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Monday, April 16, 2018

Why do cognitive abilities progressively go down the more tired you are, sometimes to the point of having your mind go "blank"?

Why do cognitive abilities progressively go down the more tired you are, sometimes to the point of having your mind go "blank"?


Why do cognitive abilities progressively go down the more tired you are, sometimes to the point of having your mind go "blank"?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 09:43 PM PDT

Why can't I receive information from the future via delayed choice quantum eraser with a different beam splitter?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 09:58 PM PDT

It seems that you cannot send information to the past (aka receive information from the future) with delayed choice because the waveform interference pattern cannot be understood with the screen alone because you need to first examine the detectors to make sense of the dots on the screen.

The current thinking seems to be that you cannot send information across time because in the scrambling "eraser" section of the experiment, we send photons through a beam splitter which results in 50% landing in detectors C and the other 50% in detector D. Due to the fact their interference patterns subsequently are perfectly out of phase, you cannot decipher waveforms with the screen alone because without being able to reference the information in the detectors, the screen alone just looks like a bunch of unorganized dots with no apparent interference pattern.

However, is there a beam splitter available to science which could send most of the photons to one of the two detectors (for example, 99% go to detector C once they are in the eraser portion of the experiment).

It would seem to me that if there's a beam splitter than can send most of the photons just to detector C (99% instead of 50%), you would pretty clearly be able to see either a waveform or not, despite a little bit of fuzziness.

This idea also seems like it would not violate nature's rules about not having certainty about path information to get the waveform interference pattern.

References:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ORLN_KwAgs

https://youtu.be/MuvwcsfXIIo?t=4m

https://youtu.be/VYZQxMowBsw?t=3m18s

submitted by /u/printThisAndSmokeIt
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What determines which X chromosome becomes active during the X inactivation process?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 09:32 PM PDT

Shortly after the conception of a female mammal, one of the X chromosomes is inactivated. I'm curious as to what determines which of the two X chromosomes becomes the active one in a given cell?

edit: clarifying question.

submitted by /u/Moonpenny
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In the winter underneath frozen streams and rivers, what microbial colonies live there and thrive there?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 09:30 PM PDT

I'm just wondering since I'm sending a cryolander down to a frozen river next year and I'm wondering if anything lives and thrives there other than fish. Thanks.

submitted by /u/zyzzyne_
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What is the scientific/biological reason for wanting to squeeze anything we deem cute?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 08:57 PM PDT

It doesn't matter what it is. When it's cute we must touch it and preferably squeeze it. Why??

submitted by /u/RedRaiderRx09
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Are eyes like telescopes? The bigger they are the more light they can detect? If so how big would they have to be in order to see nebulae unassisted?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 04:58 AM PDT

How is caffeine removed from coffee?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 03:53 PM PDT

I'm wondering how the process works by removing caffeine from coffee to make decaffeinated coffee

submitted by /u/LucidDreamState
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What makes our sunsets so beautiful and vibrant on some evenings, and others not so vibrant?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 02:00 AM PDT

Is it possible to create a molecule containing a noble gas ?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 05:31 AM PDT

For example, would it be possible to take away an electron from a Helium atom and then force it to link with a Hydrogen atom ?

submitted by /u/composedEdius
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In reactions (chemical or nuclear) where light is a product, is there an acceleration phase that photons undergo or do they simply exist at C?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 07:46 AM PDT

In combustion reaction or nuclear reactions light is a product of the reaction. Is there a point where photons have to be accelerated to the speed of light or do photons only exist at C?

submitted by /u/GuitarCFD
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Structurally, how can you tell the difference between the aorta and superior vena cava?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 02:20 AM PDT

I am currently studying the structure of the heart in biology and, after dissecting a heart am unsure of how you can tell what is the aorta and what is the superior vena cava. I have put a link with images of the heart I dissected if it helps.

https://imgur.com/a/sRcxs

submitted by /u/maxthekillbot
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A creationist told me that science, under uniformitarianism, basically assumes that things have always occured as they do now. Is this true? If it's true isn't that a problem?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 08:48 PM PDT

Can dogs have recessive genes show up in later generations?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 08:02 PM PDT

Does driving a nail into a tree actually "hurt" it?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 04:02 PM PDT

Assuming for the sake of argument that it's a rustproof nail (so that infection isn't a factor), does that nail actually harm the tree in any way? Or is the idea that it hurts the tree simply me projecting?

submitted by /u/VagabondVivant
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Has a gravitational force been observed between massless particles?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 03:04 PM PDT

Light is attracted to mass by gravity (black holes, gravitational lensing). Due to Newton's 3rd law (For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction) the light will assert a force on the mass via gravity. Extending this, is a gravitational force between photons? And is it large enough to be observed?

I understand at high energies, pair production will be a factor, but I was thinking about lower energies than this.

Additional question: If you shine two lasers of wavelength X metres in parallel, Y metres apart, how long will it before the beams converge due to gravity.

I'm not sure about my logic here. Please correct me if I'm wrong.

submitted by /u/12ShotsThenHome
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Has there ever been a documented instance where a planet in a binary star system orbits in a figure 8 motion around both stars?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 08:52 PM PDT

How does magnetic field density behave when there is more than one wire generating current? Is it cumulative, or is it more complicated than that?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 05:36 PM PDT

I'm doing some research on ELF magnetic fields generated by electrical wires and appliances. All of the diagrams I've seen of magnetic field strength in relation to distance from the source show just one point source. What happens if there's more than one? For example, in parallel high voltage power lines? Would the density in Tesla or Gauss simply be a matter of calculating the intensity relative to each point and adding or is there more that I have to take into account?

submitted by /u/Slid61
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Would it be possible to build telescope using long pipes or multiple sheets with aligning holes?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 06:31 AM PDT

Would it be possible to get an image if one constrained the light to a direction with long pipes in a matrix that only let light through if it is coming from given direction? It could also be made of sheets that basically do what the pipes are meant to do but with longer and longer intervals of space between, and some absorption area around the holes.

submitted by /u/jarmoj
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Time is relative. I can understand this on a basic level, but how can time be faster in the past?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 09:28 PM PDT

I was reading a list of facts about time and this concept confuses me. I can't seem to wrap my brain around it. Can anyone explain?

"It appears that distant galaxies are moving faster than nearby ones, which suggests that the universe is accelerating as it expands. One physicist has suggested that the reason distant galaxies appear to move faster is because in the past, time was faster. If he's correct, this means that in a few billion years, time will be frozen."

https://www.factinate.com/things/43-fast-facts-time/

submitted by /u/cinymin
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How fatal would a natural nuclear reactor like that at Oklo be to nearby life?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 08:26 PM PDT

How much radiation would such a reactor produce?

How fatal would this be to nearby life? Either due to radiation or heat production.

How large might the irradiated area be?

How much larger or smaller could such a reactor feasibly be?

submitted by /u/Admortis
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Why do transformers need a magnetic core when you can just put a coil in another coil?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 08:22 PM PDT

So, if I'm not mistaken, a transformer works by guiding the magnetic field from one coil into the center of another coil, thus generating a current. If that's the case, isn't it easier to just put a coil inside another coil, and not only it would be easier to make but it would also allow you to avoid eddy current losses? Thanks in advance

submitted by /u/qwerty-_-123
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Tree rings are often used to estimate historical atmospheric temperatures. However, numerous other variables (rainfall/snowpack, herbivory, volcanic activity, fires, etc) also affect the growth rates of trees, so why do we place so much trust in tree rings to measure past temperatures?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 02:31 PM PDT

For example, say a tree was in its optimal temperature condition for two consecutive years in the distant past. Also imagine that the same tree was in sub-optimal rainfall conditions in the first of those two years, but in optimal rainfall conditions in the second year. This change in conditions would cause the tree to grow faster in the second year than in the first.

From what I understand (which may be wrong), scientists today would see that tree's rings and, in the absence of other evidence, surmise that the temperature was higher in the first year than in the second simply because of the difference in size between those consecutive rings. Obviously, this would be false, because the temperature was the same in both years.

submitted by /u/Wonderful_Toes
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Is it possible to gain more weight than the physical weight of the food you are eating?

Posted: 16 Apr 2018 05:49 AM PDT

Sunday, April 15, 2018

How did we first find out there was no oxygen in space?

How did we first find out there was no oxygen in space?


How did we first find out there was no oxygen in space?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 03:55 AM PDT

Is the great attractor actually a real thing or is there just a lot of stuff there?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 04:02 AM PDT

If you look at the shape of the matter in the universe, it's a web of clusters. I don't really think it's a black hole or anything, but it's more like so much stuff in these clusters that it's bending space and causing galaxies like ours which is like rural hick zone to fall in and eventually join into these dense areas or something.

submitted by /u/feelmysoul01
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Why does water damage electronics?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 07:56 PM PDT

Is there a physical limit to how fast a human being can run?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 10:53 AM PDT

According to a source in 2004; "No prehistoric remains have been found of people older than 50 years". Is this still true?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 08:06 AM PDT

According to

Hayflick L. "Anti-aging" is an oxymoron. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004 Jun;59(6):B573-8.

No prehistoric remains have been found of people older than 50 years.

Question a) is this true and b) if yes, is it still true in 2018?

submitted by /u/netgeogates
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What is the significance of kB*T (Boltzmann constant multiplied by temperature) in physics / quantum mechanics?

Posted: 15 Apr 2018 04:45 AM PDT

Learning basic quantum mechanics for chemistry, I have read that only energy levels with energies "less than or comparable to kB*T" are only populated significantly at temperature T. Why is this? As kB*T is such a low value (~4.12E-21 J), does it follow that, at 298 K, only in translational wavefunctions is there a significant population of excited states, whereas only the zero point energy is significantly populated in rotational/vibrational wavefunctions?

submitted by /u/Fuckminsterfullerene
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Why does the strong force work keeping protons and neutrons when the electrostatic force would push them apart?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 06:40 PM PDT

Why does the strong force work keeping protons and neutrons when the electrostatic force would push them apart?

For example, a proton and neutron would go together fine with the strong force, but a proton and another proton won't fit in together because of the electrostatic force.

I'm not an expert, but I feel this is a simple scenario that a high school student could fit in together.

submitted by /u/Isatis_tinctoria
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What is that feeling we get when we want to sneeze but can't. What exactly is going on in our noses at that time?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 10:17 AM PDT

How do sperm find eggs?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 04:51 PM PDT

What's the difference between the "heat death" and "Big Rip" models of the ultimate fate of the universe?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 01:05 PM PDT

(Prefacing this with: I'm not a professional science person, I just love me a bitta space. I'm working on a prose-poem-y thing about anonymous sex and end-of-universe scenarios and I like to think I know a reasonable amount about both, but I only really have first hand experience of one of them and want to be as accurate as I can in the other.)

I thought I understood the idea pretty well: flat curvature, accellerated expansion, increased ratio of dark energy to regular matter and dark matter, things getting further away from each other, galaxies and solar systems and individual objects split apart, shit burns out, shit Hawking radiates away, atoms split apart, individual particles are on their own and to far away from each other to possible have any further causal relation to each other, everything is cold and boring and sad, no more pizza, yadda yadda yadda.

But I keep seeing them listed as two distinct models. Is it that they're kind of similar or overlap? Or are they mutually incompatible in some way that's gone over my head?

submitted by /u/lacanimalistic
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Is the electroweak force mediated by a carrier other than a photon, W, or Z boson, or does it simply not matter which of the three is mediating a particular interaction?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 12:52 PM PDT

If it is a new boson, then does that mean that a photon, W, or Z boson could transform into this new boson by gaining energy, and turn back into any of the 3--not necessarily the same as before--if it lost energy?

submitted by /u/Unoriginal0000000000
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Why doesn’t kangaroo blood clot?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 09:45 AM PDT

I was watching a nature documentary and they were doing surgery on a kangaroo, and mentioned that kangaroo blood doesn't clot. They didn't say why this was, and google turned up no results. It seems like clotting blood is a critical thing, since a small cut could lead to a kangaroo bleeding to death. Why doesn't this happen?

submitted by /u/USAisAok
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How do great white sharks mate?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 05:16 PM PDT

Why are elevators placed at the rear of planes, and not at the front?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 12:50 PM PDT

Does space equipment get dirty in space ?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 09:57 AM PDT

All kinds of equipment needs regular cleaning from things that get deposited on them, specific to which environment its in. Does the same go for the space station or the the canadarm? Would the effect of these objects in the vacuum of space be strong enough to attract dust and other things? Is there even enough stuff in space to deposit on the equipment for it to matter?

submitted by /u/the_walls_have_noses
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How are carbon nanotubes made? And are there ways for them to be made commercially?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 10:09 PM PDT

How did the transition to an amniotic egg happen?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 10:22 AM PDT

I can't seem to understand the logistics of how egg hatching can evolve. It's not like one generation is born in water, then evolved to lay an egg on land. What was the transition like from water egg to land egg? was there an in between that I don't know about?

submitted by /u/SquawSquaw
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Is there a statistically significant difference in any variable depending on the season of the year you were born?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 09:02 AM PDT

Like a stronger immune system? A higher likelihood of having certain traits?

submitted by /u/oh_hullo_there
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What has the biggest effect on the nutrition of a fruit/vegetable?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 09:34 AM PDT

I've seen some people stating that our food has become less nutritiously dense over time. Is this true? I believe they specifically are talking about the vitamins and minerals, not just calories. 2004 Article 2009 Article

Is it because food is now picked weeks before consumption (to be shipped to stores) and loses nutrition over time?

or

Does a crop grown in "dead" soil that is fertilized with "traditional" chemical fertilizers have the same nutrition as a crop grown in a biologically active soil with high percentage of organic matter? Where does hydroponics fit in?

or

Have modern crop varieties been breed for appearance and not nutrition?

or

Something else entirely?

Thank you for your time.

submitted by /u/danieldoesnt
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How are some plants able to survive without direct sunlight, or little to no sunlight at all?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 08:51 AM PDT

Why are 2D hexagonal arrays more stable than square or triangular arrays?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 09:19 AM PDT

I was just reading the following passage in this article:

...surface tension explains the patterns of bubble rafts and foams. The foam will seek to find the structure that has the lowest total surface tension, which means the least area of soap-film wall. But the configuration of bubble walls also has to be mechanically stable: The tugs in different directions at a junction have to balance perfectly, just as the forces must be balanced in the walls of a cathedral if the building is going to stand up. The three-way junction in a bubble raft, and the four-way junctions in foam, are the configurations that achieve this balance.

It's the last sentence I want to understand better. Why do the three-way junctions of the hexagonal grid "balance the forces" better? Is there a visual that will help me understand?

submitted by /u/El_Poopo
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When an airlock gets opened and the contents of a ship or station rush out into space, what happens to the air?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 08:46 AM PDT

At which point was Van der Waals' equation necessary for Onnes' work in liquefying helium?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 01:42 PM PDT

I read that he wanted to prove/disprove his friends theory. What did he wanted to prove? It surely wasn't the quantifiable capability of VdW's equation when a gas is in its phase transition below the critical temperature, because carbon dioxide would be way better for that.

So what do the people mean, when they are writing, that he wanted to prove his friends theory.

And what does he mean, when he is saying, that he was led by VdW's theory?

(His nobel prize was awarded in 1913 and I just tried to read his lecture which one can read for free on the nobelprize site)

Thank you in advance

submitted by /u/MaesterHiccup
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Saturday, April 14, 2018

How common is lightning on other planets?

How common is lightning on other planets?


How common is lightning on other planets?

Posted: 14 Apr 2018 02:01 AM PDT

How common is it to find lighting storms on other planets? And how are they different from the ones on Earth?

submitted by /u/Tonroz
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If we weren't counting, would there be a way to tell how old we were?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 05:16 PM PDT

How do lakes maintain any depth overtime?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 04:11 PM PDT

It seems like the amount of organic matter being added to a lake would always outstrip its ability to shift sediment out through any draining creeks, even more so for those that don't have major out flows.

submitted by /u/Solmeaus
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The closer you get to a massive body, the faster you need to go to orbit. For earth, air resistance limits closeness you can achieve orbit at, but is there a theoretical limit for how close your orbit can be, on bodies without an atmosphere?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 04:15 PM PDT

For example, on the moon, could you orbit at 500 ft, if you were going fast enough? 50 ft? 5?

submitted by /u/non-troll_account
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Do plants near highways or busy roads have different cell structure, due to emissions, compared to plants in a forest?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 02:26 PM PDT

Do adopted children take on personality traits in favour of their biological or adopted parents?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 04:07 PM PDT

What happens when a turtle ends up upside down in the wild? Does it just lay upside down till it dies?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 05:39 PM PDT

How are heat sink compounds both graded, and selected for use? Whose prime area of expertise is this?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 06:38 PM PDT

On the whole, when an end user buys heat sink compound there's no great need for in-depth decisions. A 1.5g tube for $5-10 will probably be fine. But my Mac, I discovered, has at least two quite distinct grades of compound in use. There's a higher-performance paste between the GPU and its heat sink, and a much thicker paste plastered on to all the VRAM chips on the graphics card. It looks like tile grout, to be honest, and it has to be plastered on about 3mm deep in order to give thermal contact between the very low-profile VRAM chips and the graphics card heat sink they lie under.

This got me wondering. How do engineers decide what grades of heat sink compound to use? How much does it matter? How many different grades are there in common use? Is selecting the right compound taught in Electrical Engineering these days, and if not, which discipline does consider it? My £5 tube specified its viscosity, thermal conductivity, operating temperature range and maybe 1-2 other things as well I don't remember. But I didn't understand the significance of any of those numbers, so all I could do was assume the numbers were reasonable for my use case and glop it on. If, as an engineer, you calculate that you do need some specialised compound, where can you obtain it from? What use cases require special formulas??

I did know heat sink selection could be a serious business, but I hadn't appreciated that choosing the right heat sink compound could be equally finicky.

submitted by /u/Simons_Mith
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How do Lasers burn objects? Do the stream of photons actually impart energy in the form of heat upon absorption, or does the act of hitting a surface create some sort of friction-based heat?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 04:21 PM PDT

I'd imagine it's not friction-based or else glass would heat up as light passed through it, plus, someone once told me that light cannot generate friction because it lacks the mass, although I have no idea whether that's true or not. It doesn't sound right, but I'm far from being an expert.

Also, I know that dark surfaces are meant to get hotter in the sun than lighter surfaces because they reflect less light and absorb more - I'm guessing this would be the same for a laser beam, the absorption of light generating the heat?

submitted by /u/gjs628
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Are Astronauts on the ISS required to speak multiple languages?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 03:41 PM PDT

For example, are the Cosmonauts required to speak English? And the Astronauts required to speak Russian?

Edit: not really astronomy but I feel as though it's the most relevant flair

submitted by /u/sammiali04
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Do starchier plants deteriorate slower than plants with higher sugar content?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 04:25 PM PDT

Why does administering IV Dexamethasone too quickly cause a burning/itching sensation in the recipient's groin?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 09:14 PM PDT

We call it "ants in the pants" or "ring of fire." Pushing the med slowly helps but some patients are ultra sensitive & some days unfortunately I can't spend that much time on it. This is a question that obviously comes up from patients on an almost daily basis. I'd be remiss not to attempt to find out why.

submitted by /u/mid_1990s_death_doom
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What affect does pollution have on flight?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 08:26 PM PDT

Is there a difference between flying through clean air vs. flying through smog/pollution?

submitted by /u/inertiaWORKS
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The Large Hadron Collider is 27km long in order to stably accelerate particles, but is there any hope of miniaturization in the future?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 11:37 AM PDT

Can the mass of a particle change?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 09:20 AM PDT

Since almost all of the mass of a particle is from the binding energy it holds, Is it possible to reduce the amount of binding energy there is in the particle by making it cooler or hotter or other weird scenarios which could effectively change the binding energy and hence the mass?

submitted by /u/JackTalle
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Are there any "flighted" birds that opt not to fly?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 12:58 PM PDT

I guess my questions is that we all know there are bird species that cannot fly, my guess is because they were able to survive without flying. Are there any species of birds that are in that transitional phase of being able to fly but able to thrive without flying very much or not at all?

submitted by /u/prick-in-the-wall
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Does Halley's comet get smaller after each orbit?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 09:00 AM PDT

If the tail of the comet is all the melting ice and dirt then should it be getting smaller. Or does it gain more ice and dirt as it flies back into deep space?

Edit: I misspelled tail

submitted by /u/DrPotatoEsquire
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I have two pieces of wood. One is burnt by fire. The other is burnt by a lightning strike. Is there anyway to distinguish between the two?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 05:14 PM PDT

Will Earthquakes and Volcanos Eventually Stop? If so, when?

Posted: 13 Apr 2018 08:20 AM PDT

As I understand it, Earth was once entirely molten, and then began cooling and the crust formed, and that's where we all live. We have earthquakes because forces under the crust push the pieces around, and we have volcanos because the crust isn't very thick in some places and/or that's where two crust pieces meet and the molten stuff underneath pushes out.

If cooling is still going on, shouldn't the crust still be getting thicker, and at some point won't the crust be so thick these things stop happening? Right now, the crust isn't even 100km thick. If it was 150km, or 200km, or 500km thick, would that be enough to stop tectonic movement, and thus bring an end to earthquakes, and also be too thick for volcanos to push out?

How thick would the crust have to be for earthquakes and volcanos to stop? How long will it take for the crust to get that thick?

submitted by /u/MyActualRealName
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