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Tuesday, November 21, 2017

Hein et al (2017) have explored scenarios for sending a spacecraft to the recently confirmed interstellar asteroid "Oumuamua". What payloads and capabilities would we wish to prioritize on the exploration of this strange and peculiar object?

Hein et al (2017) have explored scenarios for sending a spacecraft to the recently confirmed interstellar asteroid "Oumuamua". What payloads and capabilities would we wish to prioritize on the exploration of this strange and peculiar object?


Hein et al (2017) have explored scenarios for sending a spacecraft to the recently confirmed interstellar asteroid "Oumuamua". What payloads and capabilities would we wish to prioritize on the exploration of this strange and peculiar object?

Posted: 21 Nov 2017 03:47 AM PST

Reference: Hein, Andreas M., et al. "Project Lyra: Sending a Spacecraft to 1I/'Oumuamua (former A/2017 U1), the Interstellar Asteroid." arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.03155 (2017).

And, to keep everybody's hopes up, allow me to highlight the following quote: "It is concluded that although reaching the object is challenging, there seem to be viable options based on current and near term technology."

Can we get on board of this? Special shoutout to Redditors from JPL, ESA and other space agencies .... Any ideas?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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Why does the infinite series 1/n diverge?

Posted: 21 Nov 2017 05:05 AM PST

I get that the integral of 1/x is ln(x) and ln(x) increases with x to infinity, but 1/n also approaches 0 as n approaches infinity. Shouldn't the series converge if we're eventually just going to be adding 0 to it?

submitted by /u/imokayatmath
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Why, when you are paralyzed from the neck down, are your involentary organs not paralyzed as well?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 07:01 PM PST

How fast does a pressurized gas move to a lower pressure area?

Posted: 21 Nov 2017 12:47 AM PST

I remember being told that the pressure wave velocity is limited to the speed of sound in that medium at whatever temperature it is at. So if you had two tanks (A and B) joined by a pipe with a valve, tank A is pressurized and tank B is at atmospheric pressure. The valve is then instantly opened. Is the velocity of the gas in the pipe just proportional to the pressure differential between the two tanks? Or is there some sort of choked flow condition that occurs?

The reason for the question is that I just watched an episode of MythBusters where they were able to accelerate a ping-pong ball to 1100mph, which is much faster than the speed of sound. I wasn't aware that this was possible.

submitted by /u/BearInTheCorner
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Is attraction caused by us wanting to reproduce with peoole with better genetics in areas we lack?

Posted: 21 Nov 2017 05:26 AM PST

How does Facebook Messenger encryption work?

Posted: 21 Nov 2017 05:46 AM PST

As I understand is, the 'secret message' feature uses a key to encrypt the data on your end, it's transmitted while encrypted, and then at the other end it's decrypted using the same key. (A key I assume being a kind of code which scrambles the message into nonsense and can be reverse-engineered to make it a message again). What I'm really wondering is: how does the key get transmitted between the two accounts securely? Wouldn't someone who intercepted the encrypted message just as easily intercept the key, assuming that the two accounts have to communicate the key to each other?

submitted by /u/Ge0rgeBr0ughton
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Is Gravity Weaker in the Center of a Stellar Body?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 09:23 PM PST

As you go closer to the center of an object, you would think that the gravity would actually weaken due to the mass of the object that you have already passed.. Imagine you made it to the core of the earth. The gravity would be pulling you from all sides rather than smashing you. The pressure may not be that great either considering this effect. I'm not saying that this idea is correct, but if it makes sense, then nuclear fusion wouldn't happen at the core of a star. It would happen in a sphere ring say 1/3 of the way towards the core.

submitted by /u/WantToBeMartian
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Do the bodies of morbidly obese people decay differently than average weight people?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 06:30 PM PST

What (if any) health factors lead to a more rapid/slower decomposition?

submitted by /u/robotikempire
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Is there a theoretical possibility of some day being able to empirically verify that particles are strings? If not, what is the theoretically smallest thing we will ever be able to see in a microscope?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 03:46 PM PST

What, if any, effect does continental drift have on river canyons?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 08:42 PM PST

How come people can be allergic to some cats and not other cats?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 06:13 PM PST

I recently had a cat in my home for an evening and my throat swelled up and I could barely breathe until the cat left the next day. but I had a cat for 13 years and frequently visit my friend and his cat. how come someone might have such a severe reaction to one cat and not another cat?

submitted by /u/justahumblecow
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Can AC voltage oscillate from any two max/min numbers? Like 10-25 volts?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 03:18 PM PST

Why do the Appalachian mountains run parallel to each other?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 03:38 PM PST

Like seen in this image. What causes this to happen? I wouldn't think that they would all be part of the same, single piece of rock when they formed - I would think that they would have to be separate at this scale.

submitted by /u/9315808
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How was it discovered that same metals would stick together in void? (plus a couple of questions in comments)

Posted: 21 Nov 2017 01:49 AM PST

  • and how it that they keep their shape in space?

  • and how is it that spaceships and the ISS parts are not sticking together.

  • how are repairing done, using tools with different metal composition?

  • is there any metal on spacesuits? could they get attached to something?

  • when releasing satellites and stuff in space, how is it that the mechanical arm is able to move and twist and expand and come into a smaller packed size and the metals are not sticking to one another (if that makes sense)?

This topic is blowing my mind, feel free to tell me anything if you are an expert on this field!

submitted by /u/OP_Simulator
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What is the mechanism that forces magnets apart according to QFT?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 07:46 PM PST

Does the ripeness of a fruit affect its nutritional value?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 10:59 AM PST

For example does a green underripe banana provide different nutritional value than a brown overripe banana?

submitted by /u/mwdix
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Why are enzymes so important for living organisms?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 06:06 PM PST

Why knowing how different factors such as temperature, pH, substrate and enzyme concentration affect enzymes is important?

submitted by /u/una13
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What tells the body that it’s “full”? Amount the stomach is stretched? Amount of calories?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 10:49 AM PST

Monday, November 20, 2017

Do changes in the Earth's rotation influence earthquakes?

Do changes in the Earth's rotation influence earthquakes?


Do changes in the Earth's rotation influence earthquakes?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 11:48 AM PST

This article claims that changes in the earth's rotation contribute to more earthquakes:

http://www.stuff.co.nz/science/99038436/More-big-earthquakes-in-2018-as-Earth-slows-slightly-theory-suggests?cid=app-android

On the surface this seems like junk science, but I'm not really qualified to say for sure. Can anyone clarify? If so, are there any ideas as to how this works?

submitted by /u/eythian
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A "biohacker" with a PhD in biophysics says he's modified his DNA with CRISPR. What's the reality of this?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 10:19 AM PST

Why did the Apollo CSM not have solar panels?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 10:51 PM PST

The Soyuz Craft have always had solar panels, even today, yet the Apollo, Gemini, Mercury and Space Shuttle Orbiter, which did things similar to Soyuz (rendezvous and long duration docking) used only fuel cells.

submitted by /u/0x4f0x770x610x690x73
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Why are solar-powered turbines engines not used residentially instead of solar panels?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 05:00 AM PST

I understand why solar-powered stirling engines are not used in the power station size, but why aren't solar-powered turbines used in homes? The concept of using the sun to build up pressure and turn something with enough mechanical work to turn a motor seems pretty simple.

So why aren't these seemingly simple devices used in homes? Even though a solar-powered stirling engine has limitations, it could technically work too, right?

I apologize for my question format. I am tired, am very confused, and my Google-fu is proving weak.

submitted by /u/randomguy34353
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How does a black hole gain mass if it takes an infinitely long time for matter to cross the event horizon?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 08:19 PM PST

Can insects get concussions?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 07:54 PM PST

Why can’t we remember much from our infancy?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 08:34 PM PST

If a p value of p=.01 was obtained does that mean that the likelihood of my results being due to sampling error would be 1% or 99%?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 09:56 AM PST

I am finding it hard to get my head around so if someone could explain to me I would be very greatful!

submitted by /u/HorseWizard
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Could the volume inside a black hole's Schwarzschild radius be infinite?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 08:19 AM PST

To keep things imaginable, picture a black hole in 2 dimensions (the ball-rubber sheet view). As the ball becomes denser, the well in the rubber sheet deepens. At infinite density, we should reach an asymptote in which the well is infinitely deep. Now, consider Gabriel's horn. To construct this, plot y = 1/x from x=1 to infinity and rotate it around the x-axis, resulting in this. While having a finite volume, it's surface area is infinite. What I'm wondering is, does this translate to black hole physics at all? Back to the rubber sheet model, could a black hole create an infinite surface area (on the rubber sheet) along the same lines of thinking? As we go from 2D to 3D area becomes volume, so could the volume be infinite?

submitted by /u/Shattered_Sanity
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Can someone explain me the basis of a quantum gate? (quantum computing)

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 02:58 AM PST

Hello so i just tried to understand the basis of the basis. I know only few people work on that so my luck are small to find here. Anyway a lot of folks are interested in the subject so maybe one of you know.

I understand how work a logic gate (binary), also a transistor, a full adder.

I would like to get how the things are done, i mean not really all the complicated things just the principe but a bit more in depth that explaining "there is an other state between 0 and 1 and this give power"..

Maybe an example of what happen, we put what in order to create a quantum logic gate, like some electrons, some material, and how the maths work for the simplest quantic gate, like for example maybe what we can make in addition of NOT XOR etc, and how we make it or the principles of it.

thanks quantic people

submitted by /u/camaronmars
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Do aerodynamics and hydrodynamics differ in any meaningful way other than density?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 06:13 AM PST

How do Helicases and associated mechanisms know how to do their tasks?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 08:23 AM PST

I just saw a Veritasium video about DNA replication and cell spitting and was astounded by how the little molecular mechanisms were working like they had brains of themselves... So how is it exactly that these "molecules" know exactly what to do when it is such a complex task?

submitted by /u/Fe_man_
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What is the most efficient way to capture carbon from the air?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 07:20 PM PST

Colleague did a Cluster Analysis. But what do the clusters "mean"?

Posted: 20 Nov 2017 05:00 AM PST

I've been asked to review a paper by a new post-doc on weather records (snow cover) for the country, and how it has changed (decreased, of course!) over the years. Part of the paper is a cluster analysis of about 100 weather stations' snowfall records.

He used some stat software and grouped them into 6~8 clusters. My question is, "Well, what do these clusters mean? What do they represent? Is one cluster snow totals in high mountain elevations and another cluster snow totals near lakes?" To which the post-doc (who has never impressed me with his science fundamentals, but he is more literate than me on this topic because he is writing a paper on it...god, I hope he is more literate than me) basically replied, "Doesn't matter, they're clusters and that's what the cluster analysis program output says. You should read up about cluster analysis."

I am about as (il)literate in cluster analysis as a 1-hour Wikipedia dive and a few papers can make. But I have a gut feeling that cluster analysis just to make clusters with no meaning is about as senseless as finding Jesus in pieces of toast. That the cluster analysis may be completely mathematically sound, but if there is no explanation as to what the clusters actually represent, the only value is that they might represent some pattern that will be revealed later? Or that they represent some pattern that can be useful even if the underlying meaning is not known..yet some inkling as to what the pattern might be would help more than just "These 5 data points in the set of 100 seem to be a similar enough to be a cluster when analyzed at this level."

So, apart from the obvious that I need to keep studying, is my instinct wrong? Do clusters without a "story" nor even a glimmer of a "story" actually have any practical use?

And even if there is no practical use, is that still "good enough" for publication (in that maybe someone else will figure out the pattern of the clusters)?

submitted by /u/jade_crayon
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Why doesn't glue dry in the bottle?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 11:00 AM PST

If hurricanes swirl counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, which way do they turn on the equator?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 04:11 PM PST

Water expands when frozen. If rising temperatures cause this expanded ice to melt, why would sea levels go up instead of down?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 07:54 PM PST

What determines the distribution of energy between an electron and a neutrino in Beta Decay?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 12:43 PM PST

I am studying Physics and as part of the course I have to know that the energy of Beta particles varies up to a maximum due to the emission of a neutrino as well. However what determines how the energy is split between the electron and neutrino? After searching the internet the best answer I have found is that it is random but I am not entirely satisfied with that answer.

submitted by /u/Mr401Error
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What are some issues that quantum field theory and general relativity have that make it so they don’t match?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 03:51 PM PST

Do two repulsive magnets gain or lose energy when being forced together?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 09:24 PM PST

Why does water become like concrete at a high enough fall?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 08:38 PM PST

Imagine I detect (localize) a particle at one location, and wait a short period of time to let its probablility distribution "spread out". Does this probability go to zero at some finite distance away, based on how long I wait?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 08:37 PM PST

I just saw a question like "what is the probability that an electron from the other side of the Earth is in my room.

This made me wonder. AFAIK, an electron's probability distribution in space extends infinitely, but with an exponential decrease the further out you go. Does this not mean that an electron prepared in some localized state has a non-zero probability of traveling faster than the speed of light? The only way around this is if the probability distribution in space went to zero at some finite distance away, that is related to the amount of time it's been since the electron was localized earlier. This distance being c*t.

Is this right? Is this idea explained anywhere?

submitted by /u/FerrousBuchner
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Why are thick nichrome bars used as the heating element in ovens?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 11:14 PM PST

The heating element needs to have high resistance, which is why we use nichrome. But isn't it a better idea to use thin bars since it has a higher resistance which means more heat released?

submitted by /u/Loomygnarly
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Sunday, November 19, 2017

How did a population of landlocked seals manage to establish itself in lake Baikal, of all places, at an altitude of 450 m and several hundred kilometers from the Nearest coastline???

How did a population of landlocked seals manage to establish itself in lake Baikal, of all places, at an altitude of 450 m and several hundred kilometers from the Nearest coastline???


How did a population of landlocked seals manage to establish itself in lake Baikal, of all places, at an altitude of 450 m and several hundred kilometers from the Nearest coastline???

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 06:04 PM PST

I'm familiar with other landlocked seal populations, such as those in Lac des Loups marins in northern Québec, but those are right next to the coast and roughly at sea-level too .... easily explained by isostatic rebound.

But Baikal???

The Baikal critters are perched way up at almost half a km altitude and almost 1500 km from the closest coast (the Okhotsk sea).

I don't get it...

And if it happened in Baikal, why not in other large freshwater lakes such as lake Superior, Great Bear lake or even lake Ladoga?

EDIT: thanks to /u/Gsdthrowaway1 for bringing the lake Ladoga seals to my attention. But these are still landlocked seals in a place that makes sense : a low-lying lake in a flat area prone to isostatic rebound within spitting distance of the sea.

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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Does the use of microwave ovens distort chemical structures in foods resulting in toxic or otherwise unhealthy chemicals?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 08:18 AM PST

Is there a maximum brightness? Is there a limit to the number of photons in a given area?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 08:55 PM PST

Why does persons fat content influence how much they are affected by alcohol?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 02:24 AM PST

Do the fat cells absorb the alcohol so they do not impact brain cells as much, or is the brain affected by how much alcohol has been absorbed by the rest of the body?

submitted by /u/bill4365
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Why do we assume the core of a black hole has a singularity in it?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 03:05 AM PST

How does it make sense that something can be infinitely dense, i.e. have 0 volume? I could understand it if a black hole was an object of finite but extreme density—then its escape velocity would still be stronger than the speed of light, but the laws of physics would still make sense at the core because space would not have infinite curvature there. But why do people say black holes have INFINITE density?

submitted by /u/untameableimpala
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What's wrong with the original definition of the gram?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 02:09 AM PST

According to Wikipedia, the gram was originally defined as the mass of a cubic centimeter of water, and then later redefined as one thousandth of the mass of a particular metallic object. I've heard this was due to the isotopes in water causing minute variations, but we have since become much more adept at measuring isotopic differences, and presently use water to define our temperature scales. Are there additional concerns preventing us from simply reverting to the original definition?

submitted by /u/algorithm1248
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Does high speed space debris ever strike the International Space Station or cause any problems?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 10:06 PM PST

I've heard space debris can travel at thousands of miles per hour or so I was just wondering if there ever collisions with astronauts in space vehicles.

submitted by /u/FlyingLego
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What was the main function of T-rex arms?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 02:35 AM PST

Did they serve any evolutionary purpose?

submitted by /u/jedi_outlaw
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How can a real particle have negative energy?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 07:46 PM PST

Hi, I'm reading Stephen Hawkin's "Brief history of time". There's a chapter where he talks about black holes and I assume is the precursor to hawking radiation, but basically it explains that at the event horizon there are particle-antiparticle pairs being created, some escape into space (particles as radiation, antiparticles annihilate pretty soon after their escape), but whenever a particle falls into the black hole it reduces it's mass (instead of increasing it). Hawkins says "Normally, the energy of the particle is still positive, but the gravitational field inside a black hole is so strong that even a real particle can have negative energy there".
Cans someone elaborate on this? how is the possible?
I mean to me it just sounds like "well, it has to be negative or else the black hole will grow, so lets just make it so" but doesn't really click (in my head)

submitted by /u/Nghtmare-Moon
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What's the difference between soap and detergent?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 08:15 PM PST

I've often heard that many modern "soaps" are not really soap, but detergent. But, what's the actual difference? Any of the quick summaries I've read make them sound quite similar. About all I know is that detergent doesn't foam (but most commercial products add something to do that since people expect it).

submitted by /u/NuderWorldOrder
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Have cats changed at all since becoming house cats, like how dogs have, or have they always been exactly like the way they are now?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 07:53 PM PST

Are the other four quarks found much in the universe?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 10:16 AM PST

Are the top, bottom, strange, and charm quarks found in large quantities in the universe? If so, where? If not, what is the possibility of new undiscovered quarks existing?

submitted by /u/88880
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Is it easier for temperature to rise the more it gets hotter and colder the more it gets lower?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 02:51 AM PST

Are galaxies actually moving away from each other at superluminal speeds?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 10:55 PM PST

Moreover, is time dilation actually factored in while accounting for the expansion of the universe?

submitted by /u/DeltaEmerald11
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Will a tank full of water weigh the same if you add a whale to the same tank?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 08:32 PM PST

Hello people of the internet. My wife and I are having a discussion on the above question. I say the tank will get much heavier assuming that the water does not overflow from the addition of the whale, but I am not sure it will reflect the exact weight of the whale. My wife on the other hand believes the tank will either stay the same weight or become a little heavier since things are almost weightless in the water.

Please settle this for us.

submitted by /u/junior_mintzz
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Is BPA or other dangerous plastisers found in HDPE?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 01:56 AM PST

How does auto adjusting focus "know" when focus is correct?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 05:38 AM PST

With our eyes it makes sense, we focus on something and then our brain says "Ok, we are good here" so focus is done. How is that kind of "verification" achieved with automatic means?

submitted by /u/Ennui92
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Assuming they weren't bitten, could a predator safely consume an animal that produces venom?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 11:40 AM PST

I'm of course referring only to animals that produce venom for bites or stings, not ones that are poisonous. I was just curious if there's much likelihood of an animal being envenomed just by eating the venomous prey assuming they weren't bitten or stung in the process of the attack.

submitted by /u/sbourwest
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Is there a scientific reason why PET is #1, HDPE #2, PVC #3... or were the numbers arbitrarily assigned?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 08:28 AM PST

Is there reasoning to the numbering or order of different resins in the ASTM Resin Code System? In other words, could it have been just as reasonable to have LDPE #1, PET #2...

submitted by /u/BlueCanukPop
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What are the chances that an electron belonging to an atom on the other side of the planet is in the room I am currently in. Is it something that I should expect to be the case?

Posted: 18 Nov 2017 10:20 PM PST

As far as I know, there is no outer limit on where the electron of an atom actually is, so by that logic it is possible. But is it at all likely to be the case?

submitted by /u/ManMan36
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Is having a higher bandwidth get you to hit your data cap faster?

Posted: 19 Nov 2017 02:11 AM PST