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Wednesday, April 4, 2018

If someone becomes immunized, and you receive their blood, do you then become immunized?

If someone becomes immunized, and you receive their blood, do you then become immunized?


If someone becomes immunized, and you receive their blood, do you then become immunized?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 07:10 PM PDT

Say I receive the yellow fever vaccine and have enough time to develop antibodies (Ab) to the antigens there-within. Then later, my friend, who happens to be the exact same blood type, is in a car accident and receives 2 units of my donated blood.

Would they then inherit my Ab to defend themselves against yellow fever? Or does their immune system immediately kill off my antibodies? (Or does donated blood have Ab filtered out somehow and I am ignorant of the process?)

If they do inherit my antibodies, is this just a temporary effect as they don't have the memory B cells to continue producing the antibodies for themselves? Or do the B cells learn and my friends is super cool and avoided the yellow fever vaccine shortage?

submitted by /u/szeretlek
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AskScience AMA Series: IAmA restoration ecologist focused on restoring oysters to the NY Harbor in New York City. AMA!

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hello Reddit!

I'm Dr. Liz Burmester, an ecologist with the Billion Oyster Project - a nonprofit dedicated to restoring 1 billion oysters in the NY Harbor by 2035 through education and community involvement.

Why oysters? As suspension (filter) feeders and reef builders, oysters are a keystone species capable of important ecosystem services like water filtration and habitat creation for a variety of marine creatures. My research revolves around understanding how organisms survive, reproduce, and respond to stress. We use that information to inform the Billion Oyster Project's work on restoring the NY Harbor's - once impressive and thriving, but now functionally extinct - population of oysters.

Before transitioning to this urbanized environment, I researched another group of keystone reef builders - corals - and their ability to recover from localized stress.

As part of my work, I also serve as a mentor to high school students performing their own independent research in a career and technical education program at the Urban Assembly Harbor School in New York City.

Looking forward to your questions - I'll be on at 12 ET (16 UT) - ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How Did We Discover Bi-209 Is Radioactive?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 08:11 AM PDT

Given that its half-life is so ridiculously long, what led us to find out that Bismuth isn't actually stable? Did we "get lucky" and happen to witness some decay, or are there analytical ways to determine an element's radioactivity without needing to observe anything? If the latter is the case, what prompted us to do this for bismuth?

submitted by /u/Kurausukun
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How exactly do big, heavy snakes like boa constrictors and anacondas catch prey that is so much faster and heavier than they are?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:19 AM PDT

I always see documentaries where big constrictors have caught antelopes and are trying to swallow them, but how on earth do they catch them in the first place?

submitted by /u/A_Really_Big_Cat
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Why did Homo sapiens become the dominant species on Earth rather than other ancient hominids?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 05:24 AM PDT

Do we know what developed in our brain that allowed Homo sapiens to become dominant rather than other ancient hominids such as the Neanderthals who were either absorbed into the gene pool of Homo sapiens or simply died off?

submitted by /u/KillerCatfish
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If a mother breastfeeds while infected with a virus does the baby adopt her antibodies for life? Example chickenpox

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:06 AM PDT

My mother breastfed me while she had chickenpox i didn't get chicken pox and i never have, is it possible that i've already gotten the antibodies?

submitted by /u/ClannyRob
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Why doesn't the sun look blue?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 07:58 AM PDT

I don't understand why the oxygen in the atmosphere makes the sky look blue, but the sun still looks yellow/white.

submitted by /u/ChrismuthMan
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How does a chameleon process visual input from its two independent pupils to form a singular clear image of its surroundings, even when pointing in completely different directions (e.g. one eye pointing forwards and one eye pointing to the side)?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 04:51 PM PDT

How quickly does a SCRAM happen?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 06:55 PM PDT

I don't know the situations for when a nuclear reactor needs an immediate shutdown (or how often that comes up) but I do know that once a reactor is packed up with control rods, the next step is to cool the reactor down.

How quickly are control rods inserted into the reactor, and does the speed or method vary with reactor configuration? Like, are they just lowered by actuators, do they fall, do they slam down?

What is the urgency of a SCRAM?

submitted by /u/accidentallybrill
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Why do our brains wrinkle in order to make more surface area rather than fill out for volume?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 05:12 AM PDT

I understand that our brains create these wrinkles to create more surface area, but why is it more important to create more surface area as opposed to volume? I would think that more volume would allow for more cells and therefore more processing power.

submitted by /u/destruct4343
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Can CRISPR repair the genes of someone who is born missing part of a chromosome?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 07:26 AM PDT

I was watching this video on r/videos of a woman who was born with Distal 18q- and was wondering if CRISPR could be used in childhood to allow them to develop normally?

submitted by /u/youwontguessthisname
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Why do the signs of the cofactors in a matrix alternate?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 06:55 AM PDT

We learned in class today that when we're doing determinants using cofactors, the way that you determine the sign of a given term is to start with + or -, then alternate in a sort of checkerboard pattern, like

+ - + - + - - + - + - + + - + - + - 

etc.

Why is that?

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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Since wind is partly made by the difference of temperature, does global warming has an effect on wind streams ?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 06:41 AM PDT

Do wolves panic during thunderstorms the way domesticated dogs sometimes do?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 04:03 PM PDT

Has there been a gamma frequency camera invented? If not why?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 03:28 PM PDT

I know there are cameras that see in the low light spectrum, IR, and other frequencies than visible light, and I work in radiography using Geiger counters often so I'm wondering why a camera like this hasn't been made in order to keep people from needing to go into gamma radiation in order to test for it?

Edit: yeah now I get why it wouldn't make a difference about having to still be in the radiation in order to receive it considering it reflects no light, but now I'm just wondering why none of you in the comments have come up with something that can, you seem like capable minds to me 😅

submitted by /u/Paydenwayne
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[meteorology] Is "the calm before the storm" a real phenomenon which can be measured?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 06:06 PM PDT

I have often wondered if this is just a saying or if it has an actual basis in science.

submitted by /u/movieguy95453
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How does the Fourier Transform actually 'work'?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 03:41 PM PDT

I've covered the Fourier Transform in maths so I know the formula and what it does but its coming up again as part of my chemistry course (2nd year undergrad) when used in NMR and I'm having a hard time trying to figure out how it converts from time space to frequency space. Has anyone got an explanation of how the integral 'picks out' which frequencies are present in the wave?

submitted by /u/wickedel99
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How strong is the explosive power of a hypernova?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 03:38 PM PDT

If u can answer in megatons aka what we grade nukes on.

submitted by /u/GenuineSteak
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What is the approximate shelf-life of the Novichok series of nerve agents?

Posted: 04 Apr 2018 12:08 AM PDT

Tuesday, April 3, 2018

How is the fatigue life of an airplane wing flexing during turbulence determined? How do they keep track of it?

How is the fatigue life of an airplane wing flexing during turbulence determined? How do they keep track of it?


How is the fatigue life of an airplane wing flexing during turbulence determined? How do they keep track of it?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 03:52 PM PDT

How can a bolt from a crossbow have a higher penetration power but less range than an arrow from a bow?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 12:59 AM PDT

Why are there as many electrons as protons in the universe?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 02:06 AM PDT

Can any animals ACTUALLY smell fear?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 05:31 AM PDT

I've heard it about numerous animals, but can are there any species with the ability to detect fear through scent?

submitted by /u/TheClayrooAtWork
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Does irradiation of food for safety purposes affect nutritional content?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 07:08 AM PDT

[Physics] Why neutrons are uncharged? Why it's important?What happens if it does not exist?

Posted: 03 Apr 2018 04:57 AM PDT

Hydrogens don't have neutrons why other elements have it?what happens if we remove neutrons from other elements is it possible to do that? (Sorry for my grammar mistakes) :)

submitted by /u/7Royale
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Why do rockets only use chemical reaction (fuel, oxidizer, cryogenics, etc.) boosters? Why not a chemical/ion/nuclear combo? Size a big factor?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 10:21 PM PDT

My thinking would be chemical boosters to exit earths atmosphere, and a nuclear/ion booster for deep space travel.

submitted by /u/FriendlyFonzi
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Can Astronomers actually see other galaxies rotating, other stars moving, and other such events in "real-time" or does space appear to stand still?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 09:59 PM PDT

I know that we are able to detect planets by measuring the light from stars when a planet passes in front of it. Though that is perhaps the only "real-time" event that I know of that we observe.

What sort of activity in the cosmos can we watch in real-time? For example, since the Sombrero Galaxy has been found, has it rotated enough to reveal more of it's structure or appear exactly the same after all these years?

Sorry if this seems like a painfully stupid question.

submitted by /u/4Nia
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What makes a chemical dangerous to smell?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 04:55 PM PDT

Is the empty space near the Sun (say, closer than Mercury) hot or cold?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 02:41 PM PDT

I know that once you leave the atmosphere things get mad cold out there, and heat needs some kind of medium to propagate through(?). But I also know that the Sun is really, extremely hot, and the heat on earth I presume has to get here somehow. If you were floating in space near the sun, would you burn to a crisp or freeze (after you suffocate, obvs)? If it's hot, what is the heat propagating through?

submitted by /u/Ferociousaurus
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What, atomically, happens when electricity arcs and produces light?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 03:48 PM PDT

I understand that when electrons are forced to change energy state in an atom this produces light of specific energy levels, is it something similar, or have I got that bit wrong as well?

submitted by /u/King_Bonio
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How aware are humans of our surroundings when we sleep?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 08:02 AM PDT

I ask this because I spent the last few nights sleeping in a hotel room, and for whatever reason- I woke up every few hours. When I'm sleeping in my own bed, I rarely wake up until the alarm sounds.

Another thing that I noticed is that if I fall asleep in my bed, I can roll around and end up in weird positions or on the other side of the bed, yet if I fall asleep on a bench or shallow couch, I wont roll off and fall on the floor.

These occurrences lead me to believe that we must have some senses active while we're sleeping that remains responsible for sensing our surroundings.

submitted by /u/cupbell2000
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Why does freezing work for embryos but not adults?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 10:29 AM PDT

How do Economists Calculate how much Currency to Mint?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 08:36 AM PDT

For given countries, are there 'go to' formulas used for Economists to calculate how much new money the government should be minting at a given moment?

What kind of variables does it operate on, and if there are more than one, what are the pros and cons of each?

Seems like a very difficult problem that must have been solved to some degree by someone at some point.

submitted by /u/lionhart280
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Since they just claimed to find a star that is 9 billion light years away, would this change how old and big the universe is?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 02:28 PM PDT

As I understand it, the universe is as big as however far it is to the furthest we can detect light from, multiplied by 2 to give us the diameter. Link: http://go.newsfusion.com/nasa-news/item/5561790

submitted by /u/HumanoidParanoid
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Why do storms on our solar systems outer planets last so long?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 01:08 PM PDT

Title. Earth's toughest storms seem to only last a few weeks. But storms on the outer most planets have storms which have lasted for years or decades. What is so different about Earth?

submitted by /u/Zebrasaurus-Rex
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If a solar panel isn't connected to a power grid, what happens to the electricity generated?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 10:42 PM PDT

I'm currently aboard train with electric wall sockets for every seat. Is it possible to use so much electricity that the train is slowed down?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 10:53 AM PDT

The train is 8 carriages long with an electric locomotive at the front end. Each carriage looks to have about sixty seats each, each seat has with 2 standard European 240V sockets (two sockets under each pair of seats, two in front). Doing the maths, that works out to 1920 sockets.

While I haven't tried to overload the capacity, I forgot to bring any high-wattage appliances for my journey, and so did the rest of the passengers.

So, is it possible to make the conductors and staff at least notice something if every single socket is in use? Just a thought.

submitted by /u/ral008
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Why does injury recovery focus heavily on reducing inflammation?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 09:35 AM PDT

Rest, elevate, ice, wrap, take NSAIDs.

How does it make me heal quicker to reduce inflammation?

submitted by /u/gdubrocks
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If the entire moon exploded would the proximity to earth allow for sound to be transmitted back to earth on a global scale and be heard in ways similar to that of a bomb explosion?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 07:57 PM PDT

How do contraceptive pills work when taken consecutively?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 12:23 PM PDT

As I was studying biology today and exactly the moment I was looking at how contraceptive pills work, my dad looked over and started asking me to explain it...then I realized I have the basic knowledge of how contraceptive pills work but haven't grasped the full, intricated details. At least not how they work with the hormones levels. Then, my mother starting asking about taking the pills consecutively, because she notices I sometimes take them two packs after each other. I did not have an answer to it, hence I am wondering the exact procedure when I take them back to back without a stop.

submitted by /u/Daisuki_29
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Monday, April 2, 2018

What’s the difference between men’s and women’s multivitamins?

What’s the difference between men’s and women’s multivitamins?


What’s the difference between men’s and women’s multivitamins?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 10:27 PM PDT

When a person observes light at the limits of the visible spectrum, what does the transition to UV or IR look like?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 10:06 PM PDT

Does it gradually fade away or is there a point where it suddenly goes black?

submitted by /u/angryco1
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How many metric tonnes of plants/fossils were necessary to generate such immense amounts of oil?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 04:07 AM PDT

Is there any way to prove that all points on the number line correspond to a real number?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 09:57 PM PDT

And vice versa (that all real numbers have a unique spot on the number line)? If so, what is it?

I've noticed that this is something I've been assuming for a while. I was wondering if this is just a convenient shorthand or if there is a rigorous connection.

submitted by /u/ACuteMonkeysUncle
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Which is brighter, a full moon from earth or a full earth from the moon?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 10:26 PM PDT

Are chewable vitamins more easily absorbed by the body than “pill” vitamins?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 05:01 AM PDT

My friend told me that chewable are more easily absorbed by the body. Is that true?

submitted by /u/BlargAttack
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How do robins find worms underground? Are they able to locate food more accurately than simply guessing and digging?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 06:03 AM PDT

How does being born blind or deaf influence the way you think?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 05:52 AM PDT

Can immunization be passed on?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 09:06 PM PDT

Can some one tell me if I made someone immune to a virus using CRISPR could they pass on that immunization?

submitted by /u/notbored1
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Do all stars have the same photospheric composition?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 07:33 PM PDT

I googled this question and only received vaguely related articles and blog posts. I would assume the photospheric composition of a star changes whit the different stages of a stars life cycle (O to M classes) but I would like to know for sure rather than accept false information.

submitted by /u/Magi-Koopa
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How did fish appear in Endorheic basins such as the Caspian Sea?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 11:17 PM PDT

Why does a note on a guitar sound different on a piano (and every other instrument)?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 02:44 AM PDT

Why does a spaceship burn on return and not on the way out of the atmosphere?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 02:23 AM PDT

why do we supply IV fluid or any other pain relieving drug through blood stream not make the patient just drink it?

Posted: 02 Apr 2018 05:59 AM PDT

Humans and countless other species use mouths to both eat and make sounds. Are there animals out there that produce sounds from a part of their body that isn't where they also consume?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 10:54 PM PDT

Do we have satellites around other celestial bodies?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 11:44 AM PDT

I've always wondered. We do fly-bys with probes, but why not just park an imaging satalite above, say, Jupiter so we can monitor it and its moons for years? Or do we already have something like that?

submitted by /u/TrueRadicalDreamer
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Why do the beeps from Sputnik sound like they are echoey? Is this bouncing of the radio signals or something about how the sound was generated?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 11:03 AM PDT

The sound, for reference: https://youtu.be/lfnfNe31fmY

submitted by /u/dyyys1
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Which would burn more calories by: running a mile, walking a mile, or are they the same?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 01:14 PM PDT

I think this may boil down to a biomechanics problem and is probably affected by running and walking form. If that's the case, you can assume the most energy-efficient walking and running form.

submitted by /u/Shake_That_Acetone
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How does the size of a proton change under different conditions?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 03:14 PM PDT

Within different sizes of atomic nuclei what governs changes in the size of the proton? What conjecture is there? What do we know? And how does this affect the density of atomic nuclei?

If any astrophysics people know anything about say matter in extreme conditions and it's affect on size that would be interesting to hear as well.

submitted by /u/A_Mathematician
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What is the difference between freeze-out and decoupling?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 11:47 PM PDT

I've been trying to figure out what the difference between freeze-out and decoupling is with the help of books and google, however I've not been able to come up with anything useful - most everyone equates the terms but that begs the question why there exist such different terms.

As I understand it, decoupling means that the particle class we speak of is no longer in thermal equilibrium with it's surroundings. Thus the universe become transparent and they propagate freely from then on - not interacting with the rest.

Freeze out means that the particle abundance becomes constant - i.e. there is no more interaction with the rest and equilibrium is left behind.

Are my understandings of freeze-out and decoupling right? And what then is the difference between the two?

submitted by /u/writerstears
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What does it mean that "the electromagnetic force is carried by photons"?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 09:18 AM PDT

So I kind of sort of understand what a force carrier is, and I know that photons are the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. But what does that mean, exactly? When I put two magnets together, they don't emit light or anything, and particles can't pull things together, only push them apart. So what role do photons play in this interaction?

And I'd assume that photons are also to blame when it comes to positively charged particles attracting negatively charged particles, but how does that work? Again, particles fired toward another particle should only be able to push them apart, right? So how exactly does the exchange of photons keep charged particles together?

And lastly, what about when magnet poles or like-charged particles get close together? I'd assume in this case, photons exchanged between the two objects would push them apart, but why don't we see any visible light when this occurs?

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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Does the moon/sun's gravitational pull affect how high I can jump height on earth?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 01:15 PM PDT

The moon and sun have effects on gravity on earth, which can be seen with the tides, human physiology, and more. My question is if the pull of the moon and sun have enough of an effect on the gravitational acceleration here on earth that I could be able to jump slightly higher when the moon/sun are overhead than when the moon/sun are underneath us?

Thanks, rainbows82

submitted by /u/rainbows82
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Do animals have social and behaviour-affecting substances, like alcohol is for humans?

Posted: 01 Apr 2018 01:51 PM PDT