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Friday, April 6, 2018

On an atomic level, what causes things to be shiny, dull, or reflective ?

On an atomic level, what causes things to be shiny, dull, or reflective ?


On an atomic level, what causes things to be shiny, dull, or reflective ?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 03:15 AM PDT

How effective are amber alerts and other such mass notifications?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:58 PM PDT

Why is most of the gold in the world found in Africa?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 02:29 AM PDT

On a molecular level, why is sugar sticky when wet?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 07:44 AM PDT

Why does a geiger counter use that odd static noise instead of something else?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 08:23 PM PDT

Why does turning on a second light not make a room seem twice as bright?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 02:52 PM PDT

When you turn on a light in a dark room, it obviously gets much brighter. But if you turn on a second, identical light, the difference in brightness is almost indiscernible. Why? Is it just because of our pupils constricting more, or is something else happening?

submitted by /u/OddOliver
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Why do terrestrial objects in space move so slowly compared to the speed of light?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 07:51 AM PDT

The fastest asteroid on record was moving at only 64,000 which is about Earth's orbital speed around the sun.

That's fast but stars close to the super massive black hole in the center of our galaxy are moving as speeds close to 15,000,000 mph.

That's fast but only about 2% of the speed of light.

There are billions of black holes accelerating objects as they pass close by, and there is no drag in space other than perhaps flying through a gas cloud.

Could Earth some day get hit with an asteroid shot from our galaxy's center moving at say just 5% of the speed of light? I imagine a five mile wide object moving at 35,000,000 mph would never be detected and would release enough energy to annihilate the planet.

submitted by /u/joecooool418
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Are the current health food trends such as non-GMO and organic better or worse for the environment and sustainability?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 07:44 AM PDT

Curious if there are bigger picture problems we are disregarding when consumers demand organic and non-GMO. It seems like that's all you can find in the stores these days, whether you actually want it or not.

submitted by /u/xupaxupar
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What's the minimum density required for a gas to make us able to hear/make a sound?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 02:31 AM PDT

So I ask this from a "human" standpoint. I'm talking about sound we're able to hear. Thanks!

submitted by /u/Tiranyk
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What are the 3% of climate change papers which disagree with anthropomorphic change?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 04:48 AM PDT

We often hear that 97% of peer reviewed papers agree with the common stance on climate change: that it is happening and human activity is the cause.

I'm interested in the other 3%. Are they all old? Or very narrow in scope? Or do they have interesting things to add to the conversation?

Is there anything similar in other areas of science? Surely there aren't 3% of physics papers arguing against quantum theory, or medical papers in favour of homeopathy.

submitted by /u/dargh
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How can Astronomers calculate the orbital speed of stars in different galaxies?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 05:49 AM PDT

One of the main reasons (I believe) that astronomers believe dark matter exists is because the stars in galaxies orbit too fast to be held in orbit only by the gravity of the visible matter. How can they tell they speed orbital speed of object so far away? Surely their movements would be imperceptible.

submitted by /u/Dremble
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Is there any landform that has both existed since the formation of the Earth, and has never once been submerged under a body of water?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 09:49 PM PDT

How come it took so long for humanity to develop the concept of interchangeable parts?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 06:57 AM PDT

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts

There was evidence of interchangeable parts over 2,000 years ago, but it never caught on for some reason. Why did it take so long? I feel like there must've been a bunch of scientists at the time who, afterwards, said "Gee, I wish I'd thought of that!"

As a side note, it's often said that you can't make something that fits all of these requirements, but interchangeable parts are better, cheaper, and faster.

submitted by /u/theorymeltfool
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What's the difference between bacteria in fermented foods that some advocate for us to consume, and bacteria in water sources that are dangerous for consumption?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:05 PM PDT

Is there enough iron oxide concentration on the surface of Mars to create a self sustaining Thermite fire to release oxygen if enough aluminum powder was introduced?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:49 PM PDT

Why in a video do fast spinning objects appear to spin backwards momentarily then spin fowards again?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 04:39 AM PDT

Can a spaceship descend slow enough to Earth that it wouldn’t encounter the intense heat generated upon reentry?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 10:08 PM PDT

If a craft was able to decelerate to a slow enough speed, could it gently fall back to earth using vector rockets (or something) and main thrust to keep the descent slow enough or would it be unable to punch through the Earth's atmosphere? Less heat and constant radio communication are cool, right? (Pun intended).

submitted by /u/hartzonfire
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Have the giant trash patches of the ocean (some maybe the size of texas) developed ecosystems? What animals are part of that?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 01:23 PM PDT

After seeing this https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/09/photogalleries/pacific-garbage-patch-pictures/photo4.html a while ago I have become curious as to how deep ecosystems that exist because of the garbage patches are an what they look like. It seems like there are lots of places for small animals to hide, which means there could be a lot of food for potential predators. And since its all garbage I imagine there is a decent amount of nutrients that at least at one time have clung to the garbage, which can be used as food.

I am not supporting litter. I am just wondering what out waste has created. Thank you.

submitted by /u/GilgameshWulfenbach
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Why do atoms have electrons instead of muons?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:24 PM PDT

Do the muscles in the heart and lungs become fatigued?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 12:20 PM PDT

Why is TESS exciting?

Posted: 06 Apr 2018 02:46 AM PDT

TESS the transisting exoplanet survey satellite is scheduled to launch soon, what are the benefits of TESS compared to other planet hunting hardware and when should we expect to hear about it's first discoveries?

submitted by /u/RossJY
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Is it possible to make a molecule large enough to see with the naked eye?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:37 PM PDT

Thursday, April 5, 2018

Why did all the lithium end up in Chile?

Why did all the lithium end up in Chile?


Why did all the lithium end up in Chile?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 03:10 AM PDT

Do nightclubs and other places the play loud music suffer from more structural issues than other buildings?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:52 AM PDT

The question came to mind when I was in a nightclub recently and the music was so loud I could literally feel the walls vibrating with it when I touched them. I don't know much about engineering but I can't imagine that's healthy for the structure.

submitted by /u/TehBigD97
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Are overpasses designed to withstand over-height vehicle strikes? Is it based on size?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 04:26 PM PDT

You see dump trucks with beds up and over height trucks striking overpasses. Are they designed for that? Is there a "rating" or standard? Are overpasses often structurally totaled from strikes?

submitted by /u/AntAPD
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How do we know that other galaxies do not consist of antimatter?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:23 AM PDT

There are three things that you often hear about antimatter:

  1. It is the exact opposite of normal matter and when a matter-particle meets its antimatter-counterparticle, they annihilate each other resulting in the emission of a photon.

  2. Antimatter particles behave to each other just like regular matter particles do.

  3. Antimatter is rare, but we don't know the reason for that.

That last statement always confuses me because I don't know how we can know that. Well of course antimatter is (luckily) very rare on our planet, because antimatter particles are easily annihilated through regular matter here. You can also assume that it's very rare in our solar system or in the whole milky way for that reason.

But if it normally behaves the same as regular matter does - how can we know that galaxies far away, take andromeda as an example, do not consist of antimatter? Wouldn't an antimatter star emit the same light as a regular star? Because as far as I know, the photon has no antimatter-counterpart (or is identical to its antimatter counterpart).

And if there were whole galaxies consisting of it, we couldn't assume that it's rare anymore, that could mean that there is equally much antimatter as there is regular matter or that there even is more of it

Is there a way to distinguish matter from antimatter while observing it from far away?

Or did I miss something else? Maybe I misunderstood the whole concept.

Well that's my question, I would be thankful for any answer.

submitted by /u/Peraltinguer
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Would my beer gut look different if I never wore pants my entire life?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 03:42 PM PDT

Does our clothing and how it fits have any effect on how adipose tissue develops and accumulates? If so, how does our body store fat around tight fitting clothes (like the waist of my pants)?

submitted by /u/qneville
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Do electromagnets still have north and south poles? How is polarity in an electromagnet determined/changed?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:19 AM PDT

During the Mass extinction of the Dinosaurs how long would it take?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:08 AM PDT

When the asteroid hit how long would it take to say wipe them out completely weeks? Days? Hours?

submitted by /u/Redditor-boi
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Is there any ecological danger in mining or otherwise destroying salt flats?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 06:49 AM PDT

I saw a post about lithium mining and how salt flats are a popular source. As far as I know, salt flats are of virtually zero importance to the ecosystem, and possibly the same for barren arctic areas (except for the few animals that traverse it).

Could we strip and mine to our hearts content and expect no significant consequences?

Note: I'm dismissing air pollution and assuming we don't dump waste into water.

submitted by /u/SirNanigans
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From a neurological perspective, what is intelligence?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:34 PM PDT

Both my parents are quite bright (Dad is a doctor who does research. Mom is a nurse.) Several years ago, I had my IQ tested and was told that I have something called Nonverbal Learning Disorder. My verbal score was high, but most other aspects of my intelligence were average or below average, indicating that certain parts of my brain work more efficiently than others. One would assume that two intelligent parents would have a child of equal or greater intelligence, but for me this wasn't the case. From a biological perspective, what is intelligence, and how does an "intelligent" brain differ from one that's average or slow?

submitted by /u/pmmecoolpianopics
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How do we know the universe is still expanding?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 01:30 AM PDT

I am familiar with Hubble and his namesake telescopes discoveries about the red-shift witnessed in distant galaxies and that the further the galaxy the faster they appear to be moving away relatively to us. Yet I find it curious that closer galaxies do not show this, like Andromeda. Yet the galaxies we do observe it from, we are seeing light that is millions or billions of year old potentially, so how do we know it is still happening?

submitted by /u/Benn42
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Why are antibiotics used more than bacteriophages?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 11:58 AM PDT

We know that antibiotics isn't going to last long as bacteria find ways to become immune to it. So my question is, why hasn't the use of bacteriophages become a medical practice. Just like regular viruses, they seem to mutate after they leave they made contact with the bacteria. So just like the situation with us humans and the flu, it wont be easy for bacteria to mutate and become fully immune "Bacteriophage A" because there would be many versions of it.

submitted by /u/punkamania101
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What happens when you slip and hit your head and go unconscious or get concussed? Is there a difference between the two? What goes on in the body/brain?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 03:37 AM PDT

Someone slips and hits their head on something, gets punched really hard, or just takes a strong force to the head, what is actually happening? Are they unconscious or concussed? What's the difference internally? What's the differences of how the body responds, like what's the fencing response or the abnormal positioning that happens after something like that? Are their eyes open? Are they open but rolled back in their head? Are their senses basically turned off or are they in like power save mode or something? Particular in combat sports where fighters go into fencing response, what's different between them and someone that hits their head and has to go to the hospital and have surgery to get part of their skull taken out to relieve pressure? One who slips, loses consciousness, and is taken to the ER, are they treated like an athlete would be or if they're unresponsive do they go straight to surgery?

submitted by /u/UghThisIsBullshit
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How can a neutron star, as something made purely out of neutrons, have any kind of magnetic field ?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 07:19 AM PDT

I am mainly refering to this. The video explains what neutron stars are most likely made of, but if they are only made of neutrons, how can they have any magnetic properties ? Aren't protons neutral in charge ?

submitted by /u/ZweiEuro
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In an ionophone (plasma speaker), how does the voltage and length of the arc relate to the sound volume and clarity?

Posted: 05 Apr 2018 05:25 AM PDT

Why is there usually a roughly 50/50 male to female ratio?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 03:45 PM PDT

An asymmetry between male and female members of many species is that males can reproduce quickly and with many females, while females can only have one (or so) baby at a time. This puts a scarcity on available females, leading to various kinds of sexual selection. Wouldn't a more straight forward strategy be to give a preference to female births over male? I assume that if you did the math about the optimal male to female ratio to maximize reproduction, if wouldn't be 50/50 but more like 20/80. Is there some reason that it's difficult for a biological system to vary that? What's special about 50/50?

submitted by /u/harumphfrog
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Can you tell by looking at power lines which way goes to the customers and which way is the power plant?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 01:32 PM PDT

I got thinking of this in a Walking Dead type post apocalypse scenario where you might be ambitious enough to try to restart a power plant. If you came upon a power line, and the power is out, would you be able to tell if you should go left or right to get to the power generation plant?

submitted by /u/cmuadamson
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Do any organisms other than humans have insomnia, or have trouble sleeping?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 12:16 PM PDT

How can waves of different frequencies be orthogonal to each other yet interfere either constructively or destructively?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 10:03 AM PDT

I think I am missing something here. In a traditional geometric view, two orthogonal vectors, say a and b, cannot interfere with each other. For example, i, j, k are orthogonal basis of Eucledian space, and each point can be represented through a certain combination of these.

Fast forward to waves: sine waves of different frequencies are orthogonal to each other (hence fourier decomposition is even possible in the first place?), but they still interfere with each other. Sound waves are a perfect example.

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/ezusername22
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Why don't astronauts use steroids to prevent muscle atrophy?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 03:07 PM PDT

What is in the “smog” that swallows up Los Angeles and surrounding cities?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 04:24 PM PDT

Wednesday, April 4, 2018

If someone becomes immunized, and you receive their blood, do you then become immunized?

If someone becomes immunized, and you receive their blood, do you then become immunized?


If someone becomes immunized, and you receive their blood, do you then become immunized?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 07:10 PM PDT

Say I receive the yellow fever vaccine and have enough time to develop antibodies (Ab) to the antigens there-within. Then later, my friend, who happens to be the exact same blood type, is in a car accident and receives 2 units of my donated blood.

Would they then inherit my Ab to defend themselves against yellow fever? Or does their immune system immediately kill off my antibodies? (Or does donated blood have Ab filtered out somehow and I am ignorant of the process?)

If they do inherit my antibodies, is this just a temporary effect as they don't have the memory B cells to continue producing the antibodies for themselves? Or do the B cells learn and my friends is super cool and avoided the yellow fever vaccine shortage?

submitted by /u/szeretlek
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AskScience AMA Series: IAmA restoration ecologist focused on restoring oysters to the NY Harbor in New York City. AMA!

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hello Reddit!

I'm Dr. Liz Burmester, an ecologist with the Billion Oyster Project - a nonprofit dedicated to restoring 1 billion oysters in the NY Harbor by 2035 through education and community involvement.

Why oysters? As suspension (filter) feeders and reef builders, oysters are a keystone species capable of important ecosystem services like water filtration and habitat creation for a variety of marine creatures. My research revolves around understanding how organisms survive, reproduce, and respond to stress. We use that information to inform the Billion Oyster Project's work on restoring the NY Harbor's - once impressive and thriving, but now functionally extinct - population of oysters.

Before transitioning to this urbanized environment, I researched another group of keystone reef builders - corals - and their ability to recover from localized stress.

As part of my work, I also serve as a mentor to high school students performing their own independent research in a career and technical education program at the Urban Assembly Harbor School in New York City.

Looking forward to your questions - I'll be on at 12 ET (16 UT) - ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How Did We Discover Bi-209 Is Radioactive?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 08:11 AM PDT

Given that its half-life is so ridiculously long, what led us to find out that Bismuth isn't actually stable? Did we "get lucky" and happen to witness some decay, or are there analytical ways to determine an element's radioactivity without needing to observe anything? If the latter is the case, what prompted us to do this for bismuth?

submitted by /u/Kurausukun
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How exactly do big, heavy snakes like boa constrictors and anacondas catch prey that is so much faster and heavier than they are?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:19 AM PDT

I always see documentaries where big constrictors have caught antelopes and are trying to swallow them, but how on earth do they catch them in the first place?

submitted by /u/A_Really_Big_Cat
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Why did Homo sapiens become the dominant species on Earth rather than other ancient hominids?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 05:24 AM PDT

Do we know what developed in our brain that allowed Homo sapiens to become dominant rather than other ancient hominids such as the Neanderthals who were either absorbed into the gene pool of Homo sapiens or simply died off?

submitted by /u/KillerCatfish
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If a mother breastfeeds while infected with a virus does the baby adopt her antibodies for life? Example chickenpox

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:06 AM PDT

My mother breastfed me while she had chickenpox i didn't get chicken pox and i never have, is it possible that i've already gotten the antibodies?

submitted by /u/ClannyRob
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Why doesn't the sun look blue?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 07:58 AM PDT

I don't understand why the oxygen in the atmosphere makes the sky look blue, but the sun still looks yellow/white.

submitted by /u/ChrismuthMan
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How does a chameleon process visual input from its two independent pupils to form a singular clear image of its surroundings, even when pointing in completely different directions (e.g. one eye pointing forwards and one eye pointing to the side)?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 04:51 PM PDT

How quickly does a SCRAM happen?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 06:55 PM PDT

I don't know the situations for when a nuclear reactor needs an immediate shutdown (or how often that comes up) but I do know that once a reactor is packed up with control rods, the next step is to cool the reactor down.

How quickly are control rods inserted into the reactor, and does the speed or method vary with reactor configuration? Like, are they just lowered by actuators, do they fall, do they slam down?

What is the urgency of a SCRAM?

submitted by /u/accidentallybrill
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Why do our brains wrinkle in order to make more surface area rather than fill out for volume?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 05:12 AM PDT

I understand that our brains create these wrinkles to create more surface area, but why is it more important to create more surface area as opposed to volume? I would think that more volume would allow for more cells and therefore more processing power.

submitted by /u/destruct4343
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Can CRISPR repair the genes of someone who is born missing part of a chromosome?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 07:26 AM PDT

I was watching this video on r/videos of a woman who was born with Distal 18q- and was wondering if CRISPR could be used in childhood to allow them to develop normally?

submitted by /u/youwontguessthisname
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Why do the signs of the cofactors in a matrix alternate?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 06:55 AM PDT

We learned in class today that when we're doing determinants using cofactors, the way that you determine the sign of a given term is to start with + or -, then alternate in a sort of checkerboard pattern, like

+ - + - + - - + - + - + + - + - + - 

etc.

Why is that?

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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Since wind is partly made by the difference of temperature, does global warming has an effect on wind streams ?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 06:41 AM PDT

Do wolves panic during thunderstorms the way domesticated dogs sometimes do?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 04:03 PM PDT

Has there been a gamma frequency camera invented? If not why?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 03:28 PM PDT

I know there are cameras that see in the low light spectrum, IR, and other frequencies than visible light, and I work in radiography using Geiger counters often so I'm wondering why a camera like this hasn't been made in order to keep people from needing to go into gamma radiation in order to test for it?

Edit: yeah now I get why it wouldn't make a difference about having to still be in the radiation in order to receive it considering it reflects no light, but now I'm just wondering why none of you in the comments have come up with something that can, you seem like capable minds to me 😅

submitted by /u/Paydenwayne
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[meteorology] Is "the calm before the storm" a real phenomenon which can be measured?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 06:06 PM PDT

I have often wondered if this is just a saying or if it has an actual basis in science.

submitted by /u/movieguy95453
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How does the Fourier Transform actually 'work'?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 03:41 PM PDT

I've covered the Fourier Transform in maths so I know the formula and what it does but its coming up again as part of my chemistry course (2nd year undergrad) when used in NMR and I'm having a hard time trying to figure out how it converts from time space to frequency space. Has anyone got an explanation of how the integral 'picks out' which frequencies are present in the wave?

submitted by /u/wickedel99
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How strong is the explosive power of a hypernova?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 03:38 PM PDT

If u can answer in megatons aka what we grade nukes on.

submitted by /u/GenuineSteak
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What is the approximate shelf-life of the Novichok series of nerve agents?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 12:08 AM PDT