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Wednesday, April 25, 2018

If the great pacific garbage patch WAS compacted together, approximately how big would it be?

If the great pacific garbage patch WAS compacted together, approximately how big would it be?


If the great pacific garbage patch WAS compacted together, approximately how big would it be?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:41 AM PDT

Would that actually show up on google earth, or would it be too small?

submitted by /u/Legend_Zector
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Does a person suffering from amnesia retain the personality traits formed from/during the experiences they can no longer remember?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:45 PM PDT

[Engineering] Why are the SABRE-engines on the Skylon spaceplane shaped like a bent tube, with the apparent thrust vector not aligned with the forward direction of the craft?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 06:24 AM PDT

All depictions of the Skylon single stage to orbit space plane show engines with a strange shape, where both the direction of the air intake and the direction of the nozzles are not aligned with the length axis of the fuselage. This gives the engines a bent kind of macaroni-shaped appearance. An example of this can be found here.

I have read some texts describing the different parts of the SABRE engines and how they differ from rocket engines or ram jets, but I find nothing that could motivate the strange engine shape, different from any other depiction of rocket- or jet engines.

Why is the engine shaped this way? Would it not cause unnecessary friction both from the outside air and air passing through the engine? Would you not prefer having the air intakes and the direction of thrust aligned with the length axis of the craft?

Or is this simply and artists depiction of the Skylon, and it has no real purpose in the actual engines?

submitted by /u/Zwolff
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Can high amount of concentrated electromagnetic waves warp space like gravity does?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:51 AM PDT

How do we have elements on the periodic table that we dont know the form of in certain temperatures? Are these just theoretical and we have never actually physically seen it?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:00 AM PDT

If I'm on the interior surface of a rotating cylinder in space, I'll feel something that I could interpret as "gravity". Is it possible to spin a cylinder fast enough to create an "event horizon" on the inside?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 02:50 PM PDT

Basically, ignoring material constraints, is it theoretically possible to make it so that centrifugal force creates an "escape velocity" greater than C? Also, would light coming from that surface appear redshifted in some reference frames but not in others?

Basically, what's the relativistic interpretation of pseudoforces like this?

submitted by /u/WheresMyChelios
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In the double slit experiment, how are individual protons/electrons fired?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 09:52 PM PDT

I understand the conundrum of the results of the double slit experiment (or rather like everyone else, I don't understand them) and it is absolutely amazing. My question is how, realistically, are individual photons/electrons fired one at a time?

Also what are the differences in the experiment for either type of particle?

submitted by /u/Mu_Meson
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Is there a limit to how far an electron can be from an atom?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:33 PM PDT

I'm in the 9th grade and recently started on quantum chemistry. My teacher told me that hypothetically, an electron could be at varying levels when located near a proton. Let's assume the element is hydrogen for the sake of simplicity. Each time we want to take the electron of hydrogen up a level, we can expose it to light. At first, we expose it to red, then slowly progress up the spectrum into gamma rays. Now this hypothetically could extend forever according to pretty much all sources that I've found, but there is one problem nagging me. At a certain point, the frequency of the wave would be so high that the distance between peak to peak would be a Plank length. First of all, now it's impossible to get the electron to move further away now, because it's impossible to make the peak to peak distance less than the Plank length and it would also be impossible to produce this amount of energy, so does that mean that this is the true maximum distance an electron can travel from an atom? Second, could anyone approximate how far away this would be (I've heard that Schrödinger's equation is useful for this, but I haven't learned that yet.)

submitted by /u/WaluigiRealVillain
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Is there a scientific consensus on how bad climate change is projected to be?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 07:20 AM PDT

I know something like 98% percent of scientists say climate change is happening and it's being pushed along by humans emitting greenhouse gasses. That doesn't say how bad it is going to be and I know that predictions are often wrong but you can say the planet is warming with relatively minor effects on the planet.

submitted by /u/goodsam2
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What would be "shelf life" of plutonium warhead? (please read text before answer)

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:17 AM PDT

I thought it'd be same with half life of whatever its made of, but after some thinking, I realized that a warhead needs to be over supercritical concentruation what can sustain chain reaction. Otherwize explosion can't happen. (solids doesn't compressable) and only reason it won't expolde right now is neutrons leaked in process.

This means whenever natural decay happens, a chain reaction will follow (while not expolde becase neutrons escaped) and that reaction will greatly accelerate decay speed. (until it can't sustain chain reaction, then its unable to act as warhead.) so I'm now not sure how long this will take.

submitted by /u/Wall_of_Force
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What is the energy cost per bit manipulation in reversible and irreversible processors?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:05 AM PDT

Hi guys, I'm doctorate student in computer Engineering. In one of my classes we discussed the computation cost per bit in irreversible and reversible computation models. And I'm trying to find out energy cost per bit manipulation in a modern CPU in terms of wattage. Also I want to ask that why a reversible CPU being built using Fredkin Reversible gates seems infeasible and what would be energy cost per bit in such a reversible processor. Thanks

submitted by /u/Roxside
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Why do the planets all seem to have the same inclination of orbit around our sun? Why are there no polar orbits or other inclinations?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:11 AM PDT

Does a moving Charge get affected by its electric and magnetic field?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 10:14 PM PDT

Usually when solving these types of questions, I will see any number of particles in a system with a point P as a reference point. This P point is used for the direction of a magnetic field (r-hat). The same applies for the electric field.

What about when your point P is a moving charge next to another moving charge? If P is the charge itself, then the electric field formula kq/r2 will net an infinitely large value as the distance r is 0. The magnetic field won't have an r-hat value for its own magnetic field either because the point P is the charge itself.

This leads me to believe that a moving charge is not affected by its electric and magnetic fields. is this correct for an undergraduate college physics class?

submitted by /u/Neffero
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How does a Housefly survive after continuously bashing its self against hard surfaces?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:40 PM PDT

Why do muscles get sore the day after exercise, not straight away?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 10:35 PM PDT

The damage to the muscles is done during the exercise, not after it, so why doesn't it ache right after?

submitted by /u/Bart_6_6_6
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For materials scientists, does reinforcing by composite coating has any explanations to wear rate?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:29 AM PDT

Could grain size, or volume fraction of reinforcement nanoparticles have an effect on wear rate of the coated steel? Increase it or decrease it.

submitted by /u/hotttpotatoo
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Yanar dag, is there no way to put out the fire? Are we keeping it lit just for nostalgia?

Posted: 25 Apr 2018 03:21 AM PDT

What is causing this "fairy ring" on this volcanic island?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:30 PM PDT

Dropped Pin near Île Amsterdam

https://goo.gl/maps/CaQBtY4nut82

submitted by /u/ColonelStone
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What are current predictions for the future of the Amazon Rainforest? Is the forest as a whole at risk from human activity?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:32 PM PDT

What will be the future of continents?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 08:21 AM PDT

Will Africa collide as everybody says,and could India break apart from Asia?

submitted by /u/JewelCichlid99
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If cat's are covered in fur, and don't pant or sweat. How do they regulate there temperature when they fall asleep in the sun or on a heat vent?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:23 AM PDT

First off. I know cat's pant if they get hot enought but they don't while they are sleeping.

Moving on, how do they keep from over heating when they are sleep for hours in hot places? Do they have a lowered body temperature while sleeping? In general cats don't seem to mind heat so are they just built for higher temps? If so how? what adaptations do they have to deal with heat?

Thank you for looking at my question and I look forward to finding the answer!

submitted by /u/Solsting
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Everything in space spins it seems, so how could an enormous cloud of spinning dust and gas ever condense to form a star?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 11:30 AM PDT

It seems the angular momentum of a gas cloud would prevent the cloud from condensing, unless most gas clouds in fact do NOT have significant spin.

submitted by /u/jcgam
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Tuesday, April 24, 2018

How does hair hold onto water so well?

How does hair hold onto water so well?


How does hair hold onto water so well?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:47 PM PDT

I shower in the evening and my hair is still wet the next day

submitted by /u/TheGirlKing
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Why are rainstorms frequently accompanied with lighting, but snowstorms/blizzards rarely (never?) have lightning?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:26 PM PDT

In a rotating black hole, what is rotating?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 02:30 AM PDT

Just something that crossed my mind recently, since the horizon isn't made up of anything. What is the rotating. Or is it just a way to allow for the conservation of angular momentum without having to go inside the BH with our current understanding?

submitted by /u/Michkov
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What’s happening when cloths are bleached by the Sun?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 04:09 AM PDT

Why does Miso paste in Miso soup clump up the way it does?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:56 AM PDT

How easy is it to find a polynomial function of degree n to match n value-pairs?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 05:30 AM PDT

I have a dim memory, that my math teacher once said, he can "easily" find such a polynom. Doing that with value pairs (x,y) where they have a form of (x,0) is trivial, so I think it could be possible to do manually. Do you know of any viable method, or did my memory play a trick on me?

submitted by /u/errolo
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What does a monogamous bird do when his partner die ?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 11:59 AM PDT

Why does glide reflection have its own symmetry type, when it's just a combination of two other types (reflection and translation)?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 09:36 PM PDT

What would happen if we were able to cool our computers to 0K?

Posted: 24 Apr 2018 06:14 AM PDT

Would they become less power-hungry? Make less heat?

submitted by /u/adamski234
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The label on my food says there are tens of kilojoules of energy per serving. Why can only our bodies use this energy and not for general power use?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 07:42 PM PDT

How does a doctor determine "you have a 5% chance of living" or x% chance of walking again, seeing again, and so on?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 05:43 PM PDT

Is it just a coincidence that the charges of protons and electrons happen to be equal in magnitude?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:27 PM PDT

How did they set the exact moment (not duration) of the second pulse of Universal Time (UTC)?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 03:50 PM PDT

How did they find the exact nanosecond to place the second pulse? Is it set exactly to the split second from solar mean time? Or did they just find an arbitrary moment approximately about mean solar noon? Why isn't the time 0,5 second ahead, or a half minute?

submitted by /u/Navstar27
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Why did earth's debris become a moon but Saturn's became rings?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:40 PM PDT

How did Olympus Mons get so big?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 02:47 PM PDT

When you put on a large amount of weight and your skin surface area increases, do you gain more hair follicles or does the space between each follicle just get bigger?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 03:57 AM PDT

Does Heisenberg's uncertainty principle suggest that you can determine velocity and position to good precision if you don't know the particle's mass? Is there even any situation where that could come up?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 12:29 PM PDT

How many photons do we see per star?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 11:11 PM PDT

Some stars seem brighter than others. At first thought, I would think that we see more photons from it. But then I think about how wide of an angle a star is shooting photons in all direction... and how far we are away, and the very very pricise angle needed to hit our eyes. I think the number of photons being released by a star has to be astronomical even if just 1 or more hit our eyes.

I bet the math is beautiful on how we estimate how many photons that a star releases over a time period.

submitted by /u/goodnewsjimdotcom
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Why is favism (G6PDD) more likely to occur in populations that have historically consumed fava beans?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 06:31 PM PDT

I read about fava beans and see they've historically been a staple-food for mediterranean and north african peoples, and then I read about favism and see that mediterranean and north african peoples are more genetically predisposed to G6PDD.

And I wonder...why?

submitted by /u/kreblator
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Can aerodynamic lift be used to increase a road vehicle's fuel efficiency?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 03:54 PM PDT

Downforce keeps cars like the Camry "grounded to the ground," are there any practical or theoretical applications of a car's aerodynamics being used to produce minimal or moderate lift at highway speeds?

submitted by /u/DowntubeShifts
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What shape(s) are black holes?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 11:59 AM PDT

Typically -- we see black holes referred to as a sinkhole of sorts, with a ring that funnels to a singularity.

Do we have a definitive concept of black holes, and what their actual shape is? If they're a small ball with a central singularity, or in-fact a ring shape that just orients based on their creation?

submitted by /u/shiroun
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What's is the evolutionary history of opossums? How are the related to Australian marsupials? Why are there so few marsupials in North America?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 06:02 AM PDT

How are we trying to find dark matter if we don't know what it is?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 07:36 PM PDT

Monday, April 23, 2018

How is it so that several (all?) mammals grow and lose a set of "baby teeth" before growing their final dentition? Why stop at two sets when other vertebrates such as sharks regenerate their teeth constantly?

How is it so that several (all?) mammals grow and lose a set of "baby teeth" before growing their final dentition? Why stop at two sets when other vertebrates such as sharks regenerate their teeth constantly?


How is it so that several (all?) mammals grow and lose a set of "baby teeth" before growing their final dentition? Why stop at two sets when other vertebrates such as sharks regenerate their teeth constantly?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 08:36 PM PDT

How does hydrogen embrittlement work?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 04:57 AM PDT

If placed in a controlled environment, do trees that normally undergo seasonal leaf Abcission stop losing their leaves?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 03:40 PM PDT

How do our eyes avoid being commonly infected through things like rubbing our eyes or the pollutants in the air?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 04:26 PM PDT

Whats the difference between an explosive, a propellant and an accelerant?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 12:30 AM PDT

I'm a bit confused about the differences and whether individual substances might sometimes overlap in function depending on how they're used or if perhaps some are subcategories of another.

submitted by /u/infamousnexus
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Would it be possible to have a ball of electrons?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 11:14 PM PDT

Forgive me i have no way to phrase that doesnt make me sound uneducated. Im working on writing a story for another thread, r/HFY and this as an idea for"faster than light travel"

Obviously I'm no scientist, but like I said I'm just trying to slap some science into my story.

Would it be possible to contain electrons without a neutron or proton to bond to, in one mass? Enough of them perhaps that this mass, would have it's own gravitational pull.

Further more what happens if an object were to be pulled continuously into this gravity? Would it just continue accelerating or is there a cut off point?

submitted by /u/FaultlessBark
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Does Ocean Salinity Drop During/After a Rainstorm?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 11:05 PM PDT

I was listening to the "Water's Not Wet" guy, and it got me thinking. The ocean may not "get wet" but rainwater and ocean water are very different in composition. The ocean is salt water and rain is fresh water (or at least has less salinity than the ocean). So my question is this: Does the salinity of the surface of the ocean drop during/after a rainstorm? If so, by how much, and how deep? (Obviously, the bottom of the ocean wouldn't be affected much/quickly by rain at the surface.) Is this something that can be measured, and has it been?

If it doesn't change much, is it due to the fact that the ocean is so large that a rainstorm's worth of water won't affect the salinity, even locally?

submitted by /u/AdmiralMemo
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Statistical Regression: Why don't we care about the t-stat / p-value for the intercept term ?

Posted: 23 Apr 2018 12:40 AM PDT

For doing linear regressions, we do care about the t-stat/p-value for coefficients for the independent variables because we would like to see if the estimated coefficients are significantly different from zero.

From what I have heard, we don't care much if the t-stat/p-value for the constant/intercept term indicates that the estimated value of the intercept is not significantly different than zero.

Why exactly is this though? The value of the intercept is still used in our regression formula, so wouldn't we care about its value too? (Not sure if this is the appropriate question to ask?)

Thanks!

submitted by /u/MAIRJ23
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Do nocturnal animals prefer sleeping conditions that are dimly lit or bright in contrast to humans which prefer dark conditions?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 09:57 AM PDT

How for down into the mantle do we have to go before the temperature is hotter than the surface?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 08:55 PM PDT

Is this depth consistent at all latitudes?

submitted by /u/iarrrrpirate
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Would objects orbiting Earth, such as space debris, satellites, the ISS, be hot or cold to the touch?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 02:14 PM PDT

Either way, how hot or cold would the object be that has been orbiting Earth for years?

submitted by /u/WeslyCrushrsBuffant
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Are women born with all their eggs?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 05:18 PM PDT

I've always been told that women are born with a set number of eggs and once they run out they're gone. Recently I've also heard that this isn't true. So, are women born with all their eggs? Do we know for sure?

If you could link any articles of studies that would be great!

submitted by /u/RigbyAtNight
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How can we tell if someone we can’t see is shouting from far away or whispering close to us?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 12:41 PM PDT

Ignoring echo from being in a room how do we know.

submitted by /u/bobby_blobby
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How do phones keep cool with small heatsinks and no fans?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 10:16 AM PDT

[Medicine] What leads a body to reject or accept donated organs?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 11:53 AM PDT

Why are shadows casted from objects more crisp depending on how far the object is from the ground?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 11:50 AM PDT

If the human body has evolved over millions of years to swell up in response to an injury, why are we instructed to apply ice to prevent our evolutionary swelling response?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 04:14 AM PDT

How does a train engine, pulling miles of cars and many tons of load, get enough traction to actually move everything?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 08:33 AM PDT

What are public and private keys and what do they do for a server when transferring information?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 05:02 PM PDT

What is the shape of a transmissions wave? Can this shape be changed? Can motion significantly affect the shape?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 10:55 PM PDT

This is probably in both the physics department. Consider a perfectly straight line separating point A and B. The line is significantly lengthy, but not infinite. There is a car that will travel from A, to B, carrying a transmitter emitting a microwave. I'm automatically assuming that the transmission of the car, while stationary, is perfectly spherical.

However, when the car starts moving forward what happens to the shape?

  1. Does the shape of the transmission's microwave be cone shaped with the tip of the cone being the car itself and the widest base of the cone be point A?

  2. Let's introduce a new point, C. As the car moves forward, so does C. Point C can be anywhere ahead of the car. If you are at point C, how would you observe the shape of the microwave? Would it look like a cone to you? Or a perfect sphere with the car at it's center?

For the sake of this terribly worded exercise, please assume the car can move very fast, just not faster than the speed of light. Basically, what is the shape of a microwave, and does motion affect it?

submitted by /u/Xerxys
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Are there earthquakes in other planets?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 09:08 PM PDT

Why wouldn't they be? What makes our planet so special to have tectonic plaques that produce earthquakes? Or is that why there are not earthquakes in space, as there is nowhere their earth or, whatever their soil is made of, move?

Maybe this is a very stupid question, but I guess... why wouldn't they be?

submitted by /u/Poch391
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Why don’t we sneeze in our sleep?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 11:00 AM PDT

Studies have shown that small movements in the throat occur during an internal dialogue--does that happen when music plays in your head, too?

Posted: 22 Apr 2018 04:28 AM PDT

The movements are similar to the ones used during speech and even certain parts of the brain are active both during the internal dialogue and speaking (IIRC).

But what about the music that plays in your head? Be it some earworm or a personal favorite, most people have music in their head at one time or another throughout the day. Does the same activity in the brain and throat occur with the music and the vocals? What about the memories of someone speaking?

submitted by /u/WadeEffingWilson
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