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Thursday, November 30, 2017

How do modern nuclear reactors avoid service interruptions due to slagging/poisoning?

How do modern nuclear reactors avoid service interruptions due to slagging/poisoning?


How do modern nuclear reactors avoid service interruptions due to slagging/poisoning?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 03:14 AM PST

Was reminded of a discussion I had with my grandfather (~WW2 era nuclear science engineer) about how problematic reactor poisoning was in the past and especially slagging.

I believe more than a few of the US fleet of commercial reactors are at or are already surpassing 60 year total runtime licenses, was it just better designs or something else?

submitted by /u/zynix
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What is happening to engine oil that requires it to be changed every 6000km (3000miles)?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 08:09 AM PST

Why does the oil need to be changed and not just "topped up"? Is the oil becoming less lubricating?

Edit: Yes I realize 6000km does not equal 3000miles, but dealers often mark these as standard oil change distances.

Thanks for the science answers!

submitted by /u/paramedic-tim
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What is ATT or Verizon's average cost to deliver 1 GB of data to my smart phone?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 11:46 AM PST

I think this would call on Computer Scientists and Network engineers, with domain knowledge in cell tower installation/setup.

I want to know what ATT or Verizon's average cost is assuming data transfer is over a cell tower in the lower 48 US. I'm not interested in capital investment numbers because these eventually are fully subsidized through pricing I would think is obvious. I'm just interested in the number it costs to transmit the data over all the network hardware to my phone.

Also I'm mostly talking about the last mile or endpoint node to my phone. I realize depending on where the data is originating the costs can vary, at least it would be nice to have some explanation of how numbers add up in the ISP world. So we can be more educated consumers.

EDIT: Many have brought attention to operating/maintenance/employee costs. While these costs are substantial, they are relatively fixed or stepped and heavily subsidized. I want to know a big telcom's average variable costs on delivering data from point A to B, if both A and B are in the US and B is an endpoint like my cell phone.

submitted by /u/throw_it_in_the_lake
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Why is there a critical point between liquids and gases but not between solids and liquids?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 10:16 AM PST

Mount Agung Volcano Eruption Megathread

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 06:36 AM PST

Hi all,

Mount Agung on the island of Bali, Indonesia, has currently been undergoing eruptions. If you have questions about the specific eruption, volcanic eruptions in general, or related topics, feel free to post your questions below!

Some relevant links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If space is primarily empty vacuum, do gas particles such as those in nebulae diffuse into said vacuum?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 04:26 AM PST

Which elements are poisonous in their pure form?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 04:25 AM PST

Such as arsenic or beryllium.

submitted by /u/88880
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Would it be possible to make a pair of glasses that remove colour, so you only see monochrome/black and white?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 08:07 PM PST

Are ant queens aware of the amount of ant types necessary for their colony or is it genetically programmed ?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 02:40 AM PST

For clarity:

Perhaps the ant queen is genetically programmed in a way to produce 3 different kinds of ants in equivalent production.

If 10 ants of one type die, does the queen accommodate in her production?

submitted by /u/Gray_Fawx
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Late Thanksgiving question: Is roux an emulsifier as well as a thickener?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 05:25 AM PST

Oil and water don't mix unless you use something like a surfactant or emulsifier. When making my Thanksgiving gravy, I got to thinking, I'm mixing oil and flour, and then mixing that with water. Yes it's thickening it, but it's also holding it in suspension(as long as I follow the recipe ).

Furthermore is it the roux or simply the wheat flour? And what is it about the wheat flour, simply the surface area giving enough to bind to?

submitted by /u/SenorPuff
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Turbulence is a famously difficult problem. What makes it difficult? To what degree can it be understood by theoretical, numerical, or physical modeling?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 08:18 AM PST

And, what are the major challenges and successes in the turbulence field now?

submitted by /u/cuicocha
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When a person loses their vision in one eye, is their loss of depth-perception permanent or does the brain find a way to adapt?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 07:07 AM PST

What causes spatial orbits in higher dimensions to be unstable? Is it linked to how gravity behaves or does it apply to any kind of orbit?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 08:00 AM PST

Also, does this affect the existence of String Theory's higher dimensions?

submitted by /u/Niamrej
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When you see a shockwave what are you actually seeing?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 04:12 PM PST

Why is TSB (Tryptic Soy Broth) a better media for screening bacteria for bacteriocin production, compared to LB?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 05:37 AM PST

Would the assembly of the ISS have been cheaper if the NASA used traditionnal rockets instead of the shuttle?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 01:45 PM PST

I have been hearing criticism toward the shuttle for being terribly inefficient, yet I also heard others claim it was great for assembling the station.

submitted by /u/Cyclosteg
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How would a planet be shaped to have a area where the sun never sets and a place where the sun never rises?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 11:21 PM PST

I'm asking for a reason pertaining to a story, and I'm just curious as to what a world would look like to fit that criteria

submitted by /u/Arfman21
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Why are the motor/visual brain areas opposite from the part of the body they control ?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 05:08 AM PST

Given that you can do Lorentz Tranformations is time a vector quantity?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 03:52 AM PST

If time can spin, because time isn't universal and special relativity means it must spin to conserve speed of light while allowing you to do some stuff with time dilation and relative movements etc. does that mean time is a vector quantity, not a scalar quantity, as its not progressing in the same direction for everyone.

Also, is there a limit to how much it can spin around? There must be, surely, otherwise things could travel back in time, which would be crazy, so where is this limit?

submitted by /u/LjSpike
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What happens to the materials of satellites that burn on reentry?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 04:17 PM PST

What actually happens to a file when it is corrupted?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 03:13 PM PST

Where do the physical electrons in piezoelectric produced current originated from?

Posted: 30 Nov 2017 12:39 AM PST

I have a complete understanding of how a deformation in a piezo material produces a potential difference and that potential difference drives a current. What I would like to know is where does electron flow come from? Is there an oxidation that produces an election and a corresponding reduction on the other end of the crystal?

submitted by /u/IHateTexans
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Wednesday, November 29, 2017

How "green" is the life cycle of a solar panel end-to-end compared to traditional energy sources?

How "green" is the life cycle of a solar panel end-to-end compared to traditional energy sources?


How "green" is the life cycle of a solar panel end-to-end compared to traditional energy sources?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 10:50 AM PST

Are black holes hot?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 10:15 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If too many users are crowding my LTE network, can my provider build towers/base stations or do they need to need to buy more spectrum?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:39 AM PST

Hi all,

I'm trying to get a better understanding of wireless spectrum, specifically the (non-5G) mid-band. I understand there is a maximum data transmission rate for a given frequency, but I'm trying to understand how crowding & noise limit the capacity.

I also understand that deployment of 5G will alleviate many capacity issues but will be cost-prohibitive in low-density areas.

Would love to hear your expertise or be pointed to your favorite resources. Thanks much!

submitted by /u/watchdog211
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Does your immune system become generally stronger or does it only build up against things it's exposed to?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:37 PM PST

I know that exposure builds your immune system, but does your immune system also become more resistant to things that it hasn't been exposed to? You get a flu shot every year because the virus adapts right? But is last years shot effective at all if the virus is "similar"? Is there a large difference between viruses and bacteria?

submitted by /u/kaimipono
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Hypernovae and Kilonovae products? (Gold, silver and platinum)

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 07:02 AM PST

Anyone knows how much platinum, silver and gold is produced on average by each of these stellar events?

submitted by /u/AviSh1210
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What does charmed and strange matter mean?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 07:01 AM PST

How "green" is the life cycle of electric cars end-to-end compared with traditional cars?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 01:39 AM PST

I was reading through the earlier post about comparisons between solar energy and traditional energy sources and it got me thinking about a similar comparison between electric cars and non-electric cars. I get that it will depend on the specific car but I was hoping for a generalised answer. I've heard it mentioned that the production of the batteries for electric cars practically outweighs any benefit.

submitted by /u/Cloudsack
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Does water freeze differently while under pressure?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 08:38 PM PST

If you were to pressurize ordinary, non carbonated, unflavored water to 100 psi in a bottle, would it be easier or more difficult to freeze? Or would it just be the same?

submitted by /u/crunchone
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If soap breaks the surface tension of water, could it be possible to fall into soapy water from an extreme height and still survive?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:46 PM PST

Do animals suffer from mental illness?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:19 PM PST

Why are there sometimes two almonds nestled together inside a single shell?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:22 PM PST

If we had unlimited funds can we send a manned vessel to Mars immediately (launch within the next year)? Is all the needed technology there?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 03:56 PM PST

Why do black holes have a disc on a single plane surrounding it? And what exactly is Hawkings Radiation? Is it escaping the black hole's event horizon?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:11 PM PST

What happens if someone grazes or cuts their skin where they have a tattoo? Does it just leave a blank area when it heals?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 03:03 PM PST

Why can we consume raw seafood and undercooked beef but not raw chicken?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:17 AM PST

Why does flame appear to be slightly floating off of whatever it is burning?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:55 PM PST

Why does Saturn's ring of debris circle in a one plane manner rather than an evenly dispersed sphere around the planet?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:50 PM PST

So I was looking at some Nasa photos today and it got me wondering, why are gasses and debris that circle the outer regions of planets like Saturn only circling along one plane? In other words why do the rings of Saturn form a razor thin (In relation to the size of the planet) like disc around it rather than a sphere of debris around the entire planet? Another question I had was the same but in relation to black holes. Sometimes the artistic sketches show the gasses/debris around a black hole in a one plane manner and other times its portrayed more like this: https://www.instagram.com/p/Bb4nmNin3MK/?taken-by=nasa Can someone explain if black holes are actually attracting debris along a one plane manner or in all directions as I'd assume would be more realistic?

submitted by /u/herbandspiceforlife
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Tuesday, November 28, 2017

How do psychologists distinguish between a patient who suffers from Body Dysmorphic Disorder and someone who is simply depressed from being unattractive?

How do psychologists distinguish between a patient who suffers from Body Dysmorphic Disorder and someone who is simply depressed from being unattractive?


How do psychologists distinguish between a patient who suffers from Body Dysmorphic Disorder and someone who is simply depressed from being unattractive?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 02:05 PM PST

If a spider builds its web in a bad spot, will it be smart enough to give up after a day or two and move elsewhere, or will it just starve to death because it can't realize it made a bad decision?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 07:28 PM PST

Is there any possibility that meteorites/asteroids have some new material? Like a new metal that doesn't exist in earth?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:59 AM PST

(I'm not sure if that's the best flair)

submitted by /u/Leeiteee
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What determines Battery charge efficiency?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 01:57 AM PST

Hi Redditors,

This is my first post here. I've been trying to understand batteries and have found most sites I found either had explanations that were too shallow or too long and specific. I'm wondering if someone can point me to the right direction? The topics I have of interest are:

1) Battery charging - Batteries charged only up to 80-90% as opposed to 100% increase in usable life and total charge cycle capacity? Why? - What determines the maximum Jolts per second a battery can discharge or be charged by? What is the limit? Does it just explode if you give it too much juice? - There seems to be two-fold decay in the charging efficiency. First as you increase the jolts per second you are charging the battery with and second as the battery nears fuller capacity you also lose charge efficiency. I.e. more electricity "warms the air" as charging speed and battery capacity charged increase. Specifics on these factors? Are there more?

2) Battery chargers - There is also an inefficiency (electricity lost) in charging electronics. Is it better to charge a battery from another battery? Or is it the same as grid to battery? What is the inefficiency in charging caused from? - What limits the charging speed? Is it the charger or the battery receiver or both?

3) Do the answers above depend on the battery type you are using or do the rules hold true for all battery types?

Discuss!

submitted by /u/aganchev
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What makes two different nuclei stay together during a nuclear fusion reaction?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 04:21 AM PST

Why do our hands and other extremities shake?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 05:23 PM PST

Why does the 1st Ionisation Energy NOT decrease between Group 1 and Group 2 elements?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:03 AM PST

So I've read that, between the Group 5 and Group 6 elements of the same period, the first ionisation energy decreases because in group 6 the electron is removed from a full orbital, so the mutual repulsion of the two electrons in the orbital makes it easier for the electron to be removed. However, surely this scenario is the same as for group 2 elements, where 2 electrons share the s-orbital?

So my question is, why is there a drop in first ionisation energy between group 5 and group 6 elements of the same period, but NOT between group 1 and group 2 elements?

submitted by /u/ThatCosmicGuy
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How to reverse desertification?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 04:42 AM PST

To what extent have our grasslands deteriorated and how can the process be reversed? More specifically what are your thoughts on this Ted Talk?

submitted by /u/cwood92
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Why do things turn black when they burn?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 12:19 AM PST

Does tectonic movement destroy ancient asteroid craters?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:31 AM PST

This might be a silly question with an obvious answer, but hear me out. Plate tectonics are responsible for shaping and moving the crust of our earth, correct? If they change the shape of our earth so much, how can we know which craters cause certain extinctions? For example the Chicxulub Crater, which supposedly caused a mass extinction, might not actually be as old as we assume it is. Wouldn't the moving plates, after millions of years, change the topography so much as to make craters unrecognizable? How do we know the Chicxulub Crater isn't a more recent addition to earth's landscaping?

Edit: fixed a fragmented sentence. PS. this isn't meant to sound precocious or knit-picky. I have very little knowledge of this subject and I'm genuinely curious.

submitted by /u/Jean_the_wanderer
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Why can certain blood transmittable things (West Nile, Malaria, Zika, etc.) be transmitted through mosquito bites, but other (AIDS, Hepatitis, etc.) cannot?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:15 AM PST

Is a blank 15 minute MP3 the same size as a 15 minute MP3 of music?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 08:43 PM PST

Do we as humans perceive fear differently when we sleep?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:49 AM PST

I honestly don't know if this is the right sub but it's just a question on my mind. This is after I had a nightmare a short while about things I wouldn't be normally fearful about.

submitted by /u/TotallyNotAJedi
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How do you increase energy of photon emitted from magnetic resonance relaxation in MRI?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:55 AM PST

I wonder if there is a way to increase photon energy, because I want to use the emitted photon to something else. I have read from Hoult (2009) that 1,5 T are only enough to generate 2 x 10−7 eV. Is it by increasing the magnetic field (B), radiowaves, or both? Also is there a definite reference that state the lethal dosage of magnetic exposure to human?

Thank you

References: Hoult. 2009. The origins and present status of the radio wave controversy in NMR. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 2009; 34A:193-216

submitted by /u/dprawisuda
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Do stars appear smaller over time?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 08:34 PM PST

Because the universe is expanding we would expect the stars to appear smaller after some time, is that what we have observed? (If not, could the red shift of light dependent on how far a star is exist because light somehow needs energy for travel or loses it in some way? I'm not a physicist so maybe this is a completely stupid idea, but the accalerated expansion idea still doesn't have a well explained cause and the biggest reason we think accalerated expansion is a thing is because of the red shift which could possibly be because of other causes.)

submitted by /u/Klogavis
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Why do balloons make such a loud noise when they pop?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:34 AM PST

Why does vacuum-energy exist? How can nothing have some energy?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:33 AM PST

Or maybe I'm just very confused.

submitted by /u/wildbabu
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Why can we use the earth as an electrical ground?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:25 AM PST

I'm in my second year of class pledge to become an electrical engineer, and this is just something that is assumed to be true. Why can the earth just suck up electricity like that (assuming conventional current flow, that is). Will it ever not be able to?

submitted by /u/NoNazis
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How do chemical reactions work on the quantum level?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 04:28 PM PST

I'm an undergrad student studying chemistry and biology where (especially in organic chemistry) we do a lot of "arrow pushing" (i.e. drawing arrows to signify where electrons travel during a chemical reaction). Earlier today I was watching a video in which Sean Carroll (physicist) goes on to explain how electrons actually form a "cloud" of probability around an atomic nucleus, where according to its wave function you can predict where you might find that electron if you went looking for it. He also stated, most importantly, that the electron is actually just a cloud of probability until you look for it, that the electron isn't anything more than a wave function until we look. What does that mean for my arrow pushing? If the electron is just a wave function does it collapse when chemical bonds are formed? What exactly goes on in this sense?

submitted by /u/TimeSpace1
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How do animals like moray eels or clownfish change their sex?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:48 AM PST

Why is Mars sky opposite of Earth (red during day, blue at sunset/sunrise) ?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 06:58 PM PST

Does the body produce adrenaline during surgeries where it is cut open? Why or why not?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:12 AM PST

We all know that when you get into horrific accidents and get a limb severed (or something on a similar scale), the body produces a ton of adrenaline to help you numb the pain and puts your body in a fight or flight mode to ensure its survival. But in a medical surgery when you're properly sedated for (for example) an amputation where your limb is going to be severed, does your body produce adrenaline as well? Why or why not?

submitted by /u/C13H
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What is stopping local communities from setting up their own internet services?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:12 AM PST

I want to give Comcast and AT&T the middle finger. Are the barriers to this the cost of infrastructure or is something required on a national scale that communities simply cannot achieve. Thanks guys!

submitted by /u/CreamyClown
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What is the liquid inside reusable plastic ice cubes?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:04 AM PST

So I got those ice cubes that are plastic and reusable, what is the liquid inside them? It can't just be water right?

submitted by /u/smange719
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