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Thursday, April 19, 2018

This may be a stupid question, but what defines GMO. Is it simply changing a plant through cross pollinating (at its simplest level) such as Mendel, or does GMO mean laboratory tested and genetically altered through a laboratory?

This may be a stupid question, but what defines GMO. Is it simply changing a plant through cross pollinating (at its simplest level) such as Mendel, or does GMO mean laboratory tested and genetically altered through a laboratory?


This may be a stupid question, but what defines GMO. Is it simply changing a plant through cross pollinating (at its simplest level) such as Mendel, or does GMO mean laboratory tested and genetically altered through a laboratory?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 09:59 PM PDT

How is it possible for every human to have different voices?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 07:54 PM PDT

If microwaves are "non-ionizing", how does a grape create plasma in a microwave oven?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 04:24 PM PDT

Is non-ionizing radiation really incapable of ionizing ANY molecule?

submitted by /u/lcarusLlVES
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How do swept wings differ from straight wings in performance?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 04:12 PM PDT

Are bird/whale (animals in general) songs learned or genetically programed? IOW, are animal songs the same in captivity as nature?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 08:12 PM PDT

Are bird/whale (animals in general) songs learned or genetically programed? IOW, are animal songs the same in captivity as nature?

My dad and I were talking about this and we didn't know. We heard (but after googling I couldn't find this) that there was a university test whereby chickens were raised for generations in captivity and never squawked seeing shapes (such as squares and triangles) fly over, but then fifteen generations later the researchers sent one hawk and all the chickens were frightened.

This is a general question about genetically remembered fears or traits that aren't exactly taught.

Edit: I wasn't sure which flair to put this under. I think it would be more appropriate for zoology (but that is not present); so, I put it under biology. I think this is accurate since I ultimately am asking about the biological questions relating to genetically implied actions.

submitted by /u/Isatis_tinctoria
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Does rate of dissolution of salt change while a quantity of salt is being dissolved?

Posted: 19 Apr 2018 07:07 AM PDT

I have two buckets full of enough water that the amounts of salt I am attempting to dissolve will not saturate the solution. I want to dissolve a quantity of salt, X cups, in one bucket. In the other bucket I want to dissolve 2*X cups. Will these two quantities finish dissolving at the same time? Does the amount of salt already dissolved in the solution affect the rate of dissolution?

submitted by /u/electrodynamometer
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Why do some solids (like metals) make a *ting* noise when struck, and others (like wood or plastic) make a *thunk* noise?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 07:32 PM PDT

Why do the acoustics of certain materials vary? Why can't you make a guitar string out of carbon fiber for instance?

submitted by /u/JohnH550
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Does bees' honey concentrate or filter out toxins from the original flowers?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 02:54 PM PDT

I was thinking of this recently when reading an article on the main page about NYC beekeepers. In a pollution-heavy area, where flowers might be exposed to toxins in the ground/water/air, can those toxins concentrate into honey? Or is pollen and/or honey somehow insulated from toxins by some mechanism? Since I imagine it will be asked, we can break them out into earthly/local contaminants (heavy metals in the soil, agricultural runoff, etc) and air pollution from cars/trucks/smog/etc.

submitted by /u/polishprocessors
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Sending a rainbow into a prism?

Posted: 19 Apr 2018 02:56 AM PDT

If colored light rays were to send into a prism in the correct angles (Just the reverse of what happens to white light), would it produce actual white light?

submitted by /u/mantlair
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How does voyager 1 not run out of fuel?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 08:06 PM PDT

Sorry if this is a dumb question, but that thing is in space since 1977 if I'm not wrong. How has it not ran out of fuel? Or hit a meteor or something?

submitted by /u/M33RHARIS
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Are Fourier transforms something fundamental in our Universe?

Posted: 19 Apr 2018 03:49 AM PDT

So I was watching a Sixty Symbols video about bandwidth and Fourier transform and in some part of it, it is said that Δf x Δt ≈ 1, where Δf is the range of frequencies that can pass through the cable and Δt is the minimum pulse width that those frequencies can make(Fourier). So for example in an optical fiber cable you can't send very short pulses because the Fourier transform of that pulse would have frequencies components beyond the limit of the optical fiber. My question is: That doesn't imply that the Fourier transform(and its sinusoids components) are not only a mathematical tool but a fundamental part of our universe? I mean, shouldn't the minimum pulse width be determined only by the wavelength of the frequency carrying the signal?

submitted by /u/jrmiranda
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Why do I sometimes get the urge to jump from a great height, randomly destroy something expensive, or to put something disgusting in my mouth?

Posted: 19 Apr 2018 03:07 AM PDT

In islands such as Hawaii which are made from lava hit spots how does the lava stack up to make a island since the lava comes from the bottom up?

Posted: 19 Apr 2018 01:31 AM PDT

Is it possible to transmit wireless data at the frequency of visible light? In that case, we could see the data transmission.

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 09:38 PM PDT

If a supersonic aircraft gets hot from compression heating, does that mean that the air behind it is colder because it transferred heat to the aircraft?

Posted: 19 Apr 2018 12:33 AM PDT

Additionally, if you had a perfect theoretical model (ignoring the inconvenient physics) could you fly a second aircraft behind the first that would get colder?

submitted by /u/18107
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How do LIGO results infer distance/size etc of source?

Posted: 19 Apr 2018 01:25 AM PDT

I have some questions about how LIGO works... I understand the basics and how it works by basically detecting very small changes in a laser beams path. Thats fine I get that that is an indicator of gravitational waves.

So..

  1. How can we identify that the waves are from X billion years ago?
  2. How do we know the direction the wave came from?
  3. How do we know the decay rate of a wave?
submitted by /u/liltbrockie
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This is not a medical advice request. Lansoprazole - a common PPI (as prescribed to me) states not to take indigestion remedies "2 hours before, or after" taking the medicine. Why? I have searched, no actual answers.

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 11:05 PM PDT

I am not asking for medical advice.

I am struggling to find out why this time line is stated on the pamphlet, and the label my pharmacist(s) put on the packaging. Basic searching (as far as I have delved) only results in the actual medicine and its uses, not why you shouldn't take "indigestion remedies" within in this period. I also cannot find what types of indigestion remedies they are saying to avoid.

I respect this isn't ELI5, but I'd appreciate some clarification as to why, that a layman can understand. If not, I'm happy to read papers relating to this to try and figure my own way around, slowly. Thank you.

Oh, they are gastro-resistant (enteric, if you prefer) capsules.

submitted by /u/neffs
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A catalyst lowers the activation energy for a reaction. Is there something that increases it, like an anti-catalyst?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 09:45 AM PDT

How (if they do at all) do orb-weaver spiders establish territories?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 09:07 PM PDT

There's lots of spiders near my house. How do they determine which one gets to build its web in the sunny spot near the outside faucet (which is like an all-you-can-eat insect buffet), and which ones have to go up to the third floor (where there never seems to be as many insects caught in the webs).

Strangely the spiders on the ground level, with the prime insect supply, seem to be smaller than the vast monsters on the third floor.

submitted by /u/AWinterschill
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Where exactly does the LHC get protons?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 12:35 PM PDT

I want to a talk recently that stated that the LHC accelerates protons to relativistic speeds, and I was wondering where they get the protons? I was under the assumption that they create a positive hydrogen ion, leaving just the proton - is this correct? And if so, how is it done?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Undercover_Ostrich
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What's The Deal With ITER's Funding & Timeline?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 06:29 PM PDT

It's supposed to take until 2025 to be assembled and then another 10 years for the full scale experiments.

It's estimated to cost 20 billion Euros. This seems like a paltry sum for Europe, China, or the USA, let alone a collaboration between them and Japan, India, Russia, etc. so it seems like participants could fairly easily pony up additional funding.

Does building it just take that long due to the nature of the project or is it a matter of funding such that doubling the funding move the 2035 date up to the 2020s?

submitted by /u/pennypurplepyramid
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Wednesday, April 18, 2018

Does the velocity of a photon change?

Does the velocity of a photon change?


Does the velocity of a photon change?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 04:39 AM PDT

When a photon travels through a medium does it's velocity slow, increasing the time, or does it take a longer path through the medium, also increasing the time.

submitted by /u/jpn1405
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When your body responds to changes in temperature by doing things like sweating or shivering, is it our minds’ perception of the temperature that causes this or does the temperature somehow directly do this?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 05:39 AM PDT

Since that was probably a confusing title, here's an example: if you were sitting in the snow and it was below freezing out, yet somehow in your mind you were completely convinced that it was warm out and that you weren't cold at all, despite your internal temperature dropping, would you still start shivering?

submitted by /u/CoalVein
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What exactly composes the taste of freezer burn? Is it a chemical in the food that tastes like freezer burn?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 06:53 AM PDT

Not asking how freezer burn happens, but rather once it happens, what are the constituents of the taste?

submitted by /u/GregJamesDahlen
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Do recreational drugs effect different ethnic groups differently?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 05:52 AM PDT

I'm not trying to sound or be racist racist. I'm curious about the effects of drugs on different ethnic groups. I believe certain drugs may effect people with certain DNA SNP's differently. I put my DNA into a SNP reader and it says I could have poor metabolization to certain medications. So I was wondering if the effects of say alcohol on someone who's say British/Irish ethnicity would differ to someone who's say Japanese ethnicity.

submitted by /u/whoknowwhatthatmean
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do you determine the amount of CO2 in the air in the past?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 03:48 AM PDT

Specifically for time periods before the formation of permenant ice caps? Asking because I got curious after a PBS Eons episode on the Paleogene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.

submitted by /u/SomewithCheese
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Does alcohol consumption have permanent negative effects on a person's intelligence?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 03:19 AM PDT

Why do we sometimes keep strong memories of mundane or unimportant events in our lives? Is there a specific reason why we do so?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 12:11 PM PDT

We can recall very insignificant things like a statement, joke, image, or object from a particular moment even if we sometimes forget everything else about it. These memories can also feel very lucid, kind of like the popular statement, "I remember like it happened yesterday". Do we know the process behind it?

submitted by /u/Kaleidostorm
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Under what circumstances could a sea or ocean become carbonated, like a tonic water?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 07:18 PM PDT

Why do fast-moving things appear as a blur? Theoretically what would it take for us to increase our visual "framerate"?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 02:00 AM PDT

For example the blades of a fan appear as a blur. Is there any theoretical way to see each blade moving separately?

Or is it just the way light works?

submitted by /u/xplosiveshake
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how are electrons able to produce magnetic field inside an orbital. how does changes in spin up and spin down motion changes the overall magnetic field of an atom?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 12:02 AM PDT

so i know that in bohr's theory it is simple to know the magnetic moment of an electron revolving around a nucleus cause it is an orbit and performing circular motion. But in an orbital where motion of electron is not specified, how are we able to know the magnetic moment it produces, by knowing the spin of the electron?

and then how are we able to categorize the nature of an element in para, dia, ferro, ferri, anti-ferri? just on the basis of electron's spin?????

submitted by /u/JordaNova73
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What is the chemistry behind pop rocks?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 03:47 PM PDT

What reaction causes the popping sensation?

submitted by /u/erik2420
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If photons lose kinetic energy when colliding with objects but by definition travel at the speed of light and have no mass, where does that energy come from? Can a photon’s energy level be reduced to the point of being below the speed of light?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 05:25 PM PDT

Is there a venom that isn't a poison?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 01:50 AM PDT

The difference between poison and venom to my low biology knowledge is that the former kills you after you ingest it while later kills you after it gets into your bloodstream. So is there any venom that can be safely digested?

submitted by /u/DreamerGhost
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What does this chemical notation mean?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 01:30 AM PDT

I was recently in the Natural History Museum in London, where there is a wonderful geology room filled with hundreds of rocks and minerals. Looking through these I stumbled upon a chunk of Empressite which was tagged with the chemical formula:

Ag5-xTe3

What does the (5-x) mean?

(Apologies for the use of superscript - I have no idea how to subscript.)

submitted by /u/FaustsDaemon
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How do most antidepressant drugs cause weight gain?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 02:32 PM PDT

Do they make us eat more? Does it change the metabolism? Can they be used in anorexia?

submitted by /u/zorbix
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When Venus was in the Goldilocks zone, what would potential life have been like with it’s retrograde rotation?

Posted: 18 Apr 2018 04:34 AM PDT

Insects, with their compound eyes, don't have irises like mammals, etc, do. Our irises help protect our retinas from damage in bright light while letting us see okay in dark light still. Do insects forego this versatility? Or do they solve it some other way?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 03:21 PM PDT

Do languages that read from right to left think of time as progressing from right to left?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 02:41 PM PDT

As an English speaker I, and I assume most people, think of time progressing in the forward direction to the right. For example when plotting a time line, the most recent events would be to the right, and historic events to the left. Does the direction of reading affect this?

submitted by /u/thuww
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What do we use our current super computers for? And why do we need for powerful ones?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 02:54 PM PDT

Is there a rigorous definition of “information”?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 04:18 PM PDT

Is there a rigorous definition in physics of what constitutes information? Is there a difference between a hydrogen atom and a Collected Works of William Shakespeare outside of pure physical composition? How does that difference relate to the black hole information paradox?

submitted by /u/gsg121
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How do we know that different animals see more colors than us?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 02:59 PM PDT

I've been researching on color lately and how we look at it. I found a few articles that talk about how animals see more colors than us but none of them really explain it. Is there any evidence that they for sure do see more colors than us and how this been proven?

submitted by /u/R3w1
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Tuesday, April 17, 2018

What happened with Zika, is it gone now?

What happened with Zika, is it gone now?


What happened with Zika, is it gone now?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 05:24 AM PDT

How was the newly found huge Japanese "rare earths" deposit formed?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 01:47 PM PDT

Link to the story

So the higher elements are formed inside Super Novae and then spewed out into the galaxy where they mix with other clouds of matter that eventually became our solar system and planet. So they have been around for billions of years before and billions of years since becoming part of the Earth. But why are they so dense in just this one area and why are they in the form of mud?

Also, how likely is it that there are many more of these yet to be discovered?

submitted by /u/Emu_or_Aardvark
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In the ISS, how do astronomers keep the station clean?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 04:25 AM PDT

Dust (food, human dead cells...) stay in there. Do they "hoover" the environment? Which technologies do they have to do it?

submitted by /u/EtG_Gibbs
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How does a viscous disinfectant hand gel become more liquid when rubbing it?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 04:16 AM PDT

Even when I merely apply some on my hand and not rub it, it will become more runny on the surface of my palm. I guess it has something to do with the alcohol? Can someone explain? Thanks!

submitted by /u/AIforce
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Why are many Midwest US farms harvested/grown in circular patterns?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 11:28 PM PDT

Maybe this gravitates more towards agriculture, but I believe r/askscience can justify an answer.

In scanning Google Maps in regions of Kansas, Nebraska, and other parts of the United States Midwest, I'm wondering where large regions of land are being farmed/harvested in (nearly) perfect circular patterns? Is there an agricultural benefit to doing so?

Google Maps link here

submitted by /u/Savanty
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If I donate blood, will my blood pressure lower?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 10:21 PM PDT

Will it lower significantly? How long would the pressure be abnormal?

submitted by /u/ouiouibitch
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Why did NASA send Rovers (spirit, curiosity, Opportunity) to Mars but destroy Cassini?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 11:05 PM PDT

To the best of my little knowledge about planetary science, we crashed Cassini into Saturn's atmosphere; so that Enceladus, Titan would be unadulterated by any microbes because there is a slight chance they might be habitable for future generations. If so, why then did we land rovers on Mars as they may have carried microbes to Martian surface?

submitted by /u/Eclipsespirit
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How does a CFC (e.g. CCl2F2), a heavier than air gas, reach the stratosphere, over 20 miles above sea level?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 03:46 AM PDT

What can cause bears to not make it through hibernation?

Posted: 17 Apr 2018 07:20 AM PDT

Are there thresholds for how much body fat they need to have gained by the end of the summer? Do we know of sets of circumstances that can lead to them not making it through the winter?

submitted by /u/QuirksNquarkS
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Are Cerenkov radiation and Landau damping related?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 10:56 PM PDT

I was told recently that wave-particle resonances for waves travelling at the frequency of the particle's parallel velocity were Landau or Cerenkov resonant since the particle effectively feels a wave of zero frequency.

Perhaps I am simply missing something very obvious, but why does this condition correspond to both Landau and Cerenkov resonance? One is simply wave damping (or growth) on particles with thermal speeds corresponding to the wave's phase velocity, while the other denotes radiation emitted from a medium where the particle's motion exceeds the local speed of light. What's the commonality with the above wave-particle resonance?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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People generally have the same joints in their bodies with size being the main difference between individuals. Besides injury and medical conditions, what else causes people to have different gaits when they walk or run?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 03:43 PM PDT

How do you perform an eye test on a baby or toddler when they can't communicate verbally?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 09:35 AM PDT

Does reading/learning to read sheet music activate the same regions of the brains as reading/learning to read a foreign language ?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 03:44 PM PDT

How can we be so sure that species of theropods like Yutyrannus were feathered, but have a hard time finding out if others like the T.Rex were fully covered with feathers or were only feathered in certain regions?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 05:29 PM PDT

How did we discover plasma? (The 4th State of Matter)

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 02:11 PM PDT

How exactly did we discover plasma? Have we ever heated gas hot enough to create plasma in a lab environment? Does plasma have an adverse effects upon the human body when exposed?

submitted by /u/olleh74
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Why is space equipment/satellites/rocketry assembled and kept in clean room environments?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 05:46 PM PDT

How do other baryons behave inside atomic nuclei?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 10:43 PM PDT

Neutrons decay in free space, but are apparently stable inside some atomic nuclei. In other nuclei protons decay. Are there theories or experiments describing how the stability of other baryons are affected?

I've found quite a few interesting papers on hypernuclei which I am working through, but very little more easily digested material. Also the papers I have read so far have all discussed the properties of the nucleus itself, mostly binding energy, but not the affects on the constituent baryons.

It seems to me that if the half-life of neutrons can be increased by 1020 times, then a lambda baryon which usually decays in under a nanosecond might last for a more human scale timeframe, seconds or years, or even be effectively stable.

I also see that the additional binding energy in light nuclei when a hyperon is added is up to around a tenth the mass of the strange quark, which suggests to me that it will be energetically favourable for the strange quark to decay even if the entire nucleus is then left unstable, but is near enough in scale I would expect some change to the decay.

Has there been research on heavier hypernuclei, like iron or lead?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/suoirucimalsi
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What is it about the digestive system of animals that makes them able to raw meat, whereas it would make a human sick?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 01:42 PM PDT

I feel like all other carnivores have the ability to eat raw meat, but humans do not. Do they have some part of their metabolism that allows this? Or would humans be able to do it as well if we took time to slowly eat more and more raw meat?

Additionally, I've heard theories that cooking food is part of why humans are more intelligent than other creatures. Our bodies don't have to use the extra energy to break down the already cooked food, so it goes into our cognitive processes instead. Feel free to expand on that too.

Thanks for the insight!

submitted by /u/SilverSwizz
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Are there any methods of recording uncertainties without observing them?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 04:27 PM PDT

Quantum Mechanics has many particles and functions which are in a state of uncertainty until they are observed, where they collapse into a single state. My question is, are there any methods, theoretical or real, to record such things for future observation? For example, is it possible to freeze a quantum state in time so that it may be observed later on, and the data recorded?

And as a further question, in quantum mechanics, what exactly counts as observation? Is it only human observation, or can it also be animal observation? What about mechanical? And does changing the observer create a difference in the observed state?

submitted by /u/yay855
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Why is neutron degeneracy pressure "stronger" than electron degeneracy pressure?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 10:29 AM PDT

A white dwarf collapses into a neutron star when its mass overwhelms electron degeneracy pressure, and its mass gets compressed into neutrons.

A neutron star collapses into a black hole when its mass overwhelms neutron degeneracy pressure, and its mass gets compressed into (???).

But the neutron star collapse clearly happens at a higher mass than a white dwarf collapse. This would seem to imply that neutron degeneracy can support greater pressure than electron degeneracy. Why is that, given that they are both (in my understanding) governed by the same Pauli exclusion principle?

submitted by /u/playful_pachyderm
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How can we use The Doppler Effect to calculate the exact trajectory and speed of an object?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 05:33 PM PDT

Ok, so I understand the basics of The Doppler Effect: when an object is travelling towards you, it compresses and shortens the perceived wavelength of light/sound emitted. When it is travelling away, it increases the perceived wavelength.

The thing that I don't understand is how we can calculate an objects exact trajectory. For example, if an object is going in a direction perpendicular to the distant between you and the object, no matter how fast it is going, there would be no Doppler Shift, since said object isn't moving towards or away from you.

Am I mistaken in that the Doppler Effect can only determine movement in one axis? Or is there some other way to detect the object's movement?

submitted by /u/Superslayer514
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How fast do radioactive things boil water?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 03:10 PM PDT

I read somewhere that nuclear power was just using nuclear things to boil water and using the steam to spin a turbine.
Is it really that much more effective than burning something else to do the same thing?
Also is that the best way to be using nuclear power? I imagined it would have been way more complicated than boiling water.

submitted by /u/ilikebutteryfries
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