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Thursday, March 29, 2018

How does something as temporary as a human footprint get preserved for more than 10,000 years?

How does something as temporary as a human footprint get preserved for more than 10,000 years?


How does something as temporary as a human footprint get preserved for more than 10,000 years?

Posted: 29 Mar 2018 01:40 AM PDT

https://nyti.ms/2Gw13VV

Archaeologists have found human footprints that are 13,000 years old. How do footprints get preserved?

submitted by /u/flubbergrubbery
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How sure are we that Proxima Centauri is indeed gravitationally bound to the Alpha Centauri binary pair?

Posted: 29 Mar 2018 01:22 AM PDT

So therefore what are the odds that it is not?

submitted by /u/IshtarJack
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What makes pop rocks, "pop" when in your mouth?

Posted: 29 Mar 2018 05:03 AM PDT

How do scientists know how much dark matter a galaxy has or doesn't have?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 10:46 PM PDT

What’s the difference between white ice and clear ice?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 09:06 PM PDT

I realized I left my water bottle in the freezer too long, and all of it came out frozen. However, the ice in the middle of the cup was completely white and very opaque, while it was surrounded by clear ice like I'm used to. Is there a reason for this?

submitted by /u/NearlyEvil667
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Dark Energy makes up ~68.3% of the mass-energy of the universe today. Was it different a few billion years ago?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 05:35 PM PDT

I've seen lots of places describe the distribution of matter and energy in the universe to be:

68.3% Dark Energy

26.8% Dark Matter

4.9% Ordinary Matter

But I haven't been able to find anywhere that talks about whether that has changed over time.

Followup question: We know the universe is expanding in size, does that mean the overall density of the universe is decreasing, or does the total mass increase too?

submitted by /u/Gibybo
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How are giant highway bridges built?

Posted: 29 Mar 2018 06:57 AM PDT

What's the general process of building it and how do they manage to stretch those huge structures over large amounts of land?

submitted by /u/Bluebushes
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Is there a list of delayed neutron isotopes?

Posted: 29 Mar 2018 08:10 AM PDT

Traditionally, delayed neutrons are listed into 6 groups by decay time.

I'm having some difficulties finding information about how many different fission isotopes emit delayed neutrons. Is there a list somewhere, maybe in a paper?

(Sorry about such a narrow, relatively high level, and uninteresting question.)

submitted by /u/OmnipotentEntity
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In the brain of a deaf,blind, or mute person is the brain in the areas used to control those functions "dead" or are they used elsewhere?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 09:12 AM PDT

Why do some infections confer immunity and not others?

Posted: 29 Mar 2018 01:46 AM PDT

How does the Higgs boson generate mass through interactions with other particles?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 08:03 PM PDT

Does the language we speak affect how we hear/perceive animal sounds?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 02:31 PM PDT

Does ice get harder as it gets colder?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 07:27 AM PDT

Do other species have “early birds” and “night owls,” or is this a uniquely human/ primate trait?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 04:08 PM PDT

Can man made elements be created naturally somewhere in the universe?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 02:15 PM PDT

What’s happening in the brain when someone gets intoxicated or tipsy? What causes people to do stupid things whilst drunk/tipsy?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 09:04 AM PDT

What are non-antibiotic alternatives to low dose doxycycline with similar anti-inflammatory mechanism of action?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 08:39 PM PDT

I keep hearing that we’re “running out of sand.” Is there not an abundance of sand in the dunes of the Middle East and Africa? Why can’t we use this sand as opposed to beach sand?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 08:01 PM PDT

Why does only the nasal portion of the optic nerve decussate at the optic chiasm? Or is this not the case in all animals?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 09:54 AM PDT

How does quantum entanglement imply “spooky action at a distance”?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 06:04 PM PDT

I've heard people describe quantum entanglement in terms of two entangled particles. Even when separated by a great distance the act of observing characteristics of one particle "instantly" determines characteristics of it's entangled counterpart. I've heard this described as "spooky action at a distance" (I believe this is an Einstein quote).

As a point of comparison, imagine I flip a coin and write down the result (say, heads) on one price of paper, and the opposite of that result (tails) on another. Then shuffle the two pieces of paper and I put each in its own envelope and mail them to two different places. With an understanding of the setup, one recipient could open their envelope and "instantaneously" know the state of the other piece of paper. But it seems like a bold claim to say that there was some sort of action at a distance between the two envelopes or that the act of opening one envelope enacted some kind of influence on the other.

In what way is quantum entanglement different than this?

submitted by /u/5thMo
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How do scientists determine the gravitational pull of exoplanets?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 11:16 AM PDT

Wednesday, March 28, 2018

How do scientists know we've only discovered 14% of all living species?

How do scientists know we've only discovered 14% of all living species?


How do scientists know we've only discovered 14% of all living species?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 11:32 PM PDT

Why do we sometimes have problems telling apart left and right, but not up and down?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 09:00 AM PDT

Edit: Just for clarification: I don't mean the absolut terms of up and down like relative to the earths gravity, those make sense to me as well. I mean the relative up and down, like relative to your field of view.

submitted by /u/ifif1000
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Do other social species (like ants, for example) organize themselves into rural, suburban, and urban areas, similar to humans?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 09:41 AM PDT

I was recently thinking about how the high efficiency of services and goods access in urban areas seem to make their development inevitable, particularly with advancing technology. And many other potential reasons, but I won't get into the weeds.

But obviously, there are plenty of humans who do still live in rural and suburban areas.

So I'm wondering if other social species have a similar spectrum of living areas, and if so, what contributes to why some animals stay rural whereas others are more suburban or urban. Have there been any studies published on this?

submitted by /u/MRC1986
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Say we scale down an aircraft proportionately (say, all dimensions divided by a factor of 2). What happens to the lift, drag, wing efficiency, etc? What are the scaling laws here?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 01:38 PM PDT

How does having more trees on a hillside help to prevent landslide?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 07:32 AM PDT

I've heard some explanation long time ago about the roots "holding on" to the soil, what is the exact mechanism? I don't suppose the roots have any sort of "grip" in the conventional sense.

submitted by /u/finally_got_username
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What methods have been suggested to directly observe right handed neutrinos?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 03:37 AM PDT

If they don't interact through Standard Model interactions, how can we ever directly observe them? And if we can't, how do we know that they exist?

submitted by /u/fiddybucks420
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Do all orbitals have infinite ranges with only specific regions of high probability of finding an electron? And if so, does it mean that technically an atom is infinite in size?

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 06:11 AM PDT

Do any young animals cry like human children?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 07:21 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 28 Mar 2018 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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whats the difference between single double and coaxial prop thrust?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 10:26 PM PDT

At fixed diameter and rpm, what is the difference in potential thrust between
A. a single full diameter rotor blade.
B. An X shaped blade of the same diameter
C. two full diameter rotor blades as in example A sharing a common axis but spinning in counter to one another

Does B=2A? Are B and C different in potential thrust output?

submitted by /u/PoweRaider
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Nuclear Reactor : Control rods - What causes the difference in reactivity of the core when control rods are withdrawn at full power and all control rods are inserted at zero power?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 05:32 PM PDT

Hi all,

I am interested to understand the effect of control rods during a shutdown margin and how the value of keff could change between the two scenarios.

Many thanks for your help

submitted by /u/helix_413
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Why can we get some diseases only once when others require vaccines every few years ?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 10:31 AM PDT

Unless I'm completely mistaken some diseases like chickenpox or mumps you can only get once whether it be by actually being affected by it or by getting vaccinated for it and then you never get that disease again.

But then for most vaccines you're supposed to get back every few years to get vaccinated again like for tetanus for example.

I understand that acquired immunity comes from your lymphocyte B memory cells and you need to get vaccinated every few years because their numbers decrease over the years if you don't get exposed to the disease but why do some diseases like chickenpox only require 1 vaccination for your entire life ?

submitted by /u/Elvenstar32
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Do polarized lenses completely block the light when kept at an angle 90 degree?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 10:14 PM PDT

If yes the must be the darkest thingies

submitted by /u/homosapien__
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What are some "anomalous" or unexplained fossils/biological materials that we've found?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 04:00 PM PDT

(Sorry for the wonky title, automod doesn't let you submit topics that don't end with a question mark.)

By "unexplained" I just mean "Things we don't have an explanation for just yet." (E.g. The "Devils Corkscrews" before we figured out what they were.)

I was thinking about the topic because of this article which describes a human effort to protect coral reefs. If this effort is successful, and humanity were to forget about it, then wouldn't future archeologists be confused (at least at first) as to how it happened?

Is there anything we have now that we can't explain just yet, or that we can explain but that had an interesting explanation?

submitted by /u/ThiZ
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Are mascara and make-up a problem in satellite clean rooms?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 08:43 AM PDT

I just happened to see photos of people in a satellite clean room and one had mascara and make-up. I was thinking about potential contamination of the device if some mascara or make-up dust would fall on the device.

submitted by /u/thargos
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How do gravitational fields interact with each other?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 01:59 PM PDT

When I think of how gravity works from the planetary scale to the galactic and universal scale, I get a bit lost with the mental image I make.

Here's my imagination:

The sun is the obvious gravitational well in the solar system, therefore we are within its "web" so to speak. We constantly fall towards it, such as the moon does the Earth. But that is where I get bundled up, and it applies all the way to the larger scale. Are gravitational fields within other fields amplified or reduced in any way?

I guess some visuals would help me here. I understand the concept but have a hard time putting an accurate picture together.

submitted by /u/PressingSoda
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The Australian Cricket Scandal: How does rubbing tape against the ball make it move unpredictably?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 11:24 AM PDT

So lately there has been this huge controversy in Cricket where the Australian team was caught ball tampering. The bowler apparently rubbed the ball with yellow tape and "roughed up the ball on one side," making it more challenging for the batsmen to hit.

How does A). Rubbing a ball with tape rough it up? Is tape really that damaging to the surface of a cricket ball What does tape do to the surface of cricket ball.

B). How much of a difference does that actually make? How does the trajectory of the ball change when one side is more rough? How uneven does the surface of the ball have to be to make a noticeable difference?

https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/sports/cricket/australia-cricket-scandal.html

submitted by /u/Yakety_Sax
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What is the Calabi-Yua manifold ?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 08:01 AM PDT

I'd really like to learn more about it but I can't find much about it. I'd appreciate if someone could take the time to explain it to me, Thanks.

submitted by /u/Ampdoesntmiss
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How do we know that the solar system is a remnant of an earlier one?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 10:18 PM PDT

[Biology] Does human testicular volume change throughout adulthood?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 07:53 AM PDT

Are there any landforms that exist in theory, but of which there no current examples on Earth?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 06:40 AM PDT

Do molten metals in the Earth's mantle, outer, and inner layers separate by density?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 01:40 PM PDT

Tuesday, March 27, 2018

Are there any resources that Earth has already run out of?

Are there any resources that Earth has already run out of?


Are there any resources that Earth has already run out of?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 10:26 PM PDT

We're always hearing that certain resources are going to be used up someday (oil, helium, lithium...) But is there anything that the Earth has already run out of?

submitted by /u/faux-tographer
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Why are some charging cables faster than others even when using the same power supply?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 03:18 PM PDT

Why is it so difficult to manufacture graphene in industrial quantities?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 11:37 PM PDT

Graphene seems to be such an incredible material with so many cutting edge applications.

Why is it that we can't manufacture it in any decent quantities? Does it just need a gigafactory style investment to obtain economies of scale or is there something that is lacking in our understanding of the physics that is preventing us from an efficient means of production?

submitted by /u/n8ores
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How long did recombination (photon decoupling) actually take?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 06:43 PM PDT

Ok, so in the beginning, the universe was too hot and energetic for nuclei to hold on to electrons. Therefore photons had a very short mean free path to travel, and the whole universe was opaque. So far, so good.

Then, "378,000 years after the big bang", the universe had cooled down sufficiently for neutral atoms to form and became transparent. The one thing that I find gets glossed over in all the texts I've read is how long this process actually took. Was it fairly instantaneous across the entire universe, did it take weeks, months, thousands of years?

While the process was ongoing if you were in one of the transparent bits of the universe and looked towards a yet opaque bit, what would it look like? White? Black? Red?

submitted by /u/OnDrugsTonight
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Why do knives cut better when you slide the blade across the thing you're cutting?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 06:27 PM PDT

You can't really push a knife through something. Most often it cuts a heck of a lot better if you SLIDE the knife (almost like sawing, but only in one direction.)

For example, cutting raw chicken. If you try to just press your knife down against it, it doesn't really work, but if pull the knife back as you're cutting, it cuts great.

Another example... You can press your finger against the sharp edge of a blade without hurting yourself, but as SOON as you slide your finger across the blade, you get a cut. Why?

Of course, this is all related to how sharp the knife is, but the question still stands.

submitted by /u/corrado33
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Can you change the wavelength of coloured light?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 11:25 PM PDT

With magnetism or something. I know phosfloresence does it, but is there another mechanism? Does it work with non-uv light, if so is it still called that? Does it always go towards ir?

submitted by /u/sobertomato
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How do multifocal Intra-ocular lenses work?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 05:39 PM PDT

A recent study has suggested some of TRAPPIST-1's planets may have 'too much water for life'. How does 'too much water' prevent a terrestrial planet from forming life?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 11:48 AM PDT

If sulfuric acid has a pH 2.75 (give or take a little) and Coca-Cola has a pH of 2.53 why does drinking sulfuric acid kill you but drinking Coke does not?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 01:14 PM PDT

What would happen to a hurricane (or tropical storm) that crosses the equator? Would the coriolis effect break it apart? Would it somehow reverse its rotation?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 01:33 PM PDT

How do surgeons attach blood vessels to artificial hearts?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 09:21 AM PDT

I'm specifically referring to the artificial heart that was recently in the news. see here.

I've read that blood vessels are normally attached by sewing which obviously won't work here. I've read that glue is not reliable for blood vessels. That leaves me thinking about something like the hose clamps used in engines, but surely that isn't reliable either.

So what prevents the blood vessel from slipping off the device in the short term? Does the blood vessel eventually fuse with the device? If not, what is the durability of the attachment mechanism? Wouldn't the "ends" of the blood vessel fray or deteriorate over time?

submitted by /u/scratch1234
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If I were to fill a cup with ice, and then water (all the way to the rim) to fill in the remaining space, would the water overflow once all the ice melted?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 05:58 PM PDT

What's an anchor protein?

Posted: 27 Mar 2018 01:41 AM PDT

Someone told me that when cancer cells lose them, the cancer can become metastatic.

submitted by /u/StrangeSwordfish
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How does sound dampening work on trains?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 11:32 AM PDT

Shouldn't trains produce very loud noise, considering their wheels are metal and are rolling on a metal rail? What measures can be (and are) taken to lessen that noise? Can a new train be used on an old track without noise and vice versa?

submitted by /u/HelloWorld002
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How do we measure gas levels of an exoplanet's atmosphere?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 02:26 PM PDT

Methinks this would be impossible with current technology since we have to use a host star to even theorize an exoplanet's existence.

submitted by /u/Umbross13
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What exactly is going on in the brain if a patient has "the most aggressive form of brain cancer" that could make them die quickly? How does brain cancer work exactly and how differently does it work when compared to other cancers?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 10:36 AM PDT

I watch this series on TV called "The Good Doctor" which is airing in the US and Canada, and in this season's final episode (airing this week) according to a preview airing after last weeks episode, one of the most important characters in the show (the head of the hospital where the series revolves around/in, and the father figure/mentor to the main character who has both autism and savant syndrome) gets diagnosed with "the most aggressive form of brain cancer", and everyone except the main character accepts the (possibly terminal) diagnosis. The main character still thinks he may able to save his mentor and father figure somehow (judging on the preview of this weeks episode that aired last week.)

Preview of this week's episode in case you want to take a look yourself, I found on the related subreddit, /r/GoodDoctor. In this preview, it doesn't specify which kind of brain cancer it is other than it is "the most aggressive" form out there.

So what I am wondering, as someone who has followed this show since the beginning (and having seen the main character grow up in this environment and interact with the other characters throughout all the episodes) and wanting more information on this: What exactly (scientifically) is going on in the brain of a patient that has "the most aggressive form of brain cancer" possible that could/would make them die quickly? Also, how does brain cancer work exactly and how differently does it work when compared to other cancers of the human body?

submitted by /u/urbanracer34
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How did the first cells replicate?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 09:31 AM PDT

DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase enzymes are integral for cell replication as far as i know, but they are quite complex molecules. Were they already present at the beginning of life or were there other methods of replication of DNA?

submitted by /u/FinnishViking
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Have there been studies of chemical bioaccumulation in humans?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 11:39 AM PDT

I'm aware of bioaccumulation studies in animals, but not in humans. This is almost a forensic medicine question. Is mercury bioaccumulation a fingerprint of people who eat lots of fish, for example? What other chemicals are humans bioaccumulating? Although humans eat more varied food sources, are there still certain food sources that leave distinct chemical fingerprints?

submitted by /u/siliconlife
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What's the difference between a car's object detection system based on computer vision compared to an AI neural network?

Posted: 26 Mar 2018 03:11 PM PDT

Asking because of this article about the Uber accident

Recent developments in artificial intelligence, like deep neural networks, have led many to believe that it is now easy to develop a highly accurate object detection system and that the decade-plus experience of incumbent computer vision experts should be discounted.

submitted by /u/smartse
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