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Thursday, December 21, 2017

How much bandwidth does the spinal cord have?

How much bandwidth does the spinal cord have?


How much bandwidth does the spinal cord have?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 03:01 PM PST

I was having an EMG test today and started talking with the neurologist about nerves and their capacity to transmit signals. I asked him what a nerve's rest period was before it can signal again, and if a nerve can handle more than one signal simultaneously. He told me that most nerves can handle many signals in both directions each way, depending on how many were bundled together.

This got me thinking, given some rough parameters on the speed of signal and how many times the nerve can fire in a second, can the bandwidth of the spinal cord be calculated and expressed as Mb/s?

submitted by /u/jorshrod
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How does the circulatory system adjust to the greater volume of bodymass in obese people?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 06:44 PM PST

What would happen if your brain floated in water instead of cerebrospinal fluid?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 06:27 PM PST

I think it's safe to say we wouldn't be able to function as humans, since the CFS apparently provides some pretty vital functions like protecting the brain against blood pressure spikes. That's the extent of what I know though, so can anyone tell me exactly what would happen if all the CFS in our skulls were suddenly replaced with pure, distilled water?

submitted by /u/Neil5555
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If you put a live power cable in the sea, how far away could it electrocute someone?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 12:36 PM PST

What got me thinking about this in general was wondering about my house flooding and whether or not the electricity box becoming compromised with water could cause all of the water to become electrified.

Also, I remember a scene from Ozark, the Netflix show starring Jason Bateman, where something similar to my original question happened in a large body of water.

submitted by /u/Aedum1
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Can sea creatures be invasive?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 07:38 PM PST

As we all probably know there are many instances of animals being introduced to a new environment and having no natural predators and become a problem. I know this can also happen with fish too in lakes and rivers. My question is can this happen in the ocean since one way or another all the ocean is connected.

submitted by /u/purplechickenfish
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Why Does The LHC Reach Such High Temperatures?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 06:42 PM PST

I saw on reddit that one of the highest temperatures we know of in the universe was created at the LHC. I don't know a ton about the LHC other than it smashes particles together, but wanted to ask what causes it to reach such high temperatures?

I think I read somewhere that some of the experiments turn matter into energy, is that what causes it?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/notalltogetherhere
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Other than Neanderthals, did humans live alongside any other homo species?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 04:30 PM PST

Why do some medicine need to be taken on a full stomach/with food where as for others it doesn't make a difference??

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 11:58 AM PST

Can drinking alcohol prevent food poisoning?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 03:31 PM PST

Alcohol can be used as disinfectant, so if you had some food that was just starting to go bad, or perhaps had some mold or was past it's expiration date, would drinking liquor with the meal kill the bacteria that makes you sick? What about wine or beer? Is there a certain proof needed to kill bacteria, and does it only affect certain types of food related illness?

submitted by /u/Afireonthesnow
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What specific animals are affected by the cicadas' life cycle?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 03:56 PM PST

Does anyone know any specific species that are affected by the cicadas' 13 or 17 year cycle?

submitted by /u/DwarfOfTheNwarf
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Theoretically, is it possible to create an atom big enough with enough protons, neutrons, and electrons to be observable with the naked human eye?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 11:29 AM PST

Even if it was for a fraction of second, is it feasibly possible? Or is there a limit to how big an atom can be?

submitted by /u/Miesterman
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What causes LA (local anesthetic) resistance?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 09:36 AM PST

One of my molars needed a cavity filled, so the dentist did the typical cotton swab followed by injection of Lidocaine. 5 minutes later, he came back and tried to drill into it. Know that pain you get when you have a cavity and bite in to either something very cold or very sugary? It was like that, but 10x. He gave me another shot of Lidocaine and tried again 5 minutes later. The same pain, if a little bit less. He had to do a nerve block shot, and even then I could feel it a little bit. Did a bit of reading about anesthetic resistance and apparently this subject has not been extensively researched.

Does anyone else here have experience with this or has studied it? Apparently it's only a very small amount of population that has this resistance, I'm just glad that I'm not completely resistant. How does it work and why has it not been thoroughly studied?

submitted by /u/wulfgar_beornegar
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In epidemiology, how do we determine the r₀ value of a new disease?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 11:42 AM PST

Does milk spoil inside of female mammals?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 09:52 AM PST

If a female, let's say cow, isn't milked for a while, does her milk spoil in the same way milk spoils if left out in a similarly temperatured container?

submitted by /u/jbhelms
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Is there such a thing as geometrical body that has the MAXIMUM area for a given volume?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 07:31 AM PST

In 3D space, a sphere is the geometrical body that has the minimum area for a given volume. Is there such a thing as an...uh..anti-sphere?

submitted by /u/Iazo
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How does our brains look for stored information?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 10:54 AM PST

So I saw a picture of Tom Cruise and wanted to google him. But I couldn't remember his name, I knew that I know what's his name is but at the moment it didn't come to me. Nicolas Cage, no, Brad Pitt, none of them fit. Then I thought; he's a scientologist which made me think of Jon Travolta but thats the other guy.. Suddenly I remembered southpark and the word closet and then the quote "Tom Cruise wont come out of the closet" and boom I had his name. But how does this all work?

submitted by /u/spirates
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What is the effect of planetary radius and mass on atmospheric depth and density and flight?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 02:16 PM PST

What is the effect on the size and density of the atmosphere and its effect on flight? Planet mass is 1.030843538230884704452608 × 1025 kg and the size is 8.292 * 106 km.

submitted by /u/MrJadexxxxxxx
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Is intelligence based on your genetics? If so, how does that work?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 08:34 AM PST

What makes whole genome sequencing so difficult?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 07:50 AM PST

Recently I've been reading into the topic, and discovered the human genome has never been completely sequenced.

I understand that parts of the genome that are very repetitive are harder to piece back together, but why is it difficult to read long chunks at a time?

Thanks!

P.S. If you know of any books or other resources on the modern challenges to whole genome sequencing, please point me in the right direction!

submitted by /u/bwbonanno
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Wednesday, December 20, 2017

How did scientist come up with and prove carbon dating?

How did scientist come up with and prove carbon dating?


How did scientist come up with and prove carbon dating?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 01:53 PM PST

Has there ever been evidence of spatial dimensions beyond the three we can perceive?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 07:06 AM PST

Lately I've become extremely interested in spatial dimensions beyond length, width, and height, reading Flatland, etc.

I was thinking about something recently. If we have a universe of 2D space that us as three-dimensional beings can look at, we can interact with that universe but only in a distorted kind of sense. A 3D object casts a 2D shadow. A 3D object moving through the plane of a 2D universe would appear to a 2D being as something that appears from nowhere, changes shape, and eventually disappears into nothingness.

We haven't found a 2D plane of existence to test this out on, of course, and, as far as I know, We haven't ever seen a four-dimensional object cast a three-dimensional "Shadow." At least, as far as I know.

I've seen some people postulate about 5, 6, even 10 spatial dimensions. But if these dimensions actually existed, shouldn't we have seen, by now, some form of evidence of them? Or have we seen three-dimensional "shadows" of four-dimensional objects and I'm just unaware?

submitted by /u/Enchanted_Bunny
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How does the heart know how fast (or slow) to beat?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 01:23 AM PST

Is it caused by some kind of signal to the heart from the brain? How does the heart know to beat faster when I am running, and to beat slower when I am at rest? I can't fathom how this works in our bodies. To extend on the question if I may, does it work differently for other animals?

submitted by /u/JawsOfLife24
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Why is water in its purest form (H2O) unstable?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 05:31 AM PST

My father works at a plant that distills water to the point that it starts attacking the metal containers and I've always wondered why this happens.

submitted by /u/HarmonicMinor36
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How do astronomers determine the distance and size of a star or exoplanet?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 12:35 PM PST

Does dust/particles on the glass affect space telescopes significantly and how is this problem addressed?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 05:45 AM PST

If one of the goals of exercise is to get the heart rate elevated, do things like anxiety or low BP help work the heart out?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 09:40 AM PST

I've been told to set a HR when one exercises and try to keep it above that point to maximize the workout. I wonder: is there a difference, in terms of improving cardiac function, between running vs. anxiety, sitting in a hot shower, HR medications, etc?

submitted by /u/fizolu
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Would a boat float on top of a large ball pit? What are the major factors impacting the question?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 11:38 AM PST

If Wi-Fi is just light in a spectrum we can't see, could I use a magnifying glass to focus it and get better signal?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 06:35 PM PST

Would it be possible to have a lens focus a Wi-Fi signal at my computer to get better signal? I know that Wi-Fi is still light, but I don't know if it acts any differently from visible light, or if focusing it will help the signal.

submitted by /u/TeslaBolt
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Why does a puff of smoke appear when a candle goes out?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 06:44 PM PST

To reach the Sun, less delta-v is required if you go "out" first, and then descent, compared to going straight to the Sun from Earth. How is this consistent with conservation of energy?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 03:13 AM PST

How do elliptical orbits work when only one of the focal points is filled?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 06:51 PM PST

If an ellipse is defined to have two focal points, then why is it that IRL we see elliptical orbits without two central bodies? How is it the central body can maintain a gravitational hold on the orbiting body?

submitted by /u/CampusSquirrelKing
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Have any new species or sub species evolved because of chinas great wall?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 06:10 PM PST

Why are the Mojave and Sonoran deserts considered two separate deserts?

Posted: 20 Dec 2017 01:23 AM PST

I guess the question also applies to the Great Bassing Desert. As those three deserts lie in continuation of eachother why are they considered different deserts? Why aren't they just considered one large desert?

Obviously it can't be because of national or state borders as they cross those. Is it purely historical or is there are scientific reason?

submitted by /u/thetarget3
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How do electrons in the d-orbitals of some atoms in minerals give the mineral it’s colour?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 02:53 PM PST

Does it work the same way for f-orbitals?

submitted by /u/Ottfan1
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What is the scientific evidence (controlled studies, etc.) showing or refuting effectiveness of workplace sexual harassment training? Is there scientific evidence supporting any other interventions in the workplace to reduce sexual harassment?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 10:17 AM PST

Many institutions, companies, and other workplaces, are responding to the current environment by instituting or increasing workplace training related to sexual harassment. What kind of training, if any, to have scientific, evidence-based support (i.e. that shows the training reduces sexual harassment)? I'm also interested any other scientific evidence showing workplace interventions that reduce sexual harassment.

submitted by /u/meltingintoice
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When a rocket/ probe is launched for a long distance mission such as Voyager or the Mars Rover does it orbit the Sun like the planet's or just travel in a straight line?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 09:06 PM PST

Do Electrons Have a Defined Location Whenever They Interact via the Coulomb Force?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 06:34 PM PST

Coulomb's law states that the force is inversely proportional to the charged particles' distance. This would imply that the interacting particles' superposition collapses into a defined location. Obviously particles in atoms constantly interact with each other, so does this mean particles are constantly collapsing superpositions to interact and then gaining back a superposition again many many times every second?

submitted by /u/Looby219
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The strong nuclear force works only for very small distances. How is this energy harnessed to make huge nuclear explosions?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 09:22 AM PST

Are there materials that are good at conducting heat but not electricity or vice versa?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 09:10 AM PST

What would happen if you tried to light a lighter in a vacuum?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 09:16 PM PST

Would it just function normally?

submitted by /u/Robotfoxtrot117
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Where does gut bacteria come from?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 04:51 PM PST

Are we born with bacteria in our gut that we get from the bacteria in our mother's gut? Do we take in gut bacteria from the food we eat?

I'm interested mostly in humans but if this happens for other organisms in different ways I'd be interested to know that as well.

submitted by /u/18BPL
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Why is network speed measured in bits and not bytes?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 07:39 PM PST

Tuesday, December 19, 2017

What determines the lifespan of a species? Why do humans have such a long lifespan compared to say a housecat?

What determines the lifespan of a species? Why do humans have such a long lifespan compared to say a housecat?


What determines the lifespan of a species? Why do humans have such a long lifespan compared to say a housecat?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 06:18 PM PST

With the advancement of led lights and other more power efficient appliances in homes is the average home power usage going down?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 01:58 PM PST

I also understand that we have more electronic devices now but are they overall less power hungry?

submitted by /u/LifeWithAdd
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When we are told the speed of an astronomical body, what is used as a reference point for that speed?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 07:34 PM PST

I was just reading an article on the astroid shooting through our solar system called Oumuamua and it mentioned that it was traveling at 95,000 mph. 95,000 mph in reference to what?

submitted by /u/Universalsupporter
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How much does shivering affect core body temperature when cold?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 10:01 AM PST

How did scientists in the 1800's know that they isolated an element and that it wasn't a novel chemical compound?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 10:54 AM PST

I feel like it'd be very difficult to first isolate an element, then to know that you have gotten to the element, rather than a new compound. It doesn't seem like there's any test you can do determine that without a lot of supporting evidence or advanced equipment. Were people mistaking compounds for elements as they made discoveries?

submitted by /u/Piyh
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Why can't human cells use anaerobic processes to create ATP when in an atmosphere of no oxygen?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 07:18 PM PST

I know that some single-celled organisms are capable using fermentation to catabolize glucose and other sugars to create ATP in the absence of oxygen, so what prevents humans from being able to do the same? We have the enzymes necessary and use anaerobic fermentation at times of high exertion, so why can't we use fermentation at times of low exertion to keep the body alive when in the complete absence of oxygen? My best guess is that the body isn't able to use fermentation to create ATP at a rate that matches the body's energy needs, but I'm hoping it's a little more interesting than that.

submitted by /u/Artillect
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Do wild animals suffer from chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes or Alzheimer’s?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 07:37 PM PST

Why is caffeine, a polar molecule, soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 05:38 PM PST

I am under the impression that caffeine wouldn't be very soluble in super critical carbon dioxide due to the difference in polarity, yet it a ver popular method for extracting caffeine from coffee beans. Is this something special about supercritical fluids?

submitted by /u/Eliwiel
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Where are logic gates used?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 06:01 AM PST

Further what's the need of NAND, XOR and NOR gates?

submitted by /u/VectorProduct
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Why is it so common for groups of animals to become unable to breed after being seperated for a few hundred thousand or million years? What kind of changes make breeding impossible across species?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 08:25 AM PST

Why can't helium freeze?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 04:53 AM PST

Why do some things ( like CO2) skip states of mater and things like helium can't get cold enough to become solid?

submitted by /u/ender3838
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What is the most efficient propeller design?

Posted: 19 Dec 2017 04:14 AM PST

[engineering] Or what is the most efficient way we know of to propel using air?

submitted by /u/1stMD
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Is melanin for skin color inherently linked to melanin for hair/eye color?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 05:49 PM PST

Basically: does more melanin in one of these traits automatically mean more melanin in the others?

For example, if you had two mixed-race parents who can have kids with either light or dark traits, would it be possible for them to have a kid with very dark skin but very light hair/eyes (hair/skin color genes are discrete)? Or would the large amount of melanin production in the child's skin also add up to darker hair/eyes automatically (hair/skin color are controlled by the same genes)?

submitted by /u/theAlphaBeth
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What's the best the best way to transmit data Voyager deep into space with today's technology?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 07:01 PM PST

What's the best the best way to transmit data Voyager deep into space with today's technology? Why don't we have satellites on foreign planets? I'm watching a Voyager documentary and am feeling inspired.

submitted by /u/thegreenlupe
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What is the purpose of LPS-stimulated cytokine release?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 05:52 PM PST

I'm curious as to what specific research questions are satisfied with LPS-stimulated cytokine release through use of whole blood, as opposed to running high sensitivity ELISA kits on blood plasma.

submitted by /u/gloryatsea
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Why do wind turbines spin in only one direction?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 12:09 PM PST

How do rockets start in vacuum?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 02:00 PM PST

So i know that rockets bring their own LOX to oxidize the fuel. But how do they start the reaction without the vacuum of space pulling the chemicals out? So I imagine that they pump in fuel and LOX and ignite it with an electrical spark or similar, but then because there is vacuum outside the nozzle, why don't the combustion get snuffed out?

submitted by /u/Physix_R_Cool
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Why do things become squeaky and increase in friction when they're clean?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 01:22 PM PST

Relating to the term 'squeaky clean'.

submitted by /u/PhoenixYS
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What are the environmental and wildlife concerns for fields of solar panels in Nevada?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 02:00 PM PST

Do linguistic relativism/determinism theories (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) explain that stigmatizing words compound societal stigma?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 07:20 PM PST

For example, if consistent use of stigmatizing terms, such as addict/alcoholic (or similar in non-English languages) , occurs in a given society, does stigma both get reinforced but also, over time, result in explicit modification of the way individuals view those labeled with such terms?

Short version: does constant use of stigmatizing words compound the effect over time and result in individuals actually internalizing stigmatizing the generalizations assorted with these terms?

If so, does the modification of terms used from stigmatizing to more positive alternatives result in cognitive changes? Over what length of time would something like this occur?

submitted by /u/partysoberUNT
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What about autosomal trisomies makes them so often fatal?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 06:36 AM PST

I understand that extra sex chromosomes are easily avoided because of X inactivation, but why are autosomal trisomies (with the exception of less severe ones, such as trisomy 21 and 18) so fatal in humans? What in the human body causes most autosomal trisomies to be fatal?

submitted by /u/mikedaman101
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Do cut off christmas trees still convert carbon dioxide to oxygen?

Posted: 18 Dec 2017 06:37 AM PST

So i was walking past a christmast tree sales stand, noticed the fresh forest-smell and was wondering if these cut off trees still freshened the air arround them.

submitted by /u/GI_Bus
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