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Friday, November 17, 2017

If every digital thing is a bunch of 1s and 0s, approximately how many 1's or 0's are there for storing a text file of 100 words?

If every digital thing is a bunch of 1s and 0s, approximately how many 1's or 0's are there for storing a text file of 100 words?


If every digital thing is a bunch of 1s and 0s, approximately how many 1's or 0's are there for storing a text file of 100 words?

Posted: 17 Nov 2017 04:43 AM PST

I am talking about the whole file, not just character count times the number of digits to represent a character. How many digits are representing a for example ms word file of 100 words and all default fonts and everything in the storage.

Also to see the contrast, approximately how many digits are in a massive video game like gta V?

And if I hand type all these digits into a storage and run it on a computer, would it open the file or start the game?

Okay this is the last one. Is it possible to hand type a program using 1s and 0s? Assuming I am a programming god and have unlimited time.

submitted by /u/Virtioso
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When donating a kidney, how do the rest of your organs react to the extra space?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 05:55 PM PST

if wavelength of light emitted by a heated metal is supposed to keep on going down as temperature goes up then why does a metal never glow purple?

Posted: 17 Nov 2017 06:23 AM PST

Also why doe it glow white?

submitted by /u/VNikil
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Wouldn't electric cars be way more efficient if they had multiple gears?

Posted: 17 Nov 2017 05:01 AM PST

I could imagine that an electric motor could save some power by simply having it run at slower speeds.

submitted by /u/garritfra
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What stops us from using a generated magnetic field as a radiation shield for the ISS, satellites and future crew missions to the Moon and Mars ?

Posted: 17 Nov 2017 03:37 AM PST

So, we know magnetic fields are pretty damn good for protecting stuff from radiation.

We also know that humans tend to turn into a mushy goo when they have too much exposure in either duration or intensity (or both) to radiation.

We also know that we can make some really powerful magnetic fields - enough to contain nuclear fusion. And we also know how to use nuclear fuel to generate high amounts of power.

So what is stopping us from putting it all together and equip spacecraft, especially those carrying crew with a magnetic field radiation shields ?

Obviously, there is a ton of math to do, but I haven't heard anyone ever talking about this even theoretically.

Came up in my head while watching An Year in Space with Scott Kelly - https://www.pbs.org/video/year-space-year-space-full-episode/

submitted by /u/blackbeauty17
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How far away can radio broadcasts travel before becoming unreadable?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 07:15 PM PST

For example, Winston Churchill's "Fight them on the beaches." broadcast. How many lightyears, if any, could that particular radio broadcast travel before it becomes too distorted/weak to be able to be read?

submitted by /u/Iroh_Koza
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What are some physics experiments on the scale of CERN or LIGO that are being built right now?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 03:48 PM PST

Why is it that even when a donated organ is a match, the recipient still has to go on anti rejection drugs? Furthermore, why is it way harder to find a match for a donor organ than it is for donor blood?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 06:03 PM PST

In what ways, if any, are a woman's eggs affected by unhealthy habits prior to pregnancy?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 11:53 AM PST

I've read that a woman is born with all her eggs already stored in her body, contrary to men's sperm being constantly recycled. If a man doing certain drugs can have an effect on the sperm and embryo that sperm conceived, what effects do unhealthy habits (drugs, alcohol, etc.) have on all the eggs already in a woman's body and the embryos they become?

submitted by /u/gilwen0017
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What exactly gets ruined when you put sugar in a gas tank, and why?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 04:06 PM PST

Why doesn't 0.1+0.2=0.3 in java?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 05:50 PM PST

I am new to computer science in general, basically. In my program, I wanted to list some values, and part of my code involved a section of code where kept adding 0.1 to itself and printing the answer to a terminal.

Instead of getting 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 ect. like I expected, I got 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.30000000000000004, 0.4

Suprised, I tried simply adding 0.1 and 0.2 together in the program because I couldn't believe my eyes. 0.30000000000000004

So what gives?

submitted by /u/TheSkybox
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Is there a safe amount of CO2 that can be released without any repercussions?

Posted: 17 Nov 2017 05:04 AM PST

What is a safe amount of CO2 that can released in the atmosphere so it so doesn't contribute to Global Warming?

Edit: is there a calculated value?

submitted by /u/throwaway09007
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If Mars’ atmosphere is primarily Carbon Dioxide, why isn’t it succumbing to the green house effect that we’re trying to avoid on our planet (by limiting CO2)?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 05:35 PM PST

What's happening in your body when you feel nauseous?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 03:58 PM PST

What determines the ideal cruising altitude for an airplane?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 03:00 PM PST

I assume various factors such as the shape, size, weight, thrust, the density of air at various heights, etc. play a role. How do these (and any others I missed) factor into calculating the ideal cruising altitude?

submitted by /u/kpjoshi
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Why does the sun look larger as it sets?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 04:40 PM PST

Do exponents on units in dimensional analysis need to be integer values?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 06:50 PM PST

A compound unit like a Joule has units of kg * m2 * s-2. Are there any sensible/useful units that make use of fractional exponents like something involving s-1/2 ? What, if anything, would that look like or mean?

submitted by /u/HektorViktorious
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Do wild animals get bitten by highly venomous spiders, in any significant amount?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 04:38 PM PST

One hears about people dying from spider bites every so often - how much does this happen to wildlife?
If we found a dead animal in the woods, would it even be possible to tell whether it died due to venom?

submitted by /u/TheGorgonaut
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Why do orbital satalites have launch windows?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 04:35 PM PST

I understand launch windows. For when you are exciting the gravity well, but excluding weather why do orbital satalites need launch windows?

submitted by /u/toastar-phone
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How do we calculate the wavelength of spectral lines for elements other than Hydrogen? Or is this just something we observe and use as a fingerprint?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 10:26 AM PST

Context: I'm a teacher trying to relate neon signs to spectroscopy and the study of distant stars. I have a decent understanding how we can use the Balmer-Rydberg series to calculate values of the emission lines given off by hydrogen, but can we apply this to other elements? What about neon?

submitted by /u/DrStonebear
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Thursday, November 16, 2017

What happens to all the debris that goes in your eye? Does it all accumulate for years behind the eyeball?

What happens to all the debris that goes in your eye? Does it all accumulate for years behind the eyeball?


What happens to all the debris that goes in your eye? Does it all accumulate for years behind the eyeball?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 06:53 PM PST

In particular, what happens with materials that aren't pushed out of the eye or are dissolved with eyeball fluids?!

submitted by /u/pekania
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How much of the heat on the surface of the Earth comes from below instead of the Sun? Since temperatures go up as you dig deeper, how far down would you have to be for most of the heat be from non-solar sources?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 06:13 AM PST

Can alcohol intake during early pregnancy affect the embryo/fetus before the umbilical cord is developed? If so, how?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 07:18 AM PST

I have often heard that alcohol intake during the first few weeks of pregnancy is harmless, due to the embryo getting nutrients not from the mother but from the yolk sac. I've tried to read up, but haven't found anything conclusive. Wikipedia confirms that the umbilical cord is not developed until week five, supporting the "harmless-hypothesis". But other sources claim that the embryo/fetus can indeed be affected by alcohol intake before week five. According to this article written by a researcher at the ASU, "in the third week after fertilization that specific alcohol-induced birth defects begin to affect the developing embryo". The article lists many aspects of how the early development can be affected. I've seen loads of other sources claim the same thing. But how does this work, if the embryo/fetus is not even connected to its mothers bloodstream yet?

submitted by /u/Mewwy_Quizzmas
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[physics] Why doesn't Helium freeze at 0K?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:20 PM PST

I know reaching 0k is actually impossible. But from my understanding, all predictions indicate that helium would remain a liquid at 0k

submitted by /u/-Stashu-
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What scientific obstacles do we still need to overcome to make space elevators a reality?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 06:13 AM PST

Follow-up questions:

  • Is there a reasonable likelihood of overcoming these obstacles or are we talking cold fusion levels of skepticism?
  • If we could overcome these obstacles, would it be financially viable compared to what we use right now? If not, is there a particular niche where it would be financially viable?
submitted by /u/tonygoold
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How do force carrier particles explain attraction between particles?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 03:49 AM PST

I know for example that protons and electrons communicate with each other through the electromagnetic force, but I can't seem to grasp how this results in attraction. The repelling between the same charges I can somehow see (with the photons 'pushing' the particles in opposite direction), but this is probably dangerous classical thinking in a quantum world?

Same with gravity by the way. How does the moon, for example, provide the communication with the earth that it has moved, creating tides?

submitted by /u/dreakie92
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Is there a limit to how often a particle can quantum tunnel?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 05:44 AM PST

Lets take an electron and a small transistor for an example. It is said that if a transistor is too small, an electron can quantum tunnel through it.

I was wondering, if an electron tunnels to one side, is it possible for it to tunnel back quickly? If so, does physics give any hard limits to how quick this back and forth action can be? Does it matter if instead of having an electron jumping the same transistor twise, the electron instead jumps two nearby transistors in a row?

submitted by /u/empire314
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Why does a radio play static or white noise when there is no signal rather than silence?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 05:05 PM PST

I was listening to the radio and drove through a tunnel this evening and my radio played the familiar static / white noise through my speakers and I wondered why this happens rather than just going silent.

submitted by /u/trickytricker
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As phone battery life decreases, why don’t they recharge faster?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 06:10 PM PST

What is an electriic double layer capacitor and how are they different from a standard capacitor?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 05:17 PM PST

Is there an extension of the difference operation to more than two values?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 05:00 PM PST

The difference between, e.g., 3 and 5 is 2. Is there a reasonable extension of this idea (that keeps some of the same properties) to more than two numbers?

submitted by /u/lukophos
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I've heard you can use resonance to destroy large buildings or bridges. And I've seen the videos of Galloping Gertie. But have we ever actually used resonance On Purpose to destroy a large structure? If so, what was the mechanism used and do you have video?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 09:36 PM PST

'Engineering'

submitted by /u/TheFiredrake42
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Why are rainbows circular?

Posted: 16 Nov 2017 06:14 AM PST

Is there any simple explanation on why rainbows are circular? I have read something about angles but didn't quite understand because of some fancy words. Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/oskaraslt
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Why is Lithium present in most of the strongest bases ?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:04 PM PST

It seems like lithium is omnipresent in every strong bases such as tBuLi n-BuLi LDA etc.. I suspect it has something to do with its size as it is one of the smallest atom.

Bonus question : Why is tBuLi more basic than n-Buli ? Does it come from the fact that the resulting carbanion is more stabilized from inductive effects ?

submitted by /u/iliketrains78
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If a particle is a wave, how does a wave itself remain stable and not diminish. Or does it?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 09:53 PM PST

Is it possible to un-cook food?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:27 PM PST

How are fish living in the Mariana Trench able to withstand such immense pressure?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 05:27 PM PST

How much do catalytic converters help the environment if used on old cars?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 01:33 PM PST

As a lover of old cars and someone who is now concerned about the environment, how much would adding a catalytic converter help reduce bad exhaust gasses? I know what they do and how I just don't know if I should really be concerned about putting one on my car that isn't under regulatory scrutiny. Also are there any other ways I can keep emissions down while still enjoying doing what I love (driving)? And help is much appreciated!

submitted by /u/108091000
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How can electrons can travel faster than the local speed of light in Cherenkov radiation?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 12:36 PM PST

While electrodynamics holds that the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant (c), the speed at which light propagates in a material may be significantly less than c. For example, the speed of the propagation of light in water is only 0.75c. Matter can be accelerated beyond this speed (although still to less than c) during nuclear reactions and in particle accelerators. Cherenkov radiation results when a charged particle, most commonly an electron, travels through a dielectric (electrically polarizable) medium with a speed greater than that at which light propagates in the same medium.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

OK so I understand that C is a constant and that light doesn't always travel at that speed, and only does so in a vacuum.

But, I don't understand how these electrons can travel faster than the local speed of light (in that medium)? One analogy I can think of is that a cheetah (light) is faster than a shark (electron) on land (vacuum), but in water (medium in Cherenkov radiation) the shark would be faster, but still not as fast as the cheetah is on land. This is because the shark is better suited for water.

Is this analogy accurate? So does this mean these electrons in Cherenkov radiation are for some reason better suited in this medium than light is? If so, why? Or is there another explanation? I don't understand how an electron can be better suited since photons of light seem to have everything going for them including size and mass. Can the light be made to still go faster than the electrons in this medium if someone wanted to?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/ArosHD
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If neutrons are slightly more massive than protons, how can a proton emit a Beta+ particle/positron (a particle that has mass) and become a neutron but a neutron can also emit a beta- particle and become a proton?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 01:06 PM PST

I would have put a nuclear chem flair but I suppose this is more in the realm of physics.

submitted by /u/mecnerino
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Wednesday, November 15, 2017

Have flying insects evolved ways to combat spider webs?

Have flying insects evolved ways to combat spider webs?


Have flying insects evolved ways to combat spider webs?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:09 AM PST

I noticed a duel of sorts between a moth and a spider just now where I was certain the moth was doomed as it flew into the section where a spider had firmly set up its web, but as it flapped its wings so quickly it tore apart the web, and even sent the spider fleeing.

I don't know if this in itself was an adaption to webs, in fact I'd say from an uneducated standpoint that I doubt it... but it did make wonder if there were other insects which had developed natural tools against spider webs.

submitted by /u/Demderdemden
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If someone lost a limb, does the body naturally adjust how much blood it produces?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 08:21 PM PST

I mean, say someone loses a leg or something. After it's been taken care of does their blood pressure change does the heart have an easier time?

submitted by /u/TimeForger
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Are Wormholes real?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:43 AM PST

I always thought that Wormholes were still limited to science fiction without proof as yet but today I read an article from Cornell University intimating that they exist. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04560v1 So which is it? Are they real?

submitted by /u/seminally_me
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How do bees, wasps, and hornets decide what to sting?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 04:58 AM PST

What's their thought process when it's not completely obvious what exactly disturbed the nest? For example, if:

  • a crowd of people are standing around the nest and one person pegs the nest with a rock?
  • someone pegs the nest with a rock but runs around a corner out of sight?
  • someone pegs the nest with a rock from, I don't know, 20 feet away?
  • someone pegs the nest with a rock and stands completely still?
submitted by /u/Phil_Drill
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How do we design new surgeries and decide who attempts it first?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 07:32 PM PST

Collision of two Neutron stars. How is it that Gold and Platinum are detected?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:14 AM PST

I read recently here about the collision of two Neutron stars being observed for the first time. They mention that the forging of heavy metals such as Gold and Platinum were detected.

What are the signs that indicate the presence of Gold and Platinum? How are they not destroyed in the 'collision'?

submitted by /u/Crimson53
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Is there a good reason the grizzly bear didn't spread east to Quebec? Or Siberian tiger west into Europe?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 09:07 PM PST

Both tigers and brown bears cover huge swats of land with very varied climate. Yet they don't (and didn't, according to this) ever cover the continents east to west.

It seems to me that the habitat should fit just fine, and the area between as well seems easy enough to cross for these species? Is it because of humans? Competition?

submitted by /u/jkvatterholm
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How is it possible that the planet Mercury gets so cold and so hot on opposite sides? Shouldn't heat conduction make the entire planet roughly the same temperature?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 04:57 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Does air temperature have any effect on sun strength?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 06:04 AM PST

I'm aware that the angle of the sun is what matters and that the sun is higher in the sky in the summer, but even a summer evening sun feels so much hotter than a midday winter sun.

Is this just perception due to air/body temperature, or is there something about the atmospheric conditions that changes the strength of the sun?

submitted by /u/mcjiggerlog
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Is it possible to have water-fueled cars?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 07:43 AM PST

Is it possible to have water-fueled cars? I know about hydrogen-fueled cars, but water (H2O)?

I'd also like to gain some understanding why, particularly on the molecular level. I assume there are numbers on how much energy is necessary to start the chemical reaction that releases the energy to -- say -- fuel a car. I also assume that the energy needed to start a reaction with H2O is much higher than what is released. Or maybe the energy needed is just so high that the engines would become massively huge. I don't know.

Please don't stop at technical terms. I would research anything I don't understand. But please don't exxagerate :)

submitted by /u/Caleb__
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What is the most abundant element in the world?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:40 AM PST

I can find the most common element in the atmosphere and the earth's crust, yet I can't seem to find anything about the world as a whole (including the mantle and so on) as well as the atmosphere.

submitted by /u/golden_shrimp
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What muscle holds our urine in?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 01:15 AM PST

Why are we just continuously peeing?

submitted by /u/girlwithnohope
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Why don't plants use ATP from photosynthesis for cellular function?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 12:03 AM PST

It seems like it would be more efficient for the plant to use ATP generated by photosynthesis for cellular function rather than taking the extra step to respire. Does all the ATP from photosynthesis power the Citric Acid Cycle?

submitted by /u/apieysch
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Would a bullet fired from a gun really fall at the same rate as one dropped from a the same height?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:32 AM PST

There is the common adage that bullets fired from a gun and those that are simply dropped will hit the ground at the same time. Though it makes sense that Earth's gravity would affect objects of similar weight in the same way, couldn't the bullets spin and or speed put it in a sort of short and doomed orbit? Allowing it more air time than the other one that's dropped from the same height?

submitted by /u/Phyto420
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Does Vicks / Olbas oil actually help you to breathe better during a cold? Or does it just feel nice for a few seconds?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 03:10 PM PST

Can invertebrates be allergic to certain foods like people/dog/cats can be?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:44 AM PST

What actually causes wind?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:28 AM PST

How do electrons know when to scatter?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:04 AM PST

How can electrons tell when to scatter and exchange virtual photons?

submitted by /u/JackTalle
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How do coconut trees produce coconut water?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 04:12 PM PST

In my limited exposure to fruits I have yet encountered other kind of fruit that has actual free flowing liquid stored inside. I'm curious as to how it is produced. And what is the purpose of keeping liquid inside the fruit.

submitted by /u/minikid01
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How do neutron stars generate a magnetic field?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 05:19 PM PST

If they are composed entirely of neutrons, there is no separation of electric charge. If there are no moving electric charges, how are the strong magnetic fields generated?

submitted by /u/_bobby_tables_
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Why not use thermoelectric generators (TEG's) on nuclear cooling towers?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 05:42 AM PST

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. (Wiki).

It seems to me that we are just wasting the heat and the power that could be produced from said heat, could we not just attach the TEG to the outside of the tower with heat sink compound and then on the cool side have a metal heat sink?

Would this not both reduce waste and decrease the impact nuclear power generation has on the environment? Technically it should be able to pay for itself wouldn't it?

submitted by /u/Asylumsix
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