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Wednesday, November 29, 2017

How "green" is the life cycle of a solar panel end-to-end compared to traditional energy sources?

How "green" is the life cycle of a solar panel end-to-end compared to traditional energy sources?


How "green" is the life cycle of a solar panel end-to-end compared to traditional energy sources?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 10:50 AM PST

Are black holes hot?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 10:15 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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If too many users are crowding my LTE network, can my provider build towers/base stations or do they need to need to buy more spectrum?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:39 AM PST

Hi all,

I'm trying to get a better understanding of wireless spectrum, specifically the (non-5G) mid-band. I understand there is a maximum data transmission rate for a given frequency, but I'm trying to understand how crowding & noise limit the capacity.

I also understand that deployment of 5G will alleviate many capacity issues but will be cost-prohibitive in low-density areas.

Would love to hear your expertise or be pointed to your favorite resources. Thanks much!

submitted by /u/watchdog211
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Does your immune system become generally stronger or does it only build up against things it's exposed to?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:37 PM PST

I know that exposure builds your immune system, but does your immune system also become more resistant to things that it hasn't been exposed to? You get a flu shot every year because the virus adapts right? But is last years shot effective at all if the virus is "similar"? Is there a large difference between viruses and bacteria?

submitted by /u/kaimipono
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Hypernovae and Kilonovae products? (Gold, silver and platinum)

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 07:02 AM PST

Anyone knows how much platinum, silver and gold is produced on average by each of these stellar events?

submitted by /u/AviSh1210
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What does charmed and strange matter mean?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 07:01 AM PST

How "green" is the life cycle of electric cars end-to-end compared with traditional cars?

Posted: 29 Nov 2017 01:39 AM PST

I was reading through the earlier post about comparisons between solar energy and traditional energy sources and it got me thinking about a similar comparison between electric cars and non-electric cars. I get that it will depend on the specific car but I was hoping for a generalised answer. I've heard it mentioned that the production of the batteries for electric cars practically outweighs any benefit.

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Does water freeze differently while under pressure?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 08:38 PM PST

If you were to pressurize ordinary, non carbonated, unflavored water to 100 psi in a bottle, would it be easier or more difficult to freeze? Or would it just be the same?

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If soap breaks the surface tension of water, could it be possible to fall into soapy water from an extreme height and still survive?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:46 PM PST

Do animals suffer from mental illness?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:19 PM PST

Why are there sometimes two almonds nestled together inside a single shell?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:22 PM PST

If we had unlimited funds can we send a manned vessel to Mars immediately (launch within the next year)? Is all the needed technology there?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 03:56 PM PST

Why do black holes have a disc on a single plane surrounding it? And what exactly is Hawkings Radiation? Is it escaping the black hole's event horizon?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:11 PM PST

What happens if someone grazes or cuts their skin where they have a tattoo? Does it just leave a blank area when it heals?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 03:03 PM PST

Why can we consume raw seafood and undercooked beef but not raw chicken?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:17 AM PST

Why does flame appear to be slightly floating off of whatever it is burning?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:55 PM PST

Why does Saturn's ring of debris circle in a one plane manner rather than an evenly dispersed sphere around the planet?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:50 PM PST

So I was looking at some Nasa photos today and it got me wondering, why are gasses and debris that circle the outer regions of planets like Saturn only circling along one plane? In other words why do the rings of Saturn form a razor thin (In relation to the size of the planet) like disc around it rather than a sphere of debris around the entire planet? Another question I had was the same but in relation to black holes. Sometimes the artistic sketches show the gasses/debris around a black hole in a one plane manner and other times its portrayed more like this: https://www.instagram.com/p/Bb4nmNin3MK/?taken-by=nasa Can someone explain if black holes are actually attracting debris along a one plane manner or in all directions as I'd assume would be more realistic?

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Tuesday, November 28, 2017

How do psychologists distinguish between a patient who suffers from Body Dysmorphic Disorder and someone who is simply depressed from being unattractive?

How do psychologists distinguish between a patient who suffers from Body Dysmorphic Disorder and someone who is simply depressed from being unattractive?


How do psychologists distinguish between a patient who suffers from Body Dysmorphic Disorder and someone who is simply depressed from being unattractive?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 02:05 PM PST

If a spider builds its web in a bad spot, will it be smart enough to give up after a day or two and move elsewhere, or will it just starve to death because it can't realize it made a bad decision?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 07:28 PM PST

Is there any possibility that meteorites/asteroids have some new material? Like a new metal that doesn't exist in earth?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:59 AM PST

(I'm not sure if that's the best flair)

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What determines Battery charge efficiency?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 01:57 AM PST

Hi Redditors,

This is my first post here. I've been trying to understand batteries and have found most sites I found either had explanations that were too shallow or too long and specific. I'm wondering if someone can point me to the right direction? The topics I have of interest are:

1) Battery charging - Batteries charged only up to 80-90% as opposed to 100% increase in usable life and total charge cycle capacity? Why? - What determines the maximum Jolts per second a battery can discharge or be charged by? What is the limit? Does it just explode if you give it too much juice? - There seems to be two-fold decay in the charging efficiency. First as you increase the jolts per second you are charging the battery with and second as the battery nears fuller capacity you also lose charge efficiency. I.e. more electricity "warms the air" as charging speed and battery capacity charged increase. Specifics on these factors? Are there more?

2) Battery chargers - There is also an inefficiency (electricity lost) in charging electronics. Is it better to charge a battery from another battery? Or is it the same as grid to battery? What is the inefficiency in charging caused from? - What limits the charging speed? Is it the charger or the battery receiver or both?

3) Do the answers above depend on the battery type you are using or do the rules hold true for all battery types?

Discuss!

submitted by /u/aganchev
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What makes two different nuclei stay together during a nuclear fusion reaction?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 04:21 AM PST

Why do our hands and other extremities shake?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 05:23 PM PST

Why does the 1st Ionisation Energy NOT decrease between Group 1 and Group 2 elements?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:03 AM PST

So I've read that, between the Group 5 and Group 6 elements of the same period, the first ionisation energy decreases because in group 6 the electron is removed from a full orbital, so the mutual repulsion of the two electrons in the orbital makes it easier for the electron to be removed. However, surely this scenario is the same as for group 2 elements, where 2 electrons share the s-orbital?

So my question is, why is there a drop in first ionisation energy between group 5 and group 6 elements of the same period, but NOT between group 1 and group 2 elements?

submitted by /u/ThatCosmicGuy
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How to reverse desertification?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 04:42 AM PST

To what extent have our grasslands deteriorated and how can the process be reversed? More specifically what are your thoughts on this Ted Talk?

submitted by /u/cwood92
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Why do things turn black when they burn?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 12:19 AM PST

Does tectonic movement destroy ancient asteroid craters?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:31 AM PST

This might be a silly question with an obvious answer, but hear me out. Plate tectonics are responsible for shaping and moving the crust of our earth, correct? If they change the shape of our earth so much, how can we know which craters cause certain extinctions? For example the Chicxulub Crater, which supposedly caused a mass extinction, might not actually be as old as we assume it is. Wouldn't the moving plates, after millions of years, change the topography so much as to make craters unrecognizable? How do we know the Chicxulub Crater isn't a more recent addition to earth's landscaping?

Edit: fixed a fragmented sentence. PS. this isn't meant to sound precocious or knit-picky. I have very little knowledge of this subject and I'm genuinely curious.

submitted by /u/Jean_the_wanderer
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Why can certain blood transmittable things (West Nile, Malaria, Zika, etc.) be transmitted through mosquito bites, but other (AIDS, Hepatitis, etc.) cannot?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:15 AM PST

Is a blank 15 minute MP3 the same size as a 15 minute MP3 of music?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 08:43 PM PST

Do we as humans perceive fear differently when we sleep?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 05:49 AM PST

I honestly don't know if this is the right sub but it's just a question on my mind. This is after I had a nightmare a short while about things I wouldn't be normally fearful about.

submitted by /u/TotallyNotAJedi
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How do you increase energy of photon emitted from magnetic resonance relaxation in MRI?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 02:55 AM PST

I wonder if there is a way to increase photon energy, because I want to use the emitted photon to something else. I have read from Hoult (2009) that 1,5 T are only enough to generate 2 x 10−7 eV. Is it by increasing the magnetic field (B), radiowaves, or both? Also is there a definite reference that state the lethal dosage of magnetic exposure to human?

Thank you

References: Hoult. 2009. The origins and present status of the radio wave controversy in NMR. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 2009; 34A:193-216

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Do stars appear smaller over time?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 08:34 PM PST

Because the universe is expanding we would expect the stars to appear smaller after some time, is that what we have observed? (If not, could the red shift of light dependent on how far a star is exist because light somehow needs energy for travel or loses it in some way? I'm not a physicist so maybe this is a completely stupid idea, but the accalerated expansion idea still doesn't have a well explained cause and the biggest reason we think accalerated expansion is a thing is because of the red shift which could possibly be because of other causes.)

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Why do balloons make such a loud noise when they pop?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:34 AM PST

Why does vacuum-energy exist? How can nothing have some energy?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:33 AM PST

Or maybe I'm just very confused.

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Why can we use the earth as an electrical ground?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 07:25 AM PST

I'm in my second year of class pledge to become an electrical engineer, and this is just something that is assumed to be true. Why can the earth just suck up electricity like that (assuming conventional current flow, that is). Will it ever not be able to?

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How do chemical reactions work on the quantum level?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 04:28 PM PST

I'm an undergrad student studying chemistry and biology where (especially in organic chemistry) we do a lot of "arrow pushing" (i.e. drawing arrows to signify where electrons travel during a chemical reaction). Earlier today I was watching a video in which Sean Carroll (physicist) goes on to explain how electrons actually form a "cloud" of probability around an atomic nucleus, where according to its wave function you can predict where you might find that electron if you went looking for it. He also stated, most importantly, that the electron is actually just a cloud of probability until you look for it, that the electron isn't anything more than a wave function until we look. What does that mean for my arrow pushing? If the electron is just a wave function does it collapse when chemical bonds are formed? What exactly goes on in this sense?

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How do animals like moray eels or clownfish change their sex?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:48 AM PST

Why is Mars sky opposite of Earth (red during day, blue at sunset/sunrise) ?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 06:58 PM PST

Does the body produce adrenaline during surgeries where it is cut open? Why or why not?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:12 AM PST

We all know that when you get into horrific accidents and get a limb severed (or something on a similar scale), the body produces a ton of adrenaline to help you numb the pain and puts your body in a fight or flight mode to ensure its survival. But in a medical surgery when you're properly sedated for (for example) an amputation where your limb is going to be severed, does your body produce adrenaline as well? Why or why not?

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What is stopping local communities from setting up their own internet services?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:12 AM PST

I want to give Comcast and AT&T the middle finger. Are the barriers to this the cost of infrastructure or is something required on a national scale that communities simply cannot achieve. Thanks guys!

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What is the liquid inside reusable plastic ice cubes?

Posted: 28 Nov 2017 06:04 AM PST

So I got those ice cubes that are plastic and reusable, what is the liquid inside them? It can't just be water right?

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Monday, November 27, 2017

If light can travel freely through space, why isn’t the Earth perfectly lit all the time? Where does all the light from all the stars get lost?

If light can travel freely through space, why isn’t the Earth perfectly lit all the time? Where does all the light from all the stars get lost?


If light can travel freely through space, why isn’t the Earth perfectly lit all the time? Where does all the light from all the stars get lost?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 10:22 PM PST

Why does space have three dimensions but time has only one?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 09:36 AM PST

Is it possible to cause water to boil/freeze using exo/endothermic chemical reactions?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 04:41 PM PST

What is the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 02:12 PM PST

Most of what I have seen is simply the raw power consumption of the processing, but there is also cooling, fabrication and other costs that would also need to be considered.

submitted by /u/voideng
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Is water the wettest liquid? Is there a liquid wetter than water?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 04:29 AM PST

Can a body be in such a shape that it has no centre of mass?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 06:49 AM PST

Can the distribution of mass of a body, or its shape mean that there is no centre of mass for it? or is there always a centre of mass?

submitted by /u/28percentbattery
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Would our solar system look any different if the sun took longer to ignite and begin nuclear fusion?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 09:13 PM PST

If the sun took, lets say another 10-50 million years to begin nuclear fusion, what affect would that have had on the development of our solar system?

submitted by /u/GelekW
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Does it take a computer more time or resources to compute 17*7 compared to 2*3?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 04:08 AM PST

Also, if I keep increasing the first pair of numbers, at what point will the difference be significant?

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What causes a volcano to ash?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 09:08 PM PST

I was watching a video on the reception eruption of a volcano in Bali and it got me thinking, if there's no organic material like vegetation to burn inside the crater, what causes a volcano to ash, or is it just hot dust?

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What makes platinum so good as a catalyst for fuel cells?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 09:39 AM PST

How common are black holes?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 10:38 PM PST

From school It sounded like black holes form from nearly all collapsed stars. How much mass is required to form a black hole? How many of them are in our galaxy? How many orbit in our galaxy?

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Does turning a CFL on and off use more electricity than leaving it on for a few minutes? What's the general rule of thumb?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 01:21 AM PST

My father-in-law installed some new CFL lamps in his home. I noticed some rooms where they were still on even though we hadn't been in that room for over 30 minutes. He responded to this by saying something like : "CFL lamps use much less energy if you leave them on for an hour than turning them off and on".

submitted by /u/Papamje
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Where can I find a comprehensive list of all asteroids ever identified and catalogued?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 07:54 PM PST

I found a few sources but they are all only NEO specific or special catalogs like light inversion studies.

submitted by /u/babganoush
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What is the difference between gravity and gravitational waves? And how does gravity travel?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 06:47 AM PST

So I have read the ask reddit post in which someone asked about the best astronomy fun facts. Someone said that if the sun gets removed we still get to feel the gravity for 8 minutes, because the speed of light is the fastest rate at which information can travel. After that there was a lot of confusion about gravity and gravitational waves in the comments. Can someone explain it to me please?

Thanks a lot!

submitted by /u/Flongsch
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Are electrons literally flowing through my computer?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 06:47 AM PST

So, the analogy I learned is that electricity is "created" when a magnet crosses a wire in motion. But, that can't possibly be creating new electrons...right? It's just exciting the electrons that are in the wire already (so I understand).

But if that's true, and the electrons flowing through my computer started in a wire from a turbine, wouldn't that wire eventually run out of electrons (assuming that turbine is powering the whole city?) I never hear about wires 'wearing out' in this way.

This leads me to believe that electrons are not literally flowing through my computer, (because if they were, the source of the electrons would be depleted eventually) but if they're not, what is?

submitted by /u/IKeepForgetting
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What is the longest nerve in the human body, anatomically speaking?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 11:55 PM PST

Saw a related question on here and I started wondering: the sciatic nerve, which is meant to be the longest because it reaches the feet, terminates at the apex of the popliteal fossa. So what is the actual answer? Is it still considered to be the sciatic nerve because its axons technically extend to the feet? I've seen different answers, with some sources saying vagus and others saying the ulnar or radial.

In addition, what are the longest axons? Is it those of dorsal root ganglia?

submitted by /u/Pellucidumbo
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What combinations of frequencies and harmonics do musical instruments create?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 05:44 AM PST

I'm currently writing a physics essay about frequencies of notes and chords. For the experimental part of the essay, I'm analysing the frequencies produced by said notes and chords with a Fast Fourier Transform. When playing an A4 note, for example, I see all the harmonics of the A note, as expected. However, I'm also seeing a bunch of frequencies belonging to completely different notes. Here's a picture. How can this be explained?

It is possible that I'm analysing the FFT data completely wrong, so keep that in mind.

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Is the air quality in major cities today worse than cities in the early 20th century like Birmingham which were industrial hubs?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 03:56 PM PST

How does chemically and thermally strengthening glass change the structure of the material?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 03:37 PM PST

What does chemically and thermally strengthening do to the amorphous structure of glass?

Im trying to think how or even if the structure would change or if it would just change the compression and tension forces.

submitted by /u/freekiedeekie
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Does an increase in energy also increases the amount of entropy in a system?

Posted: 26 Nov 2017 09:03 PM PST

What is the coolant in a nuclear reactor and how much pressure must it be under to persist as liquid?

Posted: 27 Nov 2017 12:36 AM PST

Just found myself wondering about this. On a previous /askscience question, u/RDS-37 posted this gif when explaining how the water moving the turbines is not irradiated. So the pressuriser keeps the coolant as liquid, but what sort of pressures are involved and how it is safely maintained?

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