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Thursday, February 22, 2018

What is the effect, positive or negative, of receiving multiple immunizations at the same time; such as when the military goes through "shot lines" to receive all deployment related vaccines?

What is the effect, positive or negative, of receiving multiple immunizations at the same time; such as when the military goes through "shot lines" to receive all deployment related vaccines?


What is the effect, positive or negative, of receiving multiple immunizations at the same time; such as when the military goes through "shot lines" to receive all deployment related vaccines?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 06:07 PM PST

Specifically the efficacy of the immune response to each individual vaccine; if the response your body produces is more or less significant when compared to the same vaccines being given all together or spread out over a longer period of time. Edit: clarification

submitted by /u/Sampioni13
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AskScience AMA Series: I am Melinda Krahenbuhl and I am the director of the Reed Research Reactor, the only nuclear reactor operated primarily by undergraduate students. AMA!

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 04:00 AM PST

Hi everyone, I'm Melinda Krahenbuhl, and I'm the Director of the Reed Research Reactor in Portland, Oregon. I'm here to answer your questions with help from Atlas Obscura, who wrote about the reactor. I received my Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Utah in 1998. I've previously served as the Director of the Dow Chemical Research Reactor (2008-2011) and the Reactor Adminstrator of the University of Utah Research Reactor (2004-2008). Under the Department of Energy's Industrial Assessment Center program, I completed 120 energy assessments for manufacturers in the intermountain region, ranging from manufacturers of ice cream to rocket motors. I participated from 1998 to 2008 in the Joint Coordinating Council for Radiation Effects Research-Project 2.4 analyzing exposures, bioassay data, and the biological fate of plutonium in the Russian weapons development workers. I have served on the National Organization of Test, Research and Training Reactors (TRTR) executive committee since 2008. In 2014, I became the first female chair of TRTR. I served as the chair for 2 Ph.D.'s and 6 Master students and employed over 100 undergraduates in her academic roles. I have 15 peer reviewed publications, and I've received federal funding for 17 projects with a financial value just over 2 million dollars. My research interests include biokinetic modeling, neutron activation and fission track analysis.

I'll be on from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. (18 UT), AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do wild animals get physical addictions to substances?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 04:20 PM PST

What causes the increased grip on paper when you lick your finger?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 08:33 PM PST

When trying to separate pages, I sometimes lick my fingers to make the pages "stick". What about dampening my skin makes it adhere so well to the paper?

submitted by /u/TheOutbreak
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How can brain cells cause tumours even though they can not multiply?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 03:56 AM PST

Hi! I asked this in another place and didn't get an answer and got insulted, and I was told to post this question here.

So I'll just ask it here. Biology is not really a strong point for me, and Google doesn't help me much so I think it is good for me to have an answer where people know what they are talking about.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Kypriss97
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Why does sleep deprivation and lack of sleep increase depression?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 02:00 AM PST

I've personally never understood why the likeliness of depressing / sadder thoughts increase when we get considerably more tired. The only logical explanation I could think of is that where our body becomes fatigued, we want to rest and not giving into that instinct causes the aforementioned.

submitted by /u/Kree_Horse
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How does Positron Emission Topography (PET) work?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 12:59 PM PST

Wouldn't the positrons undergo annihilation the very instant they come into contact with normal matter?

submitted by /u/CSGOWorstGame
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Is there any evidence that pornography is a public health risk?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 10:44 PM PST

Florida declares pornography a public health risk. I'm aware that politics is often irrational. But is there any scientific evidence that shows in this direction? And if yes, can this risk be quantified?

submitted by /u/okko7
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Why are mercury salts a common first choice for heavy atom soaks in protein crystallography?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 07:28 AM PST

I understand that you need an electron dense heavy atom in order to dominate a Patterson map. But why are mercury salts more common than other heavy atoms, like platinum, gold etc.?

submitted by /u/BabySasquatch
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Would someone who got into an accident that put them into a coma for a couple of weeks still be addicted to a drug that they were addicted to prior to the accident? Why or why not?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 10:41 PM PST

How fast does a sun blow up? Not as in life span, but say a supernova, how long would it take for the process to complete?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 03:05 AM PST

Can the effect of a "bunker buster" be accurately predicted, in relation to the target's compressive strength?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 03:01 AM PST

This infograph picqued my interest; apparently there's a sharp (exponential?) decrease of the projectile's effectiveness with an increase in compressive strength.

Newton's approximation for impact depth won't work with such slow impacts, but can a reasonably accurate prediction be made when the target's compressive strength is known?

For instance, how would the GBU-28 and GBU-57 fare against targets such as Kosvinsky Mountain or Cheyenne Mountain?
Given the compressive strength of granite is much higher, between 100-250 MPa (~14,000 to 36,600 PSI), I'd assume they effect would be miniscule.

submitted by /u/VegetableCell
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Is there any evidence to suggest that biracial people are less susceptible to genetic diseases?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 05:52 AM PST

Being that they are created from very different gene pools.

submitted by /u/HeyItsTman
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How does homolytic fission make radicals? Don't both of the atoms still have the same amount of electrons before the covalent bond and after the bond is split?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 05:29 AM PST

I was in a chemistry lesson a week ago and asked this to my teacher who then responded to me saying it wouldn't be in the syllabus but im still really curious

submitted by /u/bilayo
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How can we hear when someone is smiling?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 06:48 PM PST

I listen to a lot of podcasts, and I can always hear when someone is smiling, even though I've sometimes never seen this person nor sometimes even heard the person before. It seems to be an intuitive thing. So what is it about the changes in speech that indicate to our (subconscious?) brain that the other person is smiling?

I put this under Neuroscience because I'm sure it has something to do with how our brain processes language, but if there's a better flair to use, I can change it.

submitted by /u/garzai_mit
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What happens if a natural gas deposit in the ground ignites?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 04:21 PM PST

How does the Hubble Telescope take pictures?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 02:25 PM PST

I know in photography to take pictures you need to be standing still to not blur the image, you also need to (depending on your exposure and a bunch of other factors) also keep it still for that factor. So how does it take clear photos?

submitted by /u/boshdalek
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Do genetics influence the way one's voice sounds?

Posted: 22 Feb 2018 02:48 AM PST

[Physics] What makes us distinguish between hollow and solid objects so easily by just tapping the surface?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 10:59 PM PST

I want to understand the physics of what makes both of those sounds sound so different. Is it because of different frequencies present in them? If so which frequencies are present in sounds created by solid objects and which ones are present in the sounds created by hollow objects.

submitted by /u/SpecialistProblem
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Wednesday, February 21, 2018

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology


Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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is it possible to move an object in circular motion using magnets?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 06:33 AM PST

hello I'm trying to make a device which uses magnetism. my device is like a windmill but instead, I'm planning to use magnets to move the blades. I created a miniature using a pc fan and a dynamo generator. So far it doesn't work. Is it possible to move an object in circular motion with the use of two opposite magnetic poles?

submitted by /u/Shiniross
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If the moon was created from an impact with Earth, could there be “Earth rocks” deep within the Moon?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 09:57 PM PST

Could we learn about early Earth geology with rocks we found on the Moon?

submitted by /u/MindCologne
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Whats the truth about applying water to burns? Will cold water cause it to blister or stifle it? What about lukewarm water?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 06:17 PM PST

If capacitance increases as distance between plates decreases, why aren't there very small 1F capacitors?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 06:41 AM PST

Is there a point where we cannot bring the plates any closer (engineering problem)?

submitted by /u/j_pierce3
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What happens to the spin of an electron when it leaves a nucleus?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 05:31 AM PST

Lets say a photon collides with an atom, causing an electron on the outer shell to be knocked from orbit.

From a classical sense, I would assume it takes some amount energy to change the spin of a particle, and that this amount of energy would depend on how far it's rotated. But, if an electron flies off of a nucleus, there could potentially be a magnetic field in ANY direction that the electron will then encounter. This means that the electrons spin could change to be oriented in any direction after it leaves the nucleus.

Now, please correct me if I am wrong, but if I am right that changing the spin takes energy based on how much it has been rotated, there is a violation of energy conservation somewhere here, as the photon would contribute a quantized amount of energy that wouldn't be able to account for the future measurement at an arbitrary angle with respect to its original orientation.

Or, am I wrong about energy and if the spin on the electron was originally up, will it just be measured as up in the magnetic field?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Tablecork
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If both the liver and the kidney are filtering organs, what are their different responsibilities? Are there other organs that perform similar functions?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 06:05 PM PST

I know that the liver does about a million different things and secretes bile, while kidneys remove urea, but are there any overlapping functions?

submitted by /u/OgreAttack
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Are there positions of a chess board that are impossible to achieve legally?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 03:15 PM PST

If I were to pick up a bunch of chess pieces and put them arbitrarily onto the board, is it possible for me to arrange them in such a way that two players could not eventually create the same state from the start of a game? Assuming a legal number of each piece, obviously.

submitted by /u/AndrewBot88
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Are there any materials that only allow radio waves to pass through in one direction?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 06:12 PM PST

Basically the title. I'm curious to see if there any materials that block radio waves coming in from one direction, but completely reject them from the opposite direction. If not in the radio part of the spectrum what about other parts of the em spectrum?

submitted by /u/BigDaddyDeck
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What triggers beta particles to form, and for what reason can they not penetrate substantially thick aluminium?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 07:56 AM PST

Why do martian rovers last so much longer than planned?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 07:58 PM PST

It almost seems as if NASA underestimates the missions durations on purpose to then be able to say that some rover lasted X times more than planned.

Like Spirit who was only supposed to last 90 days, I find it hard to believe that the sent a super expensive robot to another planet and only expected it to work for a months and a half. Instead its 6 years of operational time seem more reasonable, even a little less than expected.

So does NASA underestimates on purpose or what?

submitted by /u/Frigorifico
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Why does water make paper products translucent?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 04:05 PM PST

What was going on in the science community when the first dinosaur bones were discovered? Did we realize early on what we were looking at? What was the attitude of the community towards the discovery?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 09:09 AM PST

This is always something I have wondered and been fascinated with more so than the discovery itself. It had to have been something that shook the community to it's bones (pun intended)

submitted by /u/JustinSchwimmer
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How exact do orbital speeds need to be so you don't fly off into space (too fast) or fall into the atmosphere (too slow)?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 08:05 PM PST

How did chemists determine the structures of molecules before they had high power microscopes?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 02:40 AM PST

How are the eggs of birds formed and what is the process called? Are they formed to the size that they are eventually hatched?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 05:36 PM PST

Is there a theoretical limit to how many protons an atom can contain?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 12:35 PM PST

I'm very interested in physics, but mainly study it by myself on the Internet. I see in the periodic table that new elements are made in particle accelerators, by bombarding an element with other particles. So is there a limit to how heavy an element can be, or could we in the future discover a stable element much heavier than we know today?

submitted by /u/Valle37
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How do scientists assess/prove the age of ancient foot prints?

Posted: 21 Feb 2018 12:26 AM PST

I seem to see a news article about every two or three months about archeologists finding a set of foot prints that are tens to hundreds of thousands of years old. Example article How do they determine how old the foot prints are? Thanks!

submitted by /u/lojafan
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What physically happens inside a computer when it crashes or freezes?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 03:24 PM PST

At what frequency does a repetitive sound become a solid sound?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 10:43 AM PST

For instance, if you were able to beat a drum fast enough, at what BPM would it sound like a continuous noise?

submitted by /u/ATLBMW
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Tuesday, February 20, 2018

Can dogs observe and recognize aging in adult humans? Do they differentiate between young adult, middle-aged and elderly humans?

Can dogs observe and recognize aging in adult humans? Do they differentiate between young adult, middle-aged and elderly humans?


Can dogs observe and recognize aging in adult humans? Do they differentiate between young adult, middle-aged and elderly humans?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 01:18 PM PST

I guess I should also specify: If they do, can they make these distinctions instinctively, without training by human handlers?

submitted by /u/Acidnapper
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If 2 people dislike the same food, are they then more likely to dislike other similar foods?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 07:02 AM PST

Does the Mach Cone occurs only appears when crossing the 1 Mach speed or it can also appear later during the supersonic flight (> 1 Mach)?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 07:32 AM PST

Hi.

I m currently arguing with a colleague about the fact that the mach cone (example : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0gvWhDgm_E ) appears only when the object is passing the "sound barrier" (Mach 1) or if it can appear whenever the plane flies at a speed > 1.0 Mach.

My thoughts are that the video titles are missleading and always labelled as "Mach Cone while passing sound barrier". I think that if we could follow a plane at that speed we could see the mach cone randomly appearing. The appearence essentially depending of the air humidity of a given spot in the atmosphere.

Thanks !

submitted by /u/Solidslip
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Why don't the palms of our hands and the soles of our feet tan or burn?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 02:34 AM PST

Is it possible to trigger or "activate" a volcanic eruption?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 05:48 AM PST

I just saw a post that showed the Indonesian volcanic eruption and got curious. Can a person cause volcanic activity? For example, what if a person mined near a volcano or used explosives near one?

submitted by /u/doctor_utopia
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Is white light dispersed by a prism always the same? (angles to colour)?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 07:07 AM PST

I'm not entirely sure how to articulate my question correctly but hope that below makes sense:

If you shine a white light through a prism, you will get the colours of the rainbow dispersed. When you move the prism on its axis, the rainbow of course moves along with it. If you go back to the exact same position as before, will the exact same dispersion occur as before?

What is the mathematics behind this?

submitted by /u/cwinhall
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Is it possible to transform martian soil into fertile soil through bacteria and fungi?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 04:14 PM PST

Do cats purr voluntarily or unvoluntarily?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 06:15 PM PST

For example if we're petting a cat, does it purr voluntarily to tell us that its enjoying the attention, or is it more of a reaction, like when we laugh if tickled?

submitted by /u/AnDuToit
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When you physically break or shatter a flash storage chip, to what degree is the data still readable from the fragments?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 02:28 AM PST

If you have confidential data on a flash chip, like in a phone, flash drive or SSD, and you physically break it into pieces (not pulverize it into dust, just shatter it into fragments), is the data still accessible if an attacker can get access to the chip fragments?

Will physically breaking the chips cause the electrical charges that data is stored as to discharge completely in a reasonable amount of time (several days, one or two weeks)? In other words, if the data is recoverable, will it become unrecoverable anytime soon?

submitted by /u/120978
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Why is it that during winter it's not uncommon to have days with abnormally high temperature and summer-like weather, but in the summer it never drops to winter-like weather for a day?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 08:23 AM PST

I live in the USA Midwest

submitted by /u/This31415926535
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Are there any known mutations in drosophila melanogaster that cause a phenotype of folded downward wings?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 08:23 AM PST

I was in lab doing crosses of fruit flies and trying to grow them at an optimal temperature to get the correct expression of a certain gene. One of the crosses showed folded wings pointing downward as if the wing was folded like paper. I tried looking up folded wing phenotypes but couldn't find anything and was just wondering if anyone else knows a specific mutation that may cause a phenotype like the one above.

submitted by /u/Wakkapacman
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Could a planet with a highly eccentric orbit be tidally locked?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 08:07 AM PST

Does energy accumulate in geographical faults in such a manner that the longer that energy isn't released, the bigger energy-releases we can expect at once? (i.e. earthquakes, volcanos).

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 06:18 AM PST

I'm not talking about predicting earthquakes or other natural disasters. With the number of variables to be taken into account, I know that's an impossible task. My question is more about the accumulating energy in the earth and it's existing (or not) relationship with one time releasing of large quantities of energy.

Maybe my whole question is dumb because maybe energy does not accumulate? I'm clearly no expert in geology (or even basic physics for that matter) but I have tried the internet with no success.

submitted by /u/VeinyBrain
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Are blood bags usually sealed (in a vacuum)?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 06:12 AM PST

I didn't know exactly where to post this, but I was calculating the pressure of blood coming from a blood bag for a physics problem and was curious to know if blood is normally stored in a vacuum (so no additional pressure from air).

submitted by /u/PacoTheLegend
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Are seatbelt/phone detection cameras a real thing? And if so, how do they work?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 10:39 PM PST

They've been talking about implementing those where I live and I find it a little hard to comprehend how that can work in a real life setting. Thanks!

submitted by /u/HishamYahya
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What is the most amount of electrons forcibly added to an atom?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 04:14 PM PST

So like the title says, I know ionization energy increases with each additional electron taken away, I assume the reverse is true for adding electrons. How many electrons has someone tried to add to an atom in a laboratory? How unstable was it, how long did it last? What chemical properties were attained from the extremely negative ion?

submitted by /u/swagrons
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Why does the taste of tap water vary between locations?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 05:10 PM PST

I think I understand the difference between aleph-null and aleph-one as countable and uncountable infinities, but what is aleph-two?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 09:37 AM PST

My understanding is that aleph-null is the set of natural numbers or any set of numbers that can be mapped to the set of natural numbers, and that aleph-one is the set of numbers that, like real numbers, can't, as proven by Cantor's diagonal argument.

This is pretty intuitive and I think I understand how that works. But what is aleph-two and above then? By analogy it would be something that can't be mapped to the set of real numbers, but I don't know what that looks like.

submitted by /u/Usedpresident
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How do processors make sure their calculations are done correctly when out of the billions of transistors they have, a few will surely fail over time?

Posted: 20 Feb 2018 12:02 AM PST

Do any of the stars we can observe with tbe naked eye at night have planets orbiting them?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 04:07 PM PST

How do developers of Nuclear Weapons either keep (or protect themselves from) radioactive materials like Plutonium-239 from potentially ‘leaking’ out particles? Are there any methods to contain these particles from escaping the material so they won’t hurt biological matter near the material?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 04:03 PM PST

I was just thinking about a documentary I saw about World War 2, specifically about Atomic Bombs like Fat Man which were thrown over Japan. In the documentary, someone said that the bomb had to be armed manually with several pins before it was dropped.

My assumption is that for anybody to feel comfortable enough to be near such a dangerous source of radioactive material, they must have felt pretty sure that there was no actual harm in being near the thing in it of itself, and it's not especially dangerous at rest. But Beta radiation decay is strong enough to pass through aluminum, and gamma radiation is strong enough to pass through lead, right? I get that the bomb could have a protective outer casing, but is that really all there is between the bomb and it's surroundings? Is that enough to contain the nuclear decay?

I guess my vision of nuclear material is that it's kinda like pure acidic material thatis strong enough to tear through any metalthat is trying to hold it, but that is seemingly not the case. It just seems like something so potentially dangerous that I wouldn't dare go near it, no matter what it's stored in.

submitted by /u/VentrustWestwind
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If the vaporization point of water can be changed by increasing pressure, is the freezing point also affected by pressure?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 03:09 PM PST

last year I learned about basic hydraulics in my 4th class Power Engineering class and I remember that the boiling point of water is affected by pressure. For instance; Water boils at 212 Fahrenheit at 0 psi,
Water boils at 240 Fahrenheit at 10 psi, Water boils at 250 Fahrenheit at 15 psi, and so on.

My question, and what I thought about was, does pressure also change the freezing point of water. Using pressure, could we have super cooled water? or is there other factors that would need to be in place. If possible, would the super cooled water suddenly turn into ice as the pressure was released?

submitted by /u/_Max_e_Pad_
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Alternates to Xenon for Electric Propulsion?

Posted: 19 Feb 2018 10:28 PM PST

Hello, I have been researching some stuff on electric propulsion. I understand why Xenon is the most preferred choice. But technically any element/chemical could be used instead, am I right? Do we have systems that run on other propellents? other than the noble gases. (any compounds?) Any help is much appreciated. Thank you. PS: I did not really find anything with Google.

submitted by /u/Redditor23005
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