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Wednesday, December 27, 2017

What happens to fish that die near the poles?

What happens to fish that die near the poles?


What happens to fish that die near the poles?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 10:50 AM PST

Some fish have to die of natural causes, and since freezing temperatures preserve food, is it possible that there is a massive graveyard of fish that have died and are just sitting on the ocean floor near the land masses frozen in time? Or do they float off into warmer waters, then are eaten?

submitted by /u/Derpherpderpdeederp
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If two identical twins produced an offspring (gross), would the offspring be some kind of genetic clone?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:21 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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If I have an infinitely large bag containing an infinite amount of blue tokens, and an infinite amount of red tokens, will the odds of drawing a red be 50%?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 04:02 PM PST

How is having two colors depending on the angle possible?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:24 AM PST

A friend of mine extracted a substance that is green if you shine light from the bottom and red if you shine light from the side onto it. How does it work?

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Do all galaxies have the same elements?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:07 AM PST

Always wondered if that is true or not, like the composition of the space in this galaxy is different from other.

*sorry for bad english or science things said I'm dumb.

submitted by /u/Ceb0la
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Do mosquitoes have any significant role to play in the ecosystem? In general what living beings have almost no role to play in the ecosystem?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 02:35 PM PST

Also, are all "plants" types important to an ecosystem because they are autotrophs (apart from some archea bacteria)?

The basic ecosystem (for me) is: herbivore, carnivore and omnivore. Mosquitoes - do they help in pollination? (like insects do).

If answer is no then one can also argue that even humans are not required, but I'd say the "brain power" we've got changes the answer to "yes" (imo).

Just a thought, (consider) for female aedes mosquito, the virus apparently lives in her, so in a way the mosquito is helping the virus, does it count as a role? At the same time viruses are neither living nor dead so do they really need a place to "live", also if the mosquitoes suddenly vanish can the virus "live" somewhere else, is there any problem here?

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If Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons) and Beta radiation is just electrons, shouldn't combining the two just create Helium gas?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 04:53 AM PST

If I come across a strong beta emitter, why couldn't I just use alpha radiation to neutralize it and just create normal Helium gas? It seems like these two radiation sources should de-ionize each other?

submitted by /u/Stuck_In_the_Matrix
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Why doesn't sunrise and sunset turn on the same day during winter solstice?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 09:12 AM PST

I noticed on my weather station at home that around the time of winter solstice, the evenings started getting longer while the sun was still rising later in the day. This is only for a couple of days before the sun starts rising earlier again. I always thought that sunrise and sunset turned simoultaneously, but this appears to not be the case. What is the reason behind this? Does this happen in the summer as well? I live in Norway if that could have anything to do with it.

submitted by /u/861-Sierra
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What would be needed to cause a nuclear reactor to explode?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 03:45 PM PST

I've read that even if you remove cooling and let it overheat, nuclear reactors wouldn't explode, they'd just meltdown and leak radiation. What reasons, if any, would cause it to explode, instead of just melting down?

submitted by /u/Casual--Thinker
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What decides a battery voltage?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 12:58 PM PST

I've got a bunch of Lipo batteries of various sizes. They all have 3.7v per cell. Is there a reason it was standardised to 3.7v?

submitted by /u/DemonEggy
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When an embryo is cryogenically frozen, is it alive or dead?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 01:57 AM PST

I guess we'd first have to determine what distinguishes an organism from being alive or dead and the attributes of these states, and then apply that to frozen embryos. But it seems like they'd be considered neither...

submitted by /u/RedditNoob54321
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What effects did the atomic bombs used during WWII have on the rotation or revolution of Earth?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 12:09 PM PST

Are there EM waves (noise) being constantly produced by a DC current on a real conductor?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 10:57 AM PST

In a conductor, the charge carriers move with an average speed in the direction of the flow (drift velocity), however, each carge carrier is not moving at a constant speed - they are propagating randomly through the conductor, colliding with it's structure and moving in many directions that are not solely the direction of the flow.

This means that the charge carriers are not moving with constant speed. If they are suffering deviations in the direction and speed as they move, this means they suffer accellerations through their path, even if the average speed is kept the same in a larger time scale.

So, my question is: Shouldn't they produce EM waves because of that? And of what order would be frequency of those EM waves (the frequency in which they suffer these collisions)?

The agitation of charge carriers by an AC current surely produces EM waves and I know that, but here i'm asking about EM waves being produced not because of an AC current, but due to this erratic movement they follow in a DC flow.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/guferr
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Is there anyway to create low-background steel today?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 03:38 PM PST

I recently learned about low-background steel on a TIL. Low-background steel can't be made because of radionuclides in the air caused by nuclear tests. So I started wondering if there is anyway to create low-background steel now or if there is a risk of running out of low-background steel to use.

submitted by /u/tream2001
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We know neutron stars bulge due to spinning so fast. What would happen if we discovered black holes had bulges?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 07:42 AM PST

There are basically 2 ideas as to what's in a black hole. Either it's a single point with infinite density or it's a bundle of mass that's managed to become smaller than its Scherz child radius. If it turns out they're perfect spheres then we know it's a point of infinite density. If it's shown they aren't perfect spheres then we know it's not a single point. What would either of these discoveries indicate for theoretical physics and physics in general

submitted by /u/wearyguard
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Why does our stomach move in and out when we inhale/exhale if the air is going to our lungs?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 08:51 AM PST

Are more turns and smaller wire diameter better than less turns and larger diameter in an electromagnet?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 04:12 AM PST

I would assume smaller diameter and more turns are better, because I see commercial electronics with them, but I think that is only to save space and material.

After a bit of research, I found out (this was a while so I could be wrong) that: doubling wire diameter doubles the strength of the electromagnetic field, and that doubling the amount of turns also doubles the strength of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, if I double the diameter, the amount of turns would halve, resulting in the same electromagnetic strength (assuming negligible wire insulation).

Do industrial electromagnets have thicker coils? And for what reason would that be?

P.S. While writing this post I realized that thicker wires would be able to carry more current, but I would still like a second opinion. Thanks in advance!

Edit: Thank you for all your answers! I will take it all into consideration.

submitted by /u/evrygddmnusrnmistkn6
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what is a superconductor ring used for?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 12:10 AM PST

What are the real uses for it

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Tuesday, December 26, 2017

If a gamma ray burst were to strike earth, would the distance it originated from change its effects at all? Also, would it be possible for the burst to only effect part of the planet, say, if it struck the northern but not southern hemisphere?

If a gamma ray burst were to strike earth, would the distance it originated from change its effects at all? Also, would it be possible for the burst to only effect part of the planet, say, if it struck the northern but not southern hemisphere?


If a gamma ray burst were to strike earth, would the distance it originated from change its effects at all? Also, would it be possible for the burst to only effect part of the planet, say, if it struck the northern but not southern hemisphere?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 03:17 PM PST

Why is it that all electrons are exactly identical?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 08:19 AM PST

Same goes for protons and neutrons; they're all exact copies of each other, and this is the same throughout the entire Universe (according to our current knowledge).

Don't you guys find it interesting that this is the case? What could be the reason for this?

Thanks for reading and merry christmas :)

submitted by /u/xXReggieXx
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Why is the ratio of the magnitude electric and magnetic field of a photon always equal to the speed of light?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 07:50 PM PST

E/B=C

I was under the impression that E=B based on diagrams like this: Electromagnetic wave

Is this due to how the math works out if you apply a rotational transformation to the magnitude or am I missing something?

.

Edit, title should read: "Why is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric and magnetic field of a photon always equal to the speed of light."

submitted by /u/Radiatin
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What caused my feet to make the sand squeak?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 08:23 PM PST

Hello all,

Here is a video of what I am asking about. I was taking a walk on the beach with my family today. We noticed that our feet and/or shoes were making squeaking sounds on the loose sand. I have been on sand tons of times and I have never noticed this noise before. I was on Bulter Beach in St. Augustine, Florida. I assume the beach location is important is finding of the sand composition.

submitted by /u/najevb2
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How does Kirchhoff's Voltage Law apply to a closed circuit without components?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 01:46 PM PST

Hey all, so I'm trying to teach myself more about electronics for my job. I've run into a bit of a frustrating wall that's Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. I get the basics of it, that when you add the voltage and the voltage drop it equals zero. What I don't understand is why the voltage total returning to the battery must always be zero. (Correcting on my misnomer) To further elaborate I don't understand why they always equal the same and cancel each other out.

If a line is too long and has too much of a voltage drop then there won't be enough voltage to create a closed circuit. That makes sense to me. What doesn't make sense is what happens if there isn't enough voltage drop and whether that is possible due to KVF.

Is this for safety to not overload the circuit? Is this an observation of physics that states by the time the current has reached the end of the circuit there's no more voltage left to push it? I just don't understand why it always equals zero, even on a closed circuit with no components. I get that even the wire itself will have some negligible resistance that creates resistance, but I don't understand why the simple wire would create a voltage drop equal to the voltage.

I've seen lots of math that explains it when there's components in the circuit and it makes sense to me, but I don't understand how it could possibly apply to a short circuit and no components.

I would ask in the electronic subreddits but this seems to be more of a physics/observation question than an actual practical application.

submitted by /u/JamesDelgado
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Why do we measure time by earth specifications instead of a universal constant?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 02:45 PM PST

We use Earth's 1 loop around the sun for a year, but everything is relative including time. Think Interstellar.. Why not use a constant that works everywhere? Radioactive decay maybe?

submitted by /u/popasmurfy
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How will a 'twisted' eyeball affect my vision?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 09:34 AM PST

So,this might be a stupid question,but it has been in my mind for months...

If one of your eyeballs turned upside down 180 degrees,what would your vision be like? Would that eye eventually adjust and have normal sight? Ps: Merry Christmas

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Is there a limit to how many times paper can be recycled before it no longer resembles paper? What is the environmental impact of all the additional resources (e.g. water, transportation to the recycling plant) needed to recycle paper versus making paper from scratch?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 07:43 AM PST

This question came to me while thinking of all the gift wrapping and unwrapping that will take place today. A lot of gift wrap is now made of recycled paper and also encourages you to recycle it once it's served its purpose. But can this paper be recycled and reused indefinitely, or at some point will the original material be so broken down that you can no longer reconstitute paper from it? And even if you're not cutting down trees to make new paper, it still requires resources to recycle. So is recycling really helping the environment?

Thanks and Happy Holidays.

submitted by /u/Girl_with_the_Curl
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What is the difference between a sine wave and trapezoid wave controller for electric motors?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 01:51 PM PST

Some electric motors use different controllers and I would like to know the difference beteeen them. Thanks

submitted by /u/buschbaby69
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Is it possible to disconnect a power source and swap it to another without crashing the computer? How fast will this "swap" have to be?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 10:16 AM PST

Where are all of these Higgs bosons?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 12:27 PM PST

I read that the Higgs boson is responsible for mass. Where are these Higgs bosons? Are they ubiquitous throughout space? Does matter somehow "force" them to come into existence? Is there an understanding of how many there? Is it proportional to the amount of matter?

submitted by /u/mspe1960
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If I inhale different gases, like you do with helium, will my voice change?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 07:30 AM PST

Can you Simplify of a²+b²?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 10:00 PM PST

I know that you can use the formula to simplify a²-b²= (a-b)(a+b), but is there si formal to a²+b²?

submitted by /u/ekeba8
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Monday, December 25, 2017

When there is a high load on an electrical grid, why can't we just let the frequency drop (eg 50 -> 45 Hz) and then recover later, rather then requiring rolling blackouts / load shedding?

When there is a high load on an electrical grid, why can't we just let the frequency drop (eg 50 -> 45 Hz) and then recover later, rather then requiring rolling blackouts / load shedding?


When there is a high load on an electrical grid, why can't we just let the frequency drop (eg 50 -> 45 Hz) and then recover later, rather then requiring rolling blackouts / load shedding?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 02:17 AM PST

Does the force of gravity travel at c?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 06:35 AM PST

Hi, I am not sure wether this is the correct place to ask this question but here goes. Does the force of gravity travel at the speed of light?

I have read some articles that we haven't confirmed this experimentally. If I understand this correctly newtonian gravity claims instant force.. So that's a no-go. Now I wonder how accurate relativistic calculations are and how much room they allow for deviations.( 99%c for example) Are we experiencing the gravity of the sun 499 seconds ago?

Edit:

Sorry , i did not mean the force of gravity but the gravitational waves .

I am sorry if I upset some people asking this question, I am just trying to grasp the fundamental forces as we understand them. I am a technician and never enjoyed bachelor education. My apologies for my poor wording!

submitted by /u/ternal38
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Could you have FTL but no time travel if your FTL could only take you to places that were in the future (or simultaneous) according to a fixed universal reference frame?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 08:20 AM PST

So there would be some sort of aether that, although irrelevant for any known physics, everything could be measured as moving "relative to". With the reference frame of this aether determining the "future" according to this FTL method.

To break it down, 1: Is this even coherent? 2: Is there somehow still a way to do time travel even with this restriction? Or for anyone feeling particularly generous, 3: What oddities might one observe using such an FTL method in a galaxy moving quite fast relative to this special frame?

submitted by /u/Othelbark
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At the airport recently I saw a design for the winglet on the end of the wing I'd never seen before - one fin up, and one down. We have had at least 60 years of jet airplane design why hasn't the optimal wing design be found already?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 04:36 PM PST

What casues the wavefunction of alpha particles collapse in radioactive decay?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 03:36 AM PST

As I understand alpha decay, the wavefunction of the alpha particle shows that the alpha particle has a probability to appear far enough away from the nucleus to be expelled. This probability is dependent on factors such as mass and (charge?) of the atom.

However as I understand, the wavefunction of any particle is just a probability of finding any particle in a specific location upon "looking"(interacting). Why does radioactive decay occur, as I would think something needs to collapse the wavefunction so that the alpha particle can be "found" outside the nucleus of the atom. But if this is due to some interaction with other particles (inside the atom or other atoms) shouldn't the wavefunction be permanently collapsed as it is always interacting in some form of another.

I most likely do not understand the wavefunction enough so any kind of help would be nice!

Kind regards, Dagl

submitted by /u/Dagl1
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The element Oganesson has the highest proton count of any element , what is stopping us from artificially adding a proton to it to see what new element we have created?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 11:54 AM PST

I know that adding new protons to an element has been done before but that it is very expensive and usually produces a radioactive element but surely it would be worth the cost and risk to see what goes beyond the Oganesson?

submitted by /u/JumpyDwarf
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How much does gravitational force differ in strength across the world?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 03:49 AM PST

In guitar amplifiers, why are the "Presence" and "Resonance" controls on the power amp and the rest of the EQ controls (Bass, Mid, Treble) on the preamp?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 01:19 PM PST

I've owned quite a few guitar amps in my day, but I've never really understood why the "super high" and "super low" frequencies are always adjusted via knobs on the power amp and not on the preamp with the rest of the EQ controls.

submitted by /u/buffsop
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Is sugar the simplest chemical that we find sweet? Does it register sweetness to us the strongest?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 12:48 PM PST

In 2004 an often quoted paper was published that claimed that the increase in 5-year survival from chemotherapy is only 2.3%. What is the current position of research on the efficiency of chemotherapy?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 06:53 AM PST

I am referring to the below study:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0936655504002225

Abstract Aims The debate on the funding and availability of cytotoxic drugs raises questions about the contribution of curative or adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy to survival in adult cancer patients.

Materials and methods We undertook a literature search for randomised clinical trials reporting a 5-year survival benefit attributable solely to cytotoxic chemotherapy in adult malignancies. The total number of newly diagnosed cancer patients for 22 major adult malignancies was determined from cancer registry data in Australia and from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data in the USA for 1998. For each malignancy, the absolute number to benefit was the product of (a) the total number of persons with that malignancy; (b) the proportion or subgroup(s) of that malignancy showing a benefit; and (c) the percentage increase in 5-year survival due solely to cytotoxic chemotherapy. The overall contribution was the sum total of the absolute numbers showing a 5-year survival benefit expressed as a percentage of the total number for the 22 malignancies.

Results The overall contribution of curative and adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy to 5-year survival in adults was estimated to be 2.3% in Australia and 2.1% in the USA.

Conclusion As the 5-year relative survival rate for cancer in Australia is now over 60%, it is clear that cytotoxic chemotherapy only makes a minor contribution to cancer survival. To justify the continued funding and availability of drugs used in cytotoxic chemotherapy, a rigorous evaluation of the cost-effectiveness and impact on quality of life is urgently required.

submitted by /u/MagnificentCat
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Does the shape of a battery play a part in its properties?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 12:51 PM PST

i.e. lifespan or strength And is it only applicable in certain uses?

submitted by /u/Atmay85
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What kind of energy is released during a fusion reaction?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 03:39 PM PST

When burning fossil fuels like coal or oil, we basically harvest the excess energy stored in the atomic carbon bonds compared to a co2 bond. Solar and wind work kinda different because they passively gather external energy.

But what type of energy is released during a fusion reaction? I understand that the deuterium/tritium fuel „loses" a neutron in the process... so is it the binding energy of that neutron? (Basically the weak force?) But that's is just a wild guess and probably wrong.

Thanks a ton in advance!

Oh and sorry for the horrible english :/.

submitted by /u/goersen
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Is it just a coincidence that the magnetic axis of the earth is parallel to the axis of rotation and also parallel to the axis of rotation around the sun?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 10:07 AM PST

Aka could "north" on a compass on a different planet point to a point in that planet's equator?

submitted by /u/apple1rule
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Why do humans not have a mating season?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 02:42 AM PST

So many different species (crabs, cats, etc.) seem to have a mating season. Did we evolve to just not need it?

submitted by /u/TaintedKnob
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Does alcohol increase our vulnerability to stress ?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 07:46 AM PST

Hi everyone,

I looked it up on google but I couldn't find any paper about the relationship between stress and alcohol, only papers about alcoholism.

Does alcohol increase our vulnerability to stress ? Or is alcohol, when taken, makes our stress levels more important ?

Thanks

submitted by /u/SpaceKraken420
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Is a tree's photosynthetic efficiency affected by its age?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 05:00 AM PST

I am curious to know if a tree becomes more or less efficient at converting carbon dioxide into oxygen as it ages.

submitted by /u/crummyvelvet
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In Antihydrogen production, how does a Minimum-B trap work?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 11:35 AM PST

Im interested in antihydrogen production at cern, and since antihydorgen is neutral a 'minimum-B' trap is used instead of penning trap, but im having difficulty getting to grips how this actually works. suggestions for papers/books would be great.

submitted by /u/PaperRopes
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Can your fluid intelligence be increased/manipulated at all, or is it all genetic?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 08:46 AM PST

What I'm really asking is, if I can increase my crystallized intelligence as far as possible (i.e. gaining new knowledge and information) and store that information in combination with the other gathered information, would it affect my long-term fluid intelligence?

Some people tell me that it would result in similar effects to studying for a test, where your fluidity would only increase in the short-term and only for what you've learned, but I'm not sure. I need the facts.

submitted by /u/NilesDobbsS
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Why do clouds always seem to sail so smoothly in the skies, even when on the ground the wind comes in irregular short gusts?

Posted: 24 Dec 2017 04:42 AM PST

I know there are buildings, trees and what not on the ground, but these stay in place so I dont know if these could make the flow of air so irregular on land.

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