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Saturday, December 9, 2017

Can a planet have more than 4 seasons?

Can a planet have more than 4 seasons?


Can a planet have more than 4 seasons?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 05:03 PM PST

After all, if the seasons are caused by tilt rather than changing distance from the home star (how it is on Earth), then why is it divided into 4 sections of what is likely 90 degree sections? Why not 5 at 72, 6 at 60, or maybe even 3 at 120?

submitted by /u/zedudedaniel
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How do large clusters of fires like California is having affect the weather?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 01:48 PM PST

Who / when was it decided that screw threads would standardize to tighten when they are turned clockwise?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 04:36 AM PST

I know there are different pitches of threads, but almost all screws follow the "righty tighty, lefty loosy" rule. When was that standardized and how did all different countries adapt that?

submitted by /u/Bananas_are_theworst
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Why do hard-boiled eggs explode loudly when microwaved?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 03:47 PM PST

why do they have to guess which strains of circulating flu to put in the flu shot, instead of using all in a single shot or series?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 07:36 AM PST

there is an article today in the WSJ suggesting typical 40-60 percent effectiveness, though effectiveness isn't really defined. anyway articles always comment that the reason it is hard to be higher in effectiveness is that the makers of the shots need to guess which strain to protect against.

is it too hard to culture or grow all the strains? too hard to fit into a shot? too hard for the immune system to build defenses against multiples, in that it would make you sick? too hard for the body to maintain that many immunities at once if built?

what gives?

submitted by /u/Stillcant
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Why does the posterior aspect of the tongue contain special sensory innervation but has no papillae?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 05:33 AM PST

We are taught that we have no papillae or taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. My question is why do we still have a special sensation innervation there too by the glossopharyngeal nerve. Do we still have taste buds there too but they are so little in number we deem them insignificant?

submitted by /u/AlphaWollf
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Is there a happiness/depression cycle that isn't bipolar disorder?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 03:34 AM PST

I'm trying to find what else has a sort of happiness/depression cycle, but the only thing I can find is sites like WebMD saying shit like "You have bipolar disorder and cancer!" which is obviously very helpful and in no way frustrating beyond belief.

submitted by /u/TheSpiderDungeon
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Why are some plastics microwave-safe while others are not?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 11:32 PM PST

In Teflon non-stick pans how are they able to make Teflon stick to the pan?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 04:25 AM PST

How does a smell “stick” to clothes?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 04:03 AM PST

Can you contain a piece of plasma?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 04:00 AM PST

I have been wondering if you could contain a piece of plasma with magnets or another kind of apparatus contain plasma

submitted by /u/LuisGaming888
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Is it just a coincidence that the maximum number of electrons in the nth electron shell is generally 2(n^2)?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 10:23 PM PST

Hello!

I coincidentally stumbled upon this fact a little while ago, and it's been bugging me ever since. I haven't been able to find any information about why this is true, but seeing as these are quite significant numbers, I'd be surprised if it was just by chance. Is there any known reason for why this is the case?

submitted by /u/Hottentott14
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What kinds of paint would you use on a spaceship, and why?

Posted: 09 Dec 2017 12:51 AM PST

For instance, I've just come across a Nov. 2015 article that talks about a highly reflective metallic paint that will help with both keeping heat inside the ship in vacuum, and outside the ship while in atmospheric entry. I've also heard from somewhere that black radiators are notable somehow.

Are there any kinds of paint that might be better than that paint in various situations, and what reasons are there for military ships to not to be surfaced purely with Vantablack, as an example?

submitted by /u/CommanderTasun
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Why is the exchange energy in magnets positive instead of negative?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 01:28 PM PST

So we know that for ferromagnets (materials with mu>>1) there are two principles at work. The pauli exclusion principle and coulomb's law.

The pauli exclusion tells us that the probability of two similar spin electrons in the same state is very low. So it makes sense that a neighboring nuclei having the same spin is better than having the two electrons be in the same space.

However, I imagine that instead having the opposite spin state in a neighboring nuclei would lower the local potential. And still make pauli exclusion valid.

Since Coulomb's law tells us that it's easier to have electrons not next to each other. Why wouldn't the neighboring states not just alternate spins?

Because I read that exchange energy = electric energy - magnetic energy.

& that being positive makes for super magnets, but wouldn't them being negative make super magnets instead?

I couldn't find this on the search function, probably because I'm on mobile. Sorry and that's in advance

Edit: spelling

submitted by /u/Iamtheclitc0mmander
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If we moved 100 Penguins from the South Pole to the North Pole, would they survive and populate the area?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 01:05 AM PST

More specifically, I'd like to fix this:

Mistakenly, some artists and writers have penguins based at the North Pole. This is incorrect, as there are no wild penguins in the Northern Hemisphere. The cartoon series Chilly Willy helped perpetuate this myth, as the title penguin would interact with northern-hemisphere species, such as polar bears and walruses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin#In_popular_culture

submitted by /u/ThisIs_MyName
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Is the snow in texas unheard of? Or is it just a rare occurrence?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 12:52 PM PST

What are the effects of extrasolar star light on plants on Earth?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 11:05 PM PST

Long-exposure astrophotography shots show the light of far-off stars and even whole galaxies. But have we ever studied the effects of these lights on plants?

Is it possible for plants to harness light from other stars?

submitted by /u/Gr8Texpectation
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Why is a cigarette's ember cone-shaped?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 09:30 PM PST

Is this a provable concept using today's mathematics?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 10:00 AM PST

Pi and other irrational numbers have an infinite number of digits. Does this mean that they can be infinitely repeating sets of infinite digits?

pi=3.14159... so after an infinite number of digits isn't it possible (maybe even probable) that the set of infinite digits repeats?

pi=3.14159...(infinite number of irrational digits)...314159...(same digits as the first set of infinite digits)...

If that is the case, we can say that: pi=3.14159...314159...314159...(and so forth an infinite number of times)...

submitted by /u/NeodymiumCandy
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How do computers store information? (Not in terms of logic gates but more in terms of physics/chemistry)

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 02:04 PM PST

I understand (somewhat) how logic gates and basic programming work to store information, but how does information get physically "burned" or imprinted into metal? For example, how does a hard drive semi-permanently change its physiology to store data so that it can be read and then deleted or changed later?

submitted by /u/BishesLoveCubixRube
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What is the process of separating silver from AgNO3?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 08:54 AM PST

Do (fertile) FTM transsexuals who undergo full sexual reassignment surgeries experience menopause?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 03:40 PM PST

Or will the added testosterone stop that from happening?

submitted by /u/karayna
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How are some plants declared as non edible/nutritious if they all have cellulose like the rest of the edible/nutritious ones, can't they all be cooked and eaten the same?

Posted: 08 Dec 2017 01:24 PM PST

I don't understand how I can cook and eat Brussels's sprouts and lettuce and all that, but can't cook and eat grass, corn husks, tree leaves, and other things, as long as I cook them enough, besides the ones that are known to have poisonous/allergy inducing compounds. Like, if they are all planted in the same soil, wouldn't my grass and tree leaves be just as good as my spinach?

submitted by /u/SuperCoolVegasGuy
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Friday, December 8, 2017

Why is myopia common in young adults, when (I assume) this would have been a serious disadvantage when we were hunter gatherers?

Why is myopia common in young adults, when (I assume) this would have been a serious disadvantage when we were hunter gatherers?


Why is myopia common in young adults, when (I assume) this would have been a serious disadvantage when we were hunter gatherers?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 05:45 PM PST

Is the sun capable of running on any kind of material or is it specific to hydrogen?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:20 PM PST

I've been thinking for my entire life that the sun can only be made out of hydrogen, however, there are a few science articles on the internet stating that the sun can be made out of any material with little to no difference compared to the sun now. This is one of the article btw: http://daleswanson.blogspot.com/2011/03/sun-made-out-of-bananas.html

submitted by /u/SenorPeso123
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Seems like some joint injuries are the hardest to come back healthy from, like knees and ankles. Is it the complexity of the body part or the fact that it’s used the most in the body system?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:31 PM PST

How do forest fires start?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:29 PM PST

Edit: how does lightening start forest fires?

submitted by /u/lukester15
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Do black holes have equatorial bulge?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 04:11 PM PST

What happens when hadrons collide in a particle accelerator?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:40 PM PST

Do the collisions behave the same as the sort of collisions in high school physics classes where momentum and energy are conserved?

submitted by /u/jeray2000
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What is happening when things go stale?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 10:14 PM PST

Bonus: what is the best household way to keep things from going stale?

submitted by /u/yolonda_swagmore
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(chem/phys) What kind of bond is created when I heat eggs in a frying pan and they "stick" to it's surface after? For the food that is really "stuck on", has this food diffused into the surface of the pan, or is their no atomic mixing at all? If not, then what accounts for the actual "stickiness"?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 06:25 PM PST

Why is a turning point on the plot of 1^1 to 0^0 ?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 11:52 AM PST

So we take the fallowing problem :

11 = 1

0.90.9 = 0.909

0.80.8 = 0.836

0.70.7 = 0.779

0.60.6 = 0.736

0.50.5 = 0.707

0.40.4 = 0.693

0.30.3 = 0.696

0.20.2 = 0.724

0.10.1 = 0.793

0.00.0 ~ 1

So we see that somewhere between 0.50.5 and 0.30.3 it will be the lowest value. Seems that the turning point is 1/e ( 0.367879441170.36787944117 = 0.69220062755 ). Why there ? Is there a special thing about this number ? Does this "problem" have a name ?

Sorry if this a noob question, but it's the first time I see this pattern.

submitted by /u/CTCR
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What is a C Metric?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 08:54 PM PST

In general relativity there seems to be a concept of a C Metric, based off of some paper by Levi-Civita I think. What is it, and what is it for?

submitted by /u/Anwyl
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How much resources do huge AIs like AlphaGo and AlphaZero take up?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:37 PM PST

Just wondering exactly what it takes to run these very strong AI program that can learn to beat world champions in a matter of hours. I don't actually know of any other big/commercial AIs, but feel free to mention anything!

submitted by /u/therealslimbrady1
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Why don’t the southern west coast states get the same amount of snow/cold as the southern eastern board states do?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 11:55 AM PST

For example: it's supposed to snow in Alabama/Georgia soon, but it's still decently warm in California; they're both states that are close to the ocean and on the same latitudinal range but have different weather dynamics.

submitted by /u/majikcurry
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How do we control our tongue? Question from my 10 year old

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:53 PM PST

My 10 year old asked me a question that had me stumped and short of coming up with a typical 'dad answer' I thought I'd get a better response from here. She asks 'How is it that we can make our tongue fat and then make it flat?' As in you can point your tongue and make it more cylindrical and then you can flatten it out. We can't do that with any other part of our body that doesn't have bones in it (can we?)

submitted by /u/Fatryanreynolds
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When charging a battery, what is the best time to charge the battery to ensure total battery longevity?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:44 PM PST

I know batteries are fairly simple chemical reactions with the charged atoms moving from one side to the other, and that as batteries age, they lose their ability to retain charge, but I was wondering if there was an ideal time to charge batteries (say at maybe 10% or 12% or 20% of life left,) or is there something else to consider before charging things?

submitted by /u/idiotsonfire
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How fast does our brain process light?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 02:36 PM PST

Can it be altered? I was wondering this when I had a deja vu moment . If we process light at certain speeds, that would mean we are experiencing the past.

submitted by /u/AnimationsVFX
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Is there an infinite matrix?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 11:54 AM PST

This question popped into my head during a linear algebra lecture, I'd love to get an explanation from someone far better at math than I am!

So if out of all matrices you can take a certain (albeit limited) number of unique sub-matrices, does it come to pass that all matrices can be seen as sub-matrices of a larger, perhaps infinite matrix?

On a related note, could this infinite matrix also include imaginary numbers? Variables and/or functions? Or would those matrices have to be entirely separate?

And if it's the case that the matrices are separate, does that mean that each "infinite" matrix is not truly infinite?

submitted by /u/stemgeek
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Why are the computer screen resolutions (e.g. 1920x1080) exactly those?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:02 AM PST

They are not powers of 2, as is common in computing. Is it the divisibility, or is there a hardware reason for that?

submitted by /u/Joald
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How do people tell the demand for a currency and how is it measured?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:40 AM PST

I was researching gdp ppp and the article said it is determined by the demand for a currency. How do people find out what that demand is. Surely there's an insane amount of demand for all currency. How can you measure how much people want something when everyone wants more at almost all times?

submitted by /u/carcar134134
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why does DNA ligase require ATP to join two fragments of DNA?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:37 AM PST

Why do antiferromagnets increase their susceptibility with temperature below the neel point , while the net magnetization is zero?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:31 AM PST

Thursday, December 7, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: I spent the last year investigating the potential of carbon-capture technology (or "clean coal") to mitigate climate change. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I spent the last year investigating the potential of carbon-capture technology (or "clean coal") to mitigate climate change. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I spent the last year investigating the potential of carbon-capture technology (or "clean coal") to mitigate climate change. Ask me anything!

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 04:00 AM PST

Under the goals of the 2015 Paris climate agreement, the world has agreed to do what is needed to keep global temperatures from not rising above 2 degrees C as compared to pre-industrial levels. According to the International Panel on Climate Change, in every economically viable scenario to that goal, the world needs to deploy carbon-capture technologies on large scale.

These technologies allow us to keep burning fossil fuels almost without emissions, while putting us on the trajectory to hit our climate goals. They are considered a bridge to a future where we can create, store, and supply all the world's energy from renewable sources. But carbon-capture technologies have a tortured history. Though first developed nearly 50 years ago, their use in climate-change mitigation only began in earnest in the 1990s and scaling them up hasn't gone as planned.

My initial perception, based on what I had read in the press, was that carbon capture seemed outrageously expensive, especially when renewable energy is starting to get cheap enough to compete with fossil fuels. At the same time, my training in chemical engineering and chemistry told me the technologies were scientifically sound. And some of world's most important bodies on climate change keep insisting that we need carbon capture. Who should I believe?

The question took me down a rabbit hole. After a year of reporting, I've come to a conclusion: Carbon capture is both vital and viable. I've ended up writing nearly 30,000 words in The Race to Zero Emissions series for Quartz.

You can read the 8,000-word story where I lay the case for the technology here: https://qz.com/1144298; other stories from the series here: https://qz.com/re/the-race-to-zero-emissions/; and follow the newsletter here: https://bit.ly/RacetoZeroEmissions.

I'll be answering question starting 1200 ET (1700 UTC). You can ask me anything!

Bio: Akshat Rathi is a reporter for Quartz in London. He has previously worked at The Economist and The Conversation. His writing has appeared in Nature, The Guardian and The Hindu. He has a PhD in organic chemistry from Oxford University and a BTech in chemical engineering from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How wide can a straw be before holding water in there with your thumb fails?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 10:34 AM PST

Assuming you put your thumb on top while the bottom is still submerged, lift it out of the water, and then hold it in the air.

submitted by /u/mmm_toasty
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Can you bend spacetime with electromagentism?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 02:57 PM PST

How do designers determine how many compressor stages a gas turbine engine needs?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:58 AM PST

Does it go down to trial and error or is there a way to determine how many an engine needs?

submitted by /u/ZeligD
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Wildfire Forensics: How do fire investigators determine the cause of a large, wildfire?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 10:15 AM PST

I have read of incidents where fire investigators are able to identify the root cause of a fire down to a single campfire, or even a single cigarette butt or tossed match. How are they able to do this? I would think the number of variables (not limited to: wind speed and direction over the entire course of the fire, topography, combustible material composition, etc.) would be so large that trying to trace back to the initial source would be next to impossible. Can anyone clue me in with how they are able to do this?

submitted by /u/belinck
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A bullet is shot and is travelling at 2,500 FPS. As the bullet travels, is the space directly behind it (let’s say an inch) filled with air? Or does the bullet push it aside and there is ‘nothing’ behind it?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 01:37 AM PST

How is an antenna able to receive and transmit data? And how is the antenna able to convert that data to something the radio can read?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 02:34 PM PST

How is a metal rod able to receive radiowaves. It is because of its ability to receive EM waves easily due to its material and texture? In a radio, we can listen to the DJ, but how are we able to hear so audibly when the audio message is sent through radiowaves or microwaves?

submitted by /u/bendycumberbitch
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How did scientists discover that mars had a magnetic field?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 04:20 AM PST

I was wondering about how exactly they discovered it and what methods they used. When i search I mostly find that mars HAD a magnetic field (or in part still has) but not how they know or became to know. Thank you for your help. Im asking out of curiosity by the way.

submitted by /u/NuclearJezuz
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At What Latitude is the Largest "Sea-Locked" (All-Ocean) Circle of Latitude?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 01:02 PM PST

I'm looking for the largest circle you can draw on Earth at constant latitude that would never intersect land.

submitted by /u/garrettj100
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What's the physics behind shooting a plastic bottle cap?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 01:17 PM PST

Hey everyone, hope you're having a good day! I very much like this subreddit because of the wide variety of questions that are asked here, from really theoretical questions to daily applications of science.

The thing I woud like to talk about belongs in the second category of daily applications of science in shooting plastic bottle caps. I am sure that a lot of you have tried this at some point, but let me explain what I mean exactly: If you take an empty plastic bottle (for example a water bottle or a soda bottle) and try to crunch it as much as you can with the cap still on it, you will be able to build up a lot of air pressure inside the bottle. If you then quickly unscrew the cap while the air is compressed, the cap will shoot off!

I do not know a lot of physics myself, but most of the fluid dynamics that I have heard of revolved around incompressible fluids and not gases, so I was wondering if there were any formulas or calculations one could make to figure out things like the compressibility of the air inside a plastic bottle, the built up potential energy in compressing the bottle and the conversion from potential to kinetic energy when you shoot the cap. I hope you guys will enjoy this topic!

submitted by /u/thejpguy
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Are there any real health risks when using a copper pot over open fire? - I've read aboutdangers due to copper being a biocid and dangerous copper ions transisting into your food. is this just some BS ?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:37 AM PST

I know, this sounds like belonging to one of the less scientific answer forums but i would rather prefer a scientific approach to the question and feel cappable of understanding " complicated "answers.

I've read about "unsuitable copper grades and so on" - what I personally consider utter bullcrap. since most industrially produced copper is 99,99 or above in purity, and i don't think that any ( copper) smith is going to melt some randomly found alloy to produce a billet which he will hammer into a plate out of which he will form a kettle - but still there rests this miniscule thought of possibly injuring my family when utilising such a kettle for producing chili/stew/ gulasch

not sure about the flair - could be chemistry, could be biology, could be material sciences

Thanks for your help.

submitted by /u/gixanthrax
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How have we estimated the size of the universe to be 92 billion light years in diameter?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 10:14 PM PST

Why do toilet seats feel colder than the air, even though they are the same temperature?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 11:42 PM PST

When I sit on the toilet, the seat feels much colder than the air, even though they are approximately the same temperature. Why is this?

submitted by /u/IanSanity7
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What is more commonly used in nuclear bombs? Uranium or plutonium? Same question for nuclear power plants.

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 08:08 PM PST

At what speed does wind chill become air friction?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:49 AM PST

So if space a shuttle on atmospheric reentry has a heat shield to protect against air friction but the wind around most moving vehicle creates a drop in temperature due to wind chill, is there a specific measurable speed where this effect changes?

submitted by /u/robotjox77
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What is the uncertainty in the mass of the earth?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 09:52 PM PST

Can anyone explain the Mouse Utopia experiments in a less tinfoil-hatty way?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 08:56 AM PST

I watched this video but the whole channel has a conspiracy theory slant that I don't trust.

submitted by /u/cap10wow
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How involved is the strong force in creating mass?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 01:32 PM PST

It is my basic understanding that most of an atom's mass arises from the energy of the quarks inside nucleons. But since the strong force (via gluons) dictates how these quarks operate, how much of a hand (if any) does the strong force have in the creation of this mass vs. the sheer kinetic energy of the quarks?

submitted by /u/fatmanbombs
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Why are OLEDs used in screens instead of LEDs?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 08:05 PM PST

I am researching OLEDs, how they work and how they are used. I know that a typical "LED" display is actually an LCD display backlit by LEDs and that an AMOLED display can be thinner because the OLEDs emit light on their own instead of needing a backlight.

My question is why can't we just use normal LEDs in a small RGB pixel arrangement like AMOLED screens since they also emit their own light? Why are the options only OLED or LED backlight? Is there something specific to using organic compounds that allows this to happen?

submitted by /u/blessed_is_he
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Do leopards dislike garlic?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 09:51 AM PST

I was reading a book (collection of writings of St Ambrose, so 4th century Roman) and St. Ambrose was saying this is the true, I looked it up and didn't find anything, but it's kind of an interesting thing I thought. This could just be people being silly in the 300s.

submitted by /u/HmanTheChicken
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Does color blindness affects the psychology of a person?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 09:19 AM PST