by a star has to be astronomical even if just 1 or more hit our eyes.

I bet the math is beautiful on how we estimate how many photons that a star releases over a time period.

submitted by /u/goodnewsjimdotcom
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Why is favism (G6PDD) more likely to occur in populations that have historically consumed fava beans?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 06:31 PM PDT

I read about fava beans and see they've historically been a staple-food for mediterranean and north african peoples, and then I read about favism and see that mediterranean and north african peoples are more genetically predisposed to G6PDD.

And I wonder...why?

submitted by /u/kreblator
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Can aerodynamic lift be used to increase a road vehicle's fuel efficiency?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 03:54 PM PDT

Downforce keeps cars like the Camry "grounded to the ground," are there any practical or theoretical applications of a car's aerodynamics being used to produce minimal or moderate lift at highway speeds?

submitted by /u/DowntubeShifts
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What shape(s) are black holes?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 11:59 AM PDT

Typically -- we see black holes referred to as a sinkhole of sorts, with a ring that funnels to a singularity.

Do we have a definitive concept of black holes, and what their actual shape is? If they're a small ball with a central singularity, or in-fact a ring shape that just orients based on their creation?

submitted by /u/shiroun
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What's is the evolutionary history of opossums? How are the related to Australian marsupials? Why are there so few marsupials in North America?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 06:02 AM PDT

How are we trying to find dark matter if we don't know what it is?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 07:36 PM PDT