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Saturday, April 7, 2018

How does an electron microscope produce an image?

How does an electron microscope produce an image?

How does an electron microscope produce an image?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 09:00 PM PDT

How does Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) works inside liquid?

Posted: 07 Apr 2018 01:18 AM PDT

AFM produces better results in liquid as disturbance is less but how exactly does it work inside liquid.

submitted by /u/ab_messi
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Why is the center cube of a Menger Sponge removed?

Posted: 07 Apr 2018 01:23 AM PDT

Wouldn't removing the center cubes of each side leave another floating Menger Sponge in the middle, albeit 1/27 the volume of the original (after the first iteration)? If so, would there be infinite Sponges in each complete model, theoretically?

submitted by /u/dfk411
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How does soap remove germs from our hands better than just plain water does?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 07:56 PM PDT

How Do we take Photos of Atoms Without affecting them?

Posted: 07 Apr 2018 01:44 AM PDT

Is the QM two slit experiment done in a vacuum? Why or why not? Does it matter?

Posted: 07 Apr 2018 12:28 AM PDT

Wondering if ambient molecules in air impacts outcomes.

submitted by /u/somebodyetc
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Can you measure or determine the amount of data a phone is using by analyzing the electromagnetic radiation being received and transmitted by the phone?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 10:12 PM PDT

Would it make a difference if you knew the phone was using for wireless transmission, such as Wifi, 3/4G, bluetooth, etc.?

Is it possible to determine this without transmitting any signals, that is, operating only in a passive capacity?

submitted by /u/CelineHagbard
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How do neutron relectors work?

Posted: 07 Apr 2018 01:09 AM PDT

Since neutrons have no electric charge, I'd expect neutrons to travel straight through most stuff. How do different materials reflect neutrons?

submitted by /u/MmmVomit
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Making something radioactive seems simple enough nowadays. Is there any possible way to revert or neutralize radiation?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 04:08 PM PDT

I just read this reddit post and was wondering... Maybe there is a de-radioactivator 2000 machine or something?

submitted by /u/iamsubs
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Are there telescopes, available for purchase, powerful enough to see the flag on the moon?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 11:34 AM PDT

How do long-necked animals breathe?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 03:09 PM PDT

Please, allow me to elaborate: I understand that they breathe in and out with lungs and a diaphragm, just like other vertebrates.

My question is, every intake breath anyone takes has some amount of stale air, which is air that wasn't completely expelled and never left the throat on the previous exhale. In short-necked animals this amount is fairly small and somewhat inconsequential.

If you're a giraffe or a brontosaurus, on the other hand, this seems like it would be a rather large percentage. Evolution hasn't granted any lung-based animals breathing holes closer to the lung (that I'm aware of, with the exception of whales). Do they solve this by simply having excessive lung capacity and taking much longer breaths? Are there other tricks that they do?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/quintus_horatius
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How do electron microscopes produce 3D looking images with depth and shadows?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 11:26 AM PDT

If only electrons are being used, how are images like these produced. Images like this makes more sense.

submitted by /u/FilmingAction
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How exactly do natural springs form and what gives them the pressure to move water?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 03:05 PM PDT

If my beard has black and ginger hairs, does that mean certain hair follicles produce specific colored hairs, or is it random and hair follicles can produce either?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 10:22 AM PDT

Just found out I have ginger beard hairs, very curious.

submitted by /u/C_BearHill
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As someone lactose intolerant, do I get less calories from dairy foods since my body cant properly break it down?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 06:18 AM PDT

Can you get burned by sunlight through a window?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 12:44 PM PDT

How stable are our personalities?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 09:04 AM PDT

Considering the literature on dissociative identity disorder, is having a split personality an all or nothing disorder or does everyone show varying degrees of personality dissociation?

submitted by /u/Dogfoodburger
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If the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is almost the size of France, why doesn't it show up on google earth?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 09:14 AM PDT

Some articles I read said this garbage patch is located in between California and Hawaii. I have also read it is the size of Texas and nearing the size of France. So shouldn't something so big show up on maps such as google earth?

submitted by /u/LightBlindsAtFirst
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How to understand the potential energy curve for the Higgs field?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 10:25 PM PDT

I'm reading a semi-technical book on the theory and discovery of the Higgs boson and its quantum field and the chapter that describes the mechanism for how it breaks symmetry is interesting but i want more information. Why does the Higgs field have a bump at the bottom of its potential energy curve? And why didn't it settle into the depressions around this bump initially? Finally why do these lowest potentials correspond to false vacuum states as opposed to actual zero values for the field? I might just have to keep reading but I'm curious

submitted by /u/37litebluesheep
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What are some ways animals have adapted to humans and civilization?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 12:17 PM PDT

Why can you refuel a plane mid-flight, but you can't refuel a car while it's running?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 02:12 PM PDT

How does a star produce a continuous spectrum?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 09:08 PM PDT

If a star is made of mostly hydrogen and helium, how is it able to produce a continuous spectrum? Since H and He can only produce specific emission lines, my thinking is that it would have to be composed of every single element to produce all the lines along the spectrum.

submitted by /u/wasit-worthit
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Friday, April 6, 2018

On an atomic level, what causes things to be shiny, dull, or reflective ?

On an atomic level, what causes things to be shiny, dull, or reflective ?

On an atomic level, what causes things to be shiny, dull, or reflective ?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 03:15 AM PDT

How effective are amber alerts and other such mass notifications?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:58 PM PDT

Why is most of the gold in the world found in Africa?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 02:29 AM PDT

On a molecular level, why is sugar sticky when wet?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 07:44 AM PDT

Why does a geiger counter use that odd static noise instead of something else?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 08:23 PM PDT

Why does turning on a second light not make a room seem twice as bright?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 02:52 PM PDT

When you turn on a light in a dark room, it obviously gets much brighter. But if you turn on a second, identical light, the difference in brightness is almost indiscernible. Why? Is it just because of our pupils constricting more, or is something else happening?

submitted by /u/OddOliver
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Why do terrestrial objects in space move so slowly compared to the speed of light?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 07:51 AM PDT

The fastest asteroid on record was moving at only 64,000 which is about Earth's orbital speed around the sun.

That's fast but stars close to the super massive black hole in the center of our galaxy are moving as speeds close to 15,000,000 mph.

That's fast but only about 2% of the speed of light.

There are billions of black holes accelerating objects as they pass close by, and there is no drag in space other than perhaps flying through a gas cloud.

Could Earth some day get hit with an asteroid shot from our galaxy's center moving at say just 5% of the speed of light? I imagine a five mile wide object moving at 35,000,000 mph would never be detected and would release enough energy to annihilate the planet.

submitted by /u/joecooool418
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Are the current health food trends such as non-GMO and organic better or worse for the environment and sustainability?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 07:44 AM PDT

Curious if there are bigger picture problems we are disregarding when consumers demand organic and non-GMO. It seems like that's all you can find in the stores these days, whether you actually want it or not.

submitted by /u/xupaxupar
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What's the minimum density required for a gas to make us able to hear/make a sound?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 02:31 AM PDT

So I ask this from a "human" standpoint. I'm talking about sound we're able to hear. Thanks!

submitted by /u/Tiranyk
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What are the 3% of climate change papers which disagree with anthropomorphic change?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 04:48 AM PDT

We often hear that 97% of peer reviewed papers agree with the common stance on climate change: that it is happening and human activity is the cause.

I'm interested in the other 3%. Are they all old? Or very narrow in scope? Or do they have interesting things to add to the conversation?

Is there anything similar in other areas of science? Surely there aren't 3% of physics papers arguing against quantum theory, or medical papers in favour of homeopathy.

submitted by /u/dargh
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How can Astronomers calculate the orbital speed of stars in different galaxies?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 05:49 AM PDT

One of the main reasons (I believe) that astronomers believe dark matter exists is because the stars in galaxies orbit too fast to be held in orbit only by the gravity of the visible matter. How can they tell they speed orbital speed of object so far away? Surely their movements would be imperceptible.

submitted by /u/Dremble
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Is there any landform that has both existed since the formation of the Earth, and has never once been submerged under a body of water?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 09:49 PM PDT

How come it took so long for humanity to develop the concept of interchangeable parts?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 06:57 AM PDT

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts

There was evidence of interchangeable parts over 2,000 years ago, but it never caught on for some reason. Why did it take so long? I feel like there must've been a bunch of scientists at the time who, afterwards, said "Gee, I wish I'd thought of that!"

As a side note, it's often said that you can't make something that fits all of these requirements, but interchangeable parts are better, cheaper, and faster.

submitted by /u/theorymeltfool
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What's the difference between bacteria in fermented foods that some advocate for us to consume, and bacteria in water sources that are dangerous for consumption?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:05 PM PDT

Is there enough iron oxide concentration on the surface of Mars to create a self sustaining Thermite fire to release oxygen if enough aluminum powder was introduced?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:49 PM PDT

Why in a video do fast spinning objects appear to spin backwards momentarily then spin fowards again?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 04:39 AM PDT

Can a spaceship descend slow enough to Earth that it wouldn’t encounter the intense heat generated upon reentry?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 10:08 PM PDT

If a craft was able to decelerate to a slow enough speed, could it gently fall back to earth using vector rockets (or something) and main thrust to keep the descent slow enough or would it be unable to punch through the Earth's atmosphere? Less heat and constant radio communication are cool, right? (Pun intended).

submitted by /u/hartzonfire
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Have the giant trash patches of the ocean (some maybe the size of texas) developed ecosystems? What animals are part of that?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 01:23 PM PDT

After seeing this https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/09/photogalleries/pacific-garbage-patch-pictures/photo4.html a while ago I have become curious as to how deep ecosystems that exist because of the garbage patches are an what they look like. It seems like there are lots of places for small animals to hide, which means there could be a lot of food for potential predators. And since its all garbage I imagine there is a decent amount of nutrients that at least at one time have clung to the garbage, which can be used as food.

I am not supporting litter. I am just wondering what out waste has created. Thank you.

submitted by /u/GilgameshWulfenbach
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Why do atoms have electrons instead of muons?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:24 PM PDT

Do the muscles in the heart and lungs become fatigued?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 12:20 PM PDT

Why is TESS exciting?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 02:46 AM PDT

TESS the transisting exoplanet survey satellite is scheduled to launch soon, what are the benefits of TESS compared to other planet hunting hardware and when should we expect to hear about it's first discoveries?

submitted by /u/RossJY
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Is it possible to make a molecule large enough to see with the naked eye?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:37 PM PDT
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Thursday, April 5, 2018

Why did all the lithium end up in Chile?

Why did all the lithium end up in Chile?

Why did all the lithium end up in Chile?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 03:10 AM PDT

Do nightclubs and other places the play loud music suffer from more structural issues than other buildings?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:52 AM PDT

The question came to mind when I was in a nightclub recently and the music was so loud I could literally feel the walls vibrating with it when I touched them. I don't know much about engineering but I can't imagine that's healthy for the structure.

submitted by /u/TehBigD97
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Are overpasses designed to withstand over-height vehicle strikes? Is it based on size?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 04:26 PM PDT

You see dump trucks with beds up and over height trucks striking overpasses. Are they designed for that? Is there a "rating" or standard? Are overpasses often structurally totaled from strikes?

submitted by /u/AntAPD
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How do we know that other galaxies do not consist of antimatter?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:23 AM PDT

There are three things that you often hear about antimatter:

  1. It is the exact opposite of normal matter and when a matter-particle meets its antimatter-counterparticle, they annihilate each other resulting in the emission of a photon.

  2. Antimatter particles behave to each other just like regular matter particles do.

  3. Antimatter is rare, but we don't know the reason for that.

That last statement always confuses me because I don't know how we can know that. Well of course antimatter is (luckily) very rare on our planet, because antimatter particles are easily annihilated through regular matter here. You can also assume that it's very rare in our solar system or in the whole milky way for that reason.

But if it normally behaves the same as regular matter does - how can we know that galaxies far away, take andromeda as an example, do not consist of antimatter? Wouldn't an antimatter star emit the same light as a regular star? Because as far as I know, the photon has no antimatter-counterpart (or is identical to its antimatter counterpart).

And if there were whole galaxies consisting of it, we couldn't assume that it's rare anymore, that could mean that there is equally much antimatter as there is regular matter or that there even is more of it

Is there a way to distinguish matter from antimatter while observing it from far away?

Or did I miss something else? Maybe I misunderstood the whole concept.

Well that's my question, I would be thankful for any answer.

submitted by /u/Peraltinguer
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Would my beer gut look different if I never wore pants my entire life?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 03:42 PM PDT

Does our clothing and how it fits have any effect on how adipose tissue develops and accumulates? If so, how does our body store fat around tight fitting clothes (like the waist of my pants)?

submitted by /u/qneville
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Do electromagnets still have north and south poles? How is polarity in an electromagnet determined/changed?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:19 AM PDT

During the Mass extinction of the Dinosaurs how long would it take?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:08 AM PDT

When the asteroid hit how long would it take to say wipe them out completely weeks? Days? Hours?

submitted by /u/Redditor-boi
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Is there any ecological danger in mining or otherwise destroying salt flats?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:49 AM PDT

I saw a post about lithium mining and how salt flats are a popular source. As far as I know, salt flats are of virtually zero importance to the ecosystem, and possibly the same for barren arctic areas (except for the few animals that traverse it).

Could we strip and mine to our hearts content and expect no significant consequences?

Note: I'm dismissing air pollution and assuming we don't dump waste into water.

submitted by /u/SirNanigans
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From a neurological perspective, what is intelligence?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:34 PM PDT

Both my parents are quite bright (Dad is a doctor who does research. Mom is a nurse.) Several years ago, I had my IQ tested and was told that I have something called Nonverbal Learning Disorder. My verbal score was high, but most other aspects of my intelligence were average or below average, indicating that certain parts of my brain work more efficiently than others. One would assume that two intelligent parents would have a child of equal or greater intelligence, but for me this wasn't the case. From a biological perspective, what is intelligence, and how does an "intelligent" brain differ from one that's average or slow?

submitted by /u/pmmecoolpianopics
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How do we know the universe is still expanding?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 01:30 AM PDT

I am familiar with Hubble and his namesake telescopes discoveries about the red-shift witnessed in distant galaxies and that the further the galaxy the faster they appear to be moving away relatively to us. Yet I find it curious that closer galaxies do not show this, like Andromeda. Yet the galaxies we do observe it from, we are seeing light that is millions or billions of year old potentially, so how do we know it is still happening?

submitted by /u/Benn42
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Why are antibiotics used more than bacteriophages?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 11:58 AM PDT

We know that antibiotics isn't going to last long as bacteria find ways to become immune to it. So my question is, why hasn't the use of bacteriophages become a medical practice. Just like regular viruses, they seem to mutate after they leave they made contact with the bacteria. So just like the situation with us humans and the flu, it wont be easy for bacteria to mutate and become fully immune "Bacteriophage A" because there would be many versions of it.

submitted by /u/punkamania101
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What happens when you slip and hit your head and go unconscious or get concussed? Is there a difference between the two? What goes on in the body/brain?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 03:37 AM PDT

Someone slips and hits their head on something, gets punched really hard, or just takes a strong force to the head, what is actually happening? Are they unconscious or concussed? What's the difference internally? What's the differences of how the body responds, like what's the fencing response or the abnormal positioning that happens after something like that? Are their eyes open? Are they open but rolled back in their head? Are their senses basically turned off or are they in like power save mode or something? Particular in combat sports where fighters go into fencing response, what's different between them and someone that hits their head and has to go to the hospital and have surgery to get part of their skull taken out to relieve pressure? One who slips, loses consciousness, and is taken to the ER, are they treated like an athlete would be or if they're unresponsive do they go straight to surgery?

submitted by /u/UghThisIsBullshit
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How can a neutron star, as something made purely out of neutrons, have any kind of magnetic field ?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:19 AM PDT

I am mainly refering to this. The video explains what neutron stars are most likely made of, but if they are only made of neutrons, how can they have any magnetic properties ? Aren't protons neutral in charge ?

submitted by /u/ZweiEuro
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In an ionophone (plasma speaker), how does the voltage and length of the arc relate to the sound volume and clarity?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:25 AM PDT

Why is there usually a roughly 50/50 male to female ratio?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 03:45 PM PDT

An asymmetry between male and female members of many species is that males can reproduce quickly and with many females, while females can only have one (or so) baby at a time. This puts a scarcity on available females, leading to various kinds of sexual selection. Wouldn't a more straight forward strategy be to give a preference to female births over male? I assume that if you did the math about the optimal male to female ratio to maximize reproduction, if wouldn't be 50/50 but more like 20/80. Is there some reason that it's difficult for a biological system to vary that? What's special about 50/50?

submitted by /u/harumphfrog
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Can you tell by looking at power lines which way goes to the customers and which way is the power plant?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 01:32 PM PDT

I got thinking of this in a Walking Dead type post apocalypse scenario where you might be ambitious enough to try to restart a power plant. If you came upon a power line, and the power is out, would you be able to tell if you should go left or right to get to the power generation plant?

submitted by /u/cmuadamson
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Do any organisms other than humans have insomnia, or have trouble sleeping?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 12:16 PM PDT

How can waves of different frequencies be orthogonal to each other yet interfere either constructively or destructively?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 10:03 AM PDT

I think I am missing something here. In a traditional geometric view, two orthogonal vectors, say a and b, cannot interfere with each other. For example, i, j, k are orthogonal basis of Eucledian space, and each point can be represented through a certain combination of these.

Fast forward to waves: sine waves of different frequencies are orthogonal to each other (hence fourier decomposition is even possible in the first place?), but they still interfere with each other. Sound waves are a perfect example.

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/ezusername22
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Why don't astronauts use steroids to prevent muscle atrophy?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 03:07 PM PDT

What is in the “smog” that swallows up Los Angeles and surrounding cities?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 04:24 PM PDT
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