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Friday, December 8, 2017

Why is myopia common in young adults, when (I assume) this would have been a serious disadvantage when we were hunter gatherers?

Why is myopia common in young adults, when (I assume) this would have been a serious disadvantage when we were hunter gatherers?


Why is myopia common in young adults, when (I assume) this would have been a serious disadvantage when we were hunter gatherers?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 05:45 PM PST

Is the sun capable of running on any kind of material or is it specific to hydrogen?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:20 PM PST

I've been thinking for my entire life that the sun can only be made out of hydrogen, however, there are a few science articles on the internet stating that the sun can be made out of any material with little to no difference compared to the sun now. This is one of the article btw: http://daleswanson.blogspot.com/2011/03/sun-made-out-of-bananas.html

submitted by /u/SenorPeso123
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Seems like some joint injuries are the hardest to come back healthy from, like knees and ankles. Is it the complexity of the body part or the fact that it’s used the most in the body system?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:31 PM PST

How do forest fires start?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:29 PM PST

Edit: how does lightening start forest fires?

submitted by /u/lukester15
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Do black holes have equatorial bulge?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 04:11 PM PST

What happens when hadrons collide in a particle accelerator?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:40 PM PST

Do the collisions behave the same as the sort of collisions in high school physics classes where momentum and energy are conserved?

submitted by /u/jeray2000
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What is happening when things go stale?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 10:14 PM PST

Bonus: what is the best household way to keep things from going stale?

submitted by /u/yolonda_swagmore
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(chem/phys) What kind of bond is created when I heat eggs in a frying pan and they "stick" to it's surface after? For the food that is really "stuck on", has this food diffused into the surface of the pan, or is their no atomic mixing at all? If not, then what accounts for the actual "stickiness"?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 06:25 PM PST

Why is a turning point on the plot of 1^1 to 0^0 ?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 11:52 AM PST

So we take the fallowing problem :

11 = 1

0.90.9 = 0.909

0.80.8 = 0.836

0.70.7 = 0.779

0.60.6 = 0.736

0.50.5 = 0.707

0.40.4 = 0.693

0.30.3 = 0.696

0.20.2 = 0.724

0.10.1 = 0.793

0.00.0 ~ 1

So we see that somewhere between 0.50.5 and 0.30.3 it will be the lowest value. Seems that the turning point is 1/e ( 0.367879441170.36787944117 = 0.69220062755 ). Why there ? Is there a special thing about this number ? Does this "problem" have a name ?

Sorry if this a noob question, but it's the first time I see this pattern.

submitted by /u/CTCR
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What is a C Metric?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 08:54 PM PST

In general relativity there seems to be a concept of a C Metric, based off of some paper by Levi-Civita I think. What is it, and what is it for?

submitted by /u/Anwyl
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How much resources do huge AIs like AlphaGo and AlphaZero take up?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:37 PM PST

Just wondering exactly what it takes to run these very strong AI program that can learn to beat world champions in a matter of hours. I don't actually know of any other big/commercial AIs, but feel free to mention anything!

submitted by /u/therealslimbrady1
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Why don’t the southern west coast states get the same amount of snow/cold as the southern eastern board states do?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 11:55 AM PST

For example: it's supposed to snow in Alabama/Georgia soon, but it's still decently warm in California; they're both states that are close to the ocean and on the same latitudinal range but have different weather dynamics.

submitted by /u/majikcurry
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How do we control our tongue? Question from my 10 year old

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:53 PM PST

My 10 year old asked me a question that had me stumped and short of coming up with a typical 'dad answer' I thought I'd get a better response from here. She asks 'How is it that we can make our tongue fat and then make it flat?' As in you can point your tongue and make it more cylindrical and then you can flatten it out. We can't do that with any other part of our body that doesn't have bones in it (can we?)

submitted by /u/Fatryanreynolds
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When charging a battery, what is the best time to charge the battery to ensure total battery longevity?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:44 PM PST

I know batteries are fairly simple chemical reactions with the charged atoms moving from one side to the other, and that as batteries age, they lose their ability to retain charge, but I was wondering if there was an ideal time to charge batteries (say at maybe 10% or 12% or 20% of life left,) or is there something else to consider before charging things?

submitted by /u/idiotsonfire
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How fast does our brain process light?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 02:36 PM PST

Can it be altered? I was wondering this when I had a deja vu moment . If we process light at certain speeds, that would mean we are experiencing the past.

submitted by /u/AnimationsVFX
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Is there an infinite matrix?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 11:54 AM PST

This question popped into my head during a linear algebra lecture, I'd love to get an explanation from someone far better at math than I am!

So if out of all matrices you can take a certain (albeit limited) number of unique sub-matrices, does it come to pass that all matrices can be seen as sub-matrices of a larger, perhaps infinite matrix?

On a related note, could this infinite matrix also include imaginary numbers? Variables and/or functions? Or would those matrices have to be entirely separate?

And if it's the case that the matrices are separate, does that mean that each "infinite" matrix is not truly infinite?

submitted by /u/stemgeek
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Why are the computer screen resolutions (e.g. 1920x1080) exactly those?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:02 AM PST

They are not powers of 2, as is common in computing. Is it the divisibility, or is there a hardware reason for that?

submitted by /u/Joald
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How do people tell the demand for a currency and how is it measured?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:40 AM PST

I was researching gdp ppp and the article said it is determined by the demand for a currency. How do people find out what that demand is. Surely there's an insane amount of demand for all currency. How can you measure how much people want something when everyone wants more at almost all times?

submitted by /u/carcar134134
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why does DNA ligase require ATP to join two fragments of DNA?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:37 AM PST

Why do antiferromagnets increase their susceptibility with temperature below the neel point , while the net magnetization is zero?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 07:31 AM PST

Thursday, December 7, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: I spent the last year investigating the potential of carbon-capture technology (or "clean coal") to mitigate climate change. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I spent the last year investigating the potential of carbon-capture technology (or "clean coal") to mitigate climate change. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I spent the last year investigating the potential of carbon-capture technology (or "clean coal") to mitigate climate change. Ask me anything!

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 04:00 AM PST

Under the goals of the 2015 Paris climate agreement, the world has agreed to do what is needed to keep global temperatures from not rising above 2 degrees C as compared to pre-industrial levels. According to the International Panel on Climate Change, in every economically viable scenario to that goal, the world needs to deploy carbon-capture technologies on large scale.

These technologies allow us to keep burning fossil fuels almost without emissions, while putting us on the trajectory to hit our climate goals. They are considered a bridge to a future where we can create, store, and supply all the world's energy from renewable sources. But carbon-capture technologies have a tortured history. Though first developed nearly 50 years ago, their use in climate-change mitigation only began in earnest in the 1990s and scaling them up hasn't gone as planned.

My initial perception, based on what I had read in the press, was that carbon capture seemed outrageously expensive, especially when renewable energy is starting to get cheap enough to compete with fossil fuels. At the same time, my training in chemical engineering and chemistry told me the technologies were scientifically sound. And some of world's most important bodies on climate change keep insisting that we need carbon capture. Who should I believe?

The question took me down a rabbit hole. After a year of reporting, I've come to a conclusion: Carbon capture is both vital and viable. I've ended up writing nearly 30,000 words in The Race to Zero Emissions series for Quartz.

You can read the 8,000-word story where I lay the case for the technology here: https://qz.com/1144298; other stories from the series here: https://qz.com/re/the-race-to-zero-emissions/; and follow the newsletter here: https://bit.ly/RacetoZeroEmissions.

I'll be answering question starting 1200 ET (1700 UTC). You can ask me anything!

Bio: Akshat Rathi is a reporter for Quartz in London. He has previously worked at The Economist and The Conversation. His writing has appeared in Nature, The Guardian and The Hindu. He has a PhD in organic chemistry from Oxford University and a BTech in chemical engineering from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How wide can a straw be before holding water in there with your thumb fails?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 10:34 AM PST

Assuming you put your thumb on top while the bottom is still submerged, lift it out of the water, and then hold it in the air.

submitted by /u/mmm_toasty
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Can you bend spacetime with electromagentism?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 02:57 PM PST

How do designers determine how many compressor stages a gas turbine engine needs?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:58 AM PST

Does it go down to trial and error or is there a way to determine how many an engine needs?

submitted by /u/ZeligD
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Wildfire Forensics: How do fire investigators determine the cause of a large, wildfire?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 10:15 AM PST

I have read of incidents where fire investigators are able to identify the root cause of a fire down to a single campfire, or even a single cigarette butt or tossed match. How are they able to do this? I would think the number of variables (not limited to: wind speed and direction over the entire course of the fire, topography, combustible material composition, etc.) would be so large that trying to trace back to the initial source would be next to impossible. Can anyone clue me in with how they are able to do this?

submitted by /u/belinck
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A bullet is shot and is travelling at 2,500 FPS. As the bullet travels, is the space directly behind it (let’s say an inch) filled with air? Or does the bullet push it aside and there is ‘nothing’ behind it?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 01:37 AM PST

How is an antenna able to receive and transmit data? And how is the antenna able to convert that data to something the radio can read?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 02:34 PM PST

How is a metal rod able to receive radiowaves. It is because of its ability to receive EM waves easily due to its material and texture? In a radio, we can listen to the DJ, but how are we able to hear so audibly when the audio message is sent through radiowaves or microwaves?

submitted by /u/bendycumberbitch
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How did scientists discover that mars had a magnetic field?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 04:20 AM PST

I was wondering about how exactly they discovered it and what methods they used. When i search I mostly find that mars HAD a magnetic field (or in part still has) but not how they know or became to know. Thank you for your help. Im asking out of curiosity by the way.

submitted by /u/NuclearJezuz
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At What Latitude is the Largest "Sea-Locked" (All-Ocean) Circle of Latitude?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 01:02 PM PST

I'm looking for the largest circle you can draw on Earth at constant latitude that would never intersect land.

submitted by /u/garrettj100
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What's the physics behind shooting a plastic bottle cap?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 01:17 PM PST

Hey everyone, hope you're having a good day! I very much like this subreddit because of the wide variety of questions that are asked here, from really theoretical questions to daily applications of science.

The thing I woud like to talk about belongs in the second category of daily applications of science in shooting plastic bottle caps. I am sure that a lot of you have tried this at some point, but let me explain what I mean exactly: If you take an empty plastic bottle (for example a water bottle or a soda bottle) and try to crunch it as much as you can with the cap still on it, you will be able to build up a lot of air pressure inside the bottle. If you then quickly unscrew the cap while the air is compressed, the cap will shoot off!

I do not know a lot of physics myself, but most of the fluid dynamics that I have heard of revolved around incompressible fluids and not gases, so I was wondering if there were any formulas or calculations one could make to figure out things like the compressibility of the air inside a plastic bottle, the built up potential energy in compressing the bottle and the conversion from potential to kinetic energy when you shoot the cap. I hope you guys will enjoy this topic!

submitted by /u/thejpguy
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Are there any real health risks when using a copper pot over open fire? - I've read aboutdangers due to copper being a biocid and dangerous copper ions transisting into your food. is this just some BS ?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:37 AM PST

I know, this sounds like belonging to one of the less scientific answer forums but i would rather prefer a scientific approach to the question and feel cappable of understanding " complicated "answers.

I've read about "unsuitable copper grades and so on" - what I personally consider utter bullcrap. since most industrially produced copper is 99,99 or above in purity, and i don't think that any ( copper) smith is going to melt some randomly found alloy to produce a billet which he will hammer into a plate out of which he will form a kettle - but still there rests this miniscule thought of possibly injuring my family when utilising such a kettle for producing chili/stew/ gulasch

not sure about the flair - could be chemistry, could be biology, could be material sciences

Thanks for your help.

submitted by /u/gixanthrax
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How have we estimated the size of the universe to be 92 billion light years in diameter?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 10:14 PM PST

Why do toilet seats feel colder than the air, even though they are the same temperature?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 11:42 PM PST

When I sit on the toilet, the seat feels much colder than the air, even though they are approximately the same temperature. Why is this?

submitted by /u/IanSanity7
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What is more commonly used in nuclear bombs? Uranium or plutonium? Same question for nuclear power plants.

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 08:08 PM PST

At what speed does wind chill become air friction?

Posted: 07 Dec 2017 03:49 AM PST

So if space a shuttle on atmospheric reentry has a heat shield to protect against air friction but the wind around most moving vehicle creates a drop in temperature due to wind chill, is there a specific measurable speed where this effect changes?

submitted by /u/robotjox77
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What is the uncertainty in the mass of the earth?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 09:52 PM PST

Can anyone explain the Mouse Utopia experiments in a less tinfoil-hatty way?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 08:56 AM PST

I watched this video but the whole channel has a conspiracy theory slant that I don't trust.

submitted by /u/cap10wow
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How involved is the strong force in creating mass?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 01:32 PM PST

It is my basic understanding that most of an atom's mass arises from the energy of the quarks inside nucleons. But since the strong force (via gluons) dictates how these quarks operate, how much of a hand (if any) does the strong force have in the creation of this mass vs. the sheer kinetic energy of the quarks?

submitted by /u/fatmanbombs
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Why are OLEDs used in screens instead of LEDs?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 08:05 PM PST

I am researching OLEDs, how they work and how they are used. I know that a typical "LED" display is actually an LCD display backlit by LEDs and that an AMOLED display can be thinner because the OLEDs emit light on their own instead of needing a backlight.

My question is why can't we just use normal LEDs in a small RGB pixel arrangement like AMOLED screens since they also emit their own light? Why are the options only OLED or LED backlight? Is there something specific to using organic compounds that allows this to happen?

submitted by /u/blessed_is_he
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Do leopards dislike garlic?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 09:51 AM PST

I was reading a book (collection of writings of St Ambrose, so 4th century Roman) and St. Ambrose was saying this is the true, I looked it up and didn't find anything, but it's kind of an interesting thing I thought. This could just be people being silly in the 300s.

submitted by /u/HmanTheChicken
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Does color blindness affects the psychology of a person?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 09:19 AM PST

Wednesday, December 6, 2017

The last time atmospheric CO2 levels were this high the world was 3-6C warmer. So how do scientists believe we can keep warming under 2C?

The last time atmospheric CO2 levels were this high the world was 3-6C warmer. So how do scientists believe we can keep warming under 2C?


The last time atmospheric CO2 levels were this high the world was 3-6C warmer. So how do scientists believe we can keep warming under 2C?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 04:50 PM PST

What's underneath the sand at the beach? How far does the sand go and what is beneath that?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 03:17 PM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do different connectors/cables vary in data transmission speed?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 04:44 AM PST

Between DisplayPort and VGA, why is DisplayPort faster than VGA? Is it the material, shape?

submitted by /u/bendycumberbitch
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Why do banana peels brown almost immediately after you remove them from the banana?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 09:09 AM PST

When it's still intact it takes days to brown

submitted by /u/lingualnosh
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Why wasn't Cassini damaged when it flew through the water plumes of Enceladus?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 03:10 PM PST

We're often told that items as small as a fleck of paint can pose a threat to objects in orbit around Earth because the relative speeds are so high, but Cassini was able to fly through the water plumes of Enceladus just fine. Why wasn't the craft damaged during this maneuovre? Was the water to fine a mist, so to speak? If so, how was Cassini able to reliably sample the plumes if they were so fine?

submitted by /u/meshuggahofwallst
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(Human Body) What mechanism prevents human parthenogenetic embryos from developing into viable fetuses?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 11:08 PM PST

TIL that scientists are able to create human embryos using just egg cells without sperm cells. (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/you-say-embryo-i-say-parthenote/) The article linked says only that "Because it contains no genetic material from a father, however, it cannot develop into a viable fetus." It does not say how the embryo (or pseudo-embryo?) is prevented from developing into a fetus. Given that other vertebrates are able to reproduce parthenogenetically, what is the mechanism that arrests the development of human parthenogenetic embryos?

submitted by /u/Cgk-teacher
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How can an increase of only 2 degrees in earth’s average temperature cause so much damage?

Posted: 06 Dec 2017 04:22 AM PST

So every time it is mentioned that we should try to keep the change in earth's average temperature under 2 degrees it is accompanied by several examples about how this change affects the earth (ice melting, deserts being formed etc..) but how does an increase of only 2 degrees cause so much damage?

submitted by /u/Once-a-lurker
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If I throw a ball from the ISS in the direction of the motion of ISS really fast, will it go tangential to the orbit of the earth or will it orbit the earth?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 11:04 PM PST

And what if I just gently drop the ball from the ISS? Will it follow ISS? I read that if I throw a ball aiming directly at earth , it will take a orbit around the earth, But why orbit?? Why dosen't the gravity just pull it towards Earth in straight path? Can someone explain this to me visually through an animation ?

EDIT: What If I'm floating still at the orbit of ISS and throw the ball towards Earth? Will it fall straight into Earth or will it orbit?

submitted by /u/hari2897
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What kinds of designs and methods can be used to prevent/minimize radiation damage to electronic devices that are used at nuclear disaster sites?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 02:59 PM PST

I know this sounds random, but I have been watching videos of the Fukushima disaster relief effort and when I came across the coverage of the remote controlled robots that kept failing I started trying to think of ways that would help this really big issue. Since the problem is on a huge scale and will possibly last 100 years I was wondering if it would be worthwhile to use wire controlled bots to slowly build a tunnel much closer to the source by using lead panels and a jackhammer mounted bot for the debris removal. This would help with the proximity issue and give the scientists/engineers a long lasting structure to help them over the years (or decades) of the project.

submitted by /u/Arduino87
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Has Earth ever had a more impressive mountain range than the Himalayas?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 07:30 PM PST

As part of any of the other configurations of Earth's continents, was there ever another mountain range as steep, tall, or that had as big an influence on weather and biology as the Himalayas do? It seems like the Himalayas are like a wall. Nothing can pass over them except some birds. Is there anything like that in deep history?

submitted by /u/floppydo
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Is there a connection between working mothers and young adult mental health?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 12:58 PM PST

There has been a large increase in the number of working mothers since the 1990's (in the UK) and, in a slightly later time period, an increase in the number of teenagers and young adults suffering from anxiety / depression (only some of which is from decrease in stigma and increase in diagnosis). Is there any evidence of a connection?

submitted by /u/katig
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How can we measure the speed with which the Milly Way rotates if we are part of it? What’s our reference frame?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 10:07 PM PST

Does the harmonic series have a finite-value representation - and if not, why not?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 07:35 PM PST

Certain divergent series, especially those that are described by the zeta function, have finite-value representations. The sum of the natural numbers is associated with -1/12, the infinite sum 1 + 1 + 1... is associated with -1/2, and Grandi's series is associated with 1/2. These values have applications in quantum mechanics.

Whilst the formulas for finding these sums are way above my head, I read here that this method of deriving finite values gives the same result as finding the y-intercept of the asymtotics of the smoothed version of the sum.

Applying this to the harmonic series gave this graph, which seems to approach ln(cx) and has no y-intercept, implying that the harmonic series has no finite value associated with it. On the other hand, it could be said that there is a constant term, ln(c), which would thus be the associated value (I have no proof that it does even approach ln(cx) but it looks like it does - perhaps I am completely wrong).

Does the harmonic series have a finite value associated with it, and if not (or if there are other examples that do not), why would some divergent series have finite representations but not others?

submitted by /u/aaronhyperum
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CMBR dipole versus Special Relativity?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 09:44 PM PST

The CMBR dipole indicates a direction that the milky way galaxy is moving (which happens to be a path into the Great Attractor). The intensity of the blueshift indicates a motion of 600 km/sec.

But what is the Milky Way moving 600 km/sec in relation to? If the answer is that it is the absolute velocity of the Milky Way through space itself , then certain conceptual tenets of Special Relativity would be violated. In particular, there would be an experiment that you could perform to establish a preferred stationary reference frame --- the existence of which is explicitly forbidden by SR.

What is the straightforward 'academic' explanation for why the CMBR dipole cannot be utilized to "break" SR in this way?

Hoping for friendlier answers and less hostility. Thanks.

submitted by /u/moschles
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From a quantum physics standpoint, how exactly do LEDs produce photons, and how efficient are they?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 09:11 PM PST

Why do frisbee fly so well? What is the physical science behind?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 04:12 PM PST

Why does your face get puffy after crying?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 06:00 PM PST

18 weeks pregnant lady here. I just got done with a hormonal pregnancy meltdown that included lots uncontrollable sobbing. Now my face is all red and puffy and I'm just wondering why and how this happens when we cry.

submitted by /u/bird_in_a_bush
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How different was the climate when Pangaea existed?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 08:37 PM PST

A submission on another subreddit showed Pangaea with current country borders and it looked like everything was kinda clumped around Antarctica. If Antarctica hasn't moved, then Pangaea was pretty cold? But Antarctica probably moved just as much as the other continents?

submitted by /u/prickly_pw
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Do different types of touch receptors(Merkel cells, ruffini corpuscles) send different types of signals to neurons?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 07:37 PM PST

If not, how does the brain differentiate between these kinds of signals?

submitted by /u/rwahl
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Is there a maximum and/or minimum possible wavelength for light to have?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 04:22 PM PST

Why can I start/stop torrents and still have them complete, but can't do it with other downloads off the internet?

Posted: 05 Dec 2017 07:02 PM PST