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Wednesday, November 15, 2017

Have flying insects evolved ways to combat spider webs?

Have flying insects evolved ways to combat spider webs?


Have flying insects evolved ways to combat spider webs?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:09 AM PST

I noticed a duel of sorts between a moth and a spider just now where I was certain the moth was doomed as it flew into the section where a spider had firmly set up its web, but as it flapped its wings so quickly it tore apart the web, and even sent the spider fleeing.

I don't know if this in itself was an adaption to webs, in fact I'd say from an uneducated standpoint that I doubt it... but it did make wonder if there were other insects which had developed natural tools against spider webs.

submitted by /u/Demderdemden
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If someone lost a limb, does the body naturally adjust how much blood it produces?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 08:21 PM PST

I mean, say someone loses a leg or something. After it's been taken care of does their blood pressure change does the heart have an easier time?

submitted by /u/TimeForger
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Are Wormholes real?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:43 AM PST

I always thought that Wormholes were still limited to science fiction without proof as yet but today I read an article from Cornell University intimating that they exist. https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04560v1 So which is it? Are they real?

submitted by /u/seminally_me
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How do bees, wasps, and hornets decide what to sting?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 04:58 AM PST

What's their thought process when it's not completely obvious what exactly disturbed the nest? For example, if:

  • a crowd of people are standing around the nest and one person pegs the nest with a rock?
  • someone pegs the nest with a rock but runs around a corner out of sight?
  • someone pegs the nest with a rock from, I don't know, 20 feet away?
  • someone pegs the nest with a rock and stands completely still?
submitted by /u/Phil_Drill
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How do we design new surgeries and decide who attempts it first?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 07:32 PM PST

Collision of two Neutron stars. How is it that Gold and Platinum are detected?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:14 AM PST

I read recently here about the collision of two Neutron stars being observed for the first time. They mention that the forging of heavy metals such as Gold and Platinum were detected.

What are the signs that indicate the presence of Gold and Platinum? How are they not destroyed in the 'collision'?

submitted by /u/Crimson53
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Is there a good reason the grizzly bear didn't spread east to Quebec? Or Siberian tiger west into Europe?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 09:07 PM PST

Both tigers and brown bears cover huge swats of land with very varied climate. Yet they don't (and didn't, according to this) ever cover the continents east to west.

It seems to me that the habitat should fit just fine, and the area between as well seems easy enough to cross for these species? Is it because of humans? Competition?

submitted by /u/jkvatterholm
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How is it possible that the planet Mercury gets so cold and so hot on opposite sides? Shouldn't heat conduction make the entire planet roughly the same temperature?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 04:57 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Does air temperature have any effect on sun strength?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 06:04 AM PST

I'm aware that the angle of the sun is what matters and that the sun is higher in the sky in the summer, but even a summer evening sun feels so much hotter than a midday winter sun.

Is this just perception due to air/body temperature, or is there something about the atmospheric conditions that changes the strength of the sun?

submitted by /u/mcjiggerlog
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Is it possible to have water-fueled cars?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 07:43 AM PST

Is it possible to have water-fueled cars? I know about hydrogen-fueled cars, but water (H2O)?

I'd also like to gain some understanding why, particularly on the molecular level. I assume there are numbers on how much energy is necessary to start the chemical reaction that releases the energy to -- say -- fuel a car. I also assume that the energy needed to start a reaction with H2O is much higher than what is released. Or maybe the energy needed is just so high that the engines would become massively huge. I don't know.

Please don't stop at technical terms. I would research anything I don't understand. But please don't exxagerate :)

submitted by /u/Caleb__
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What is the most abundant element in the world?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:40 AM PST

I can find the most common element in the atmosphere and the earth's crust, yet I can't seem to find anything about the world as a whole (including the mantle and so on) as well as the atmosphere.

submitted by /u/golden_shrimp
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What muscle holds our urine in?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 01:15 AM PST

Why are we just continuously peeing?

submitted by /u/girlwithnohope
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Why don't plants use ATP from photosynthesis for cellular function?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 12:03 AM PST

It seems like it would be more efficient for the plant to use ATP generated by photosynthesis for cellular function rather than taking the extra step to respire. Does all the ATP from photosynthesis power the Citric Acid Cycle?

submitted by /u/apieysch
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Would a bullet fired from a gun really fall at the same rate as one dropped from a the same height?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 02:32 AM PST

There is the common adage that bullets fired from a gun and those that are simply dropped will hit the ground at the same time. Though it makes sense that Earth's gravity would affect objects of similar weight in the same way, couldn't the bullets spin and or speed put it in a sort of short and doomed orbit? Allowing it more air time than the other one that's dropped from the same height?

submitted by /u/Phyto420
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Does Vicks / Olbas oil actually help you to breathe better during a cold? Or does it just feel nice for a few seconds?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 03:10 PM PST

Can invertebrates be allergic to certain foods like people/dog/cats can be?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:44 AM PST

What actually causes wind?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:28 AM PST

How do electrons know when to scatter?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 03:04 AM PST

How can electrons tell when to scatter and exchange virtual photons?

submitted by /u/JackTalle
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How do coconut trees produce coconut water?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 04:12 PM PST

In my limited exposure to fruits I have yet encountered other kind of fruit that has actual free flowing liquid stored inside. I'm curious as to how it is produced. And what is the purpose of keeping liquid inside the fruit.

submitted by /u/minikid01
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How do neutron stars generate a magnetic field?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 05:19 PM PST

If they are composed entirely of neutrons, there is no separation of electric charge. If there are no moving electric charges, how are the strong magnetic fields generated?

submitted by /u/_bobby_tables_
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Why not use thermoelectric generators (TEG's) on nuclear cooling towers?

Posted: 15 Nov 2017 05:42 AM PST

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. (Wiki).

It seems to me that we are just wasting the heat and the power that could be produced from said heat, could we not just attach the TEG to the outside of the tower with heat sink compound and then on the cool side have a metal heat sink?

Would this not both reduce waste and decrease the impact nuclear power generation has on the environment? Technically it should be able to pay for itself wouldn't it?

submitted by /u/Asylumsix
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Tuesday, November 14, 2017

Moon is in goldilocks zone but barren, what other criterions would declare a planet habitable?

Moon is in goldilocks zone but barren, what other criterions would declare a planet habitable?


Moon is in goldilocks zone but barren, what other criterions would declare a planet habitable?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 06:22 AM PST

Especially with reference to the discoveries being announced every few months by NASA via Kepler observations, I wonder how just finding a planet in habitable zone should mean nothing - as moon would be an anamoly without any atmosphere or a very weak magnetic field.

What observations could be made that could predict if a planet is likely to be habitable or not

submitted by /u/IndyxBrit
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What in physics is fundamental?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 07:46 AM PST

Okay so I've had this question for a long time and got a variety of answers. If I were making a list of the fundamental laws of the universe, what equations, constants, and background knowledge would need to be on it? Would it just be Einstein's field equations and the standard model (can you write the standard model in one equation)? Would any equations that explain quantum or newtons laws be necessary or are these derivable from more basic laws? How bout the speed of light? Can everything we know be summed up in one equation like the photo posted? Thanks for any insight you can offer http://imgur.com/mWjeGca

submitted by /u/mrlicciardi
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What happens inside the digestive system when a lactose intolerant person consumes dairy?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 05:37 AM PST

How do cold blooded animals survive below freezing temperatures?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 05:26 AM PST

I get that cold blooded animals take on the temperature of their environment and can deal with a wide range of body temperatures. From what I know, many of them decrease activity during winter when temperatures are lower.

My question is specifically about temperatures below the freezing point of water. How can an organism survive it's body fluid changing from liquid to solid (especially since ice is less dense than water)? Or is there some mechanism or small amount of heating that prevents freezing of their fluids?

submitted by /u/spacemonkeyzoo
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We cook food so the heat kill bacteria - Does freezing to low temperatures work to kill bacteria too?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 07:44 AM PST

Is a neutron star blue because of its immense gravity?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 05:24 AM PST

  1. In other words, is the light emitted by the star redshifted by its own gravity?
  2. How can we tell what the actual colour of the star is?
  3. Is observing how light from other sources bends around the star the only way to discern its mass?
submitted by /u/mordego
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Let’s say a planet is 200 light years away. How do we know? Do we actually keep a telescope pointed in that area for 200 years to get a reading? If not, why is information traveling faster than the speed of light?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 08:43 PM PST

Can tensor cores be of any advantage to graphics rendering?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 01:54 AM PST

So GPUs seem to have a big advantage in machine learning, and the newest GPU designs are incorporating tensor cores.

I'm wondering if this it's going to be a major change in graphics architecture like unified shaders were years ago, or if the usage/design will just diverge and specialize.

submitted by /u/willyolio
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Do people with thick hair just have more hair follicles of are they just thicker?

Posted: 14 Nov 2017 05:02 AM PST

Need help understanding the unification of the electric and magnetic forces into one?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 04:56 PM PST

I understand that a photon, as the gauge boson for the electromagnetic force, mediates the EM force through its exchange and that photons have oscillating vibrations on two perpendicular planes. I think I understand (at least superficially) that these oscillating vibrations are in the electric and magnetic fields and they self-propagate. But today I also read that general relativity plays a role in the unification of these forces, in that a magnetic force is an electric force viewed from another reference frame and vice versa. Are the magnetic and electric forces the same force viewed differently or are they distinct phenomena that arise from each other? I'm sorry if this is a nonsensical question.

submitted by /u/37litebluesheep
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Can environmental factors change the half lives of radioactive elements?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 04:10 PM PST

How does enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy all relate to each other?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 01:47 PM PST

Can someone summarize the effects on a reaction of changing the signs and magnitudes of delta G, delta H, and delta S in the equation

Delta G= (Delta H)- (T)(Delta S)

submitted by /u/TheASDFoundation
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Can someone explain the galaxy rotation graph?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 02:44 PM PST

If you look at the Wikipedia page on galaxy rotation there is a graph that plots velocity against radius from the galaxy center. I get that the stars speed up of remain the same speed as they get further from the center which implies the existence of dark matter.

What I don't get is that the theoretical graph of velocities should be v = sqrt(GM)/sqrt(r) bu Newton's laws. I don't understand why there is a maximum and then it recedes to 0 at the beginning of the graph (if the speed is supposed to approach infinity by Newton's prediction).

submitted by /u/DVMyZone
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What is the difference between actual exhaust velocity and effective exhaust velocity in a jet engine?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 04:18 PM PST

I'm asking because I've noticed that actual exhaust velocity is usually magnitudes lower than the effective exhaust velocity. Why is this? Also I know how to calculate effective exhaust velocity, but how exactly do you calculate actual exhaust velocity? Thanks

submitted by /u/shmishmouyes
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How is energy conserved in negative resistance components?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 04:19 PM PST

Power seems to be generated? But where do the joules come from?

submitted by /u/okijhnub
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How “flat” is the universe?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 02:05 PM PST

To my knowledge, planetary orbits in solar systems tend to align with their neighbors, so that they are nearly coplanar. Additionally, many galaxies take on relatively "flat" shapes. Does the observable universe follow the same pattern? That is, is there any tendency for the observable universe to be relatively larger in some dimensions than others?

submitted by /u/thetgi
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How many images does a CT scan produce?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 04:51 PM PST

Do bugs shiver when cold?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 03:36 PM PST

Is a CD-R a reliable timestamp for a file's creation date?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 05:43 PM PST

Hi, I have a couple of CD-R discs that I recorded various Word documents, text files, and images into (on Windows), back in 2007. I figured that since the data couldn't be erased or modified it would be reliable proof that that was the date they were created. But now I know that you can change the computer's clock to make a fake date, etc.

So my question is, would the CD-R contain some sort of metadata that couldn't be modified, and that could be accessed to prove that the files were created when they actually were?

submitted by /u/CesarTheSalad
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Could the ISS cast a shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 11:09 AM PST

I know that the lunar eclipse is red due to light refraction in Earths atmosphere.

So if the ISS flew in the path of the refracted light, could we see a shadow?

submitted by /u/gamer52599
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How do you find an oxidation number from an atoms electron configuration?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 04:42 PM PST

How does Bernoulli's Principle explain things like Water Jet Cutters which can be used to cut thick sheets of metal when it states that fast moving fluids have low pressure?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 12:18 PM PST

Been trying to figure this out for a test, thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/daytimefrogger
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Monday, November 13, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 04:00 AM PST

Hi! We are Seth Wynes and Kimberly Nicholas, authors of a recent scientific study that found the four most important choices individuals in industrialized countries can make for the climate are not being talked about by governments and science textbooks. We are joined by Kate Baggaley, a science journalist who wrote about in this story

Individual decisions have a huge influence on the amount of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere, and thus the pace of climate change. Our research of global sustainability in Canada and Sweden, compares how effective 31 lifestyle choices are at reducing emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases. The decisions include everything from recycling and dry-hanging clothes, to changing to a plant-based diet and having one fewer child.

The findings show that many of the most commonly adopted strategies are far less effective than the ones we don't ordinarily hear about. Namely, having one fewer child, which would result in an average of 58.6 metric tons of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) emission reductions for developed countries per year. The next most effective items on the list are living car-free (2.4 tCO2e per year), avoiding air travel (1.6 tCO2e per year) and eating a plant-based diet (0.8 tCO2e per year). Commonly mentioned actions like recycling are much less effective (0.2 tCO2e per year). Given these findings, we say that education should focus on high-impact changes that have a greater potential to reduce emissions, rather than low-impact actions that are the current focus of high school science textbooks and government recommendations.

The research is meant to guide those who want to curb their contribution to the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, rather than to instruct individuals on the personal decisions they make.

Here are the published findings: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541/meta

And here is a write-up on the research, including comments from researcher Seth Wynes: NBC News MACH


Guests:

Seth Wynes, Graduate Student of Geography at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, currently pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy Degree. He can take questions on the study motivation, design and findings as well as climate change education.

Kim Nicholas, Associate Professor of Sustainability Science at the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS) in Lund, Sweden. She can take questions on the study's sustainability and social or ethical implications.

Kate Baggaley, Master's Degree in Science, Health, and Environmental Reporting from New York University and a Bachelor's Degree in Biology from Vassar College. She can take questions on media and public response to climate and environmental research.

We'll be answering questions starting at 11 AM ET (16 UT). Ask us anything!

-- Edit --

Thank you all for the questions!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If a person is allergic to domestic cats, would they also be allergic to wild cats (lions, bobcats, etc.)?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 08:38 AM PST

When radio waves pass through objects, are they refracted like light through a glass of water?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 09:19 PM PST

How close are we to utilizing graphene in everyday life?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 11:42 AM PST

What are the velocities of the arms of the milky way?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 05:09 AM PST

I'm on a radio astronomy research team with my college, and I'm in charge of finding the velocities of the arms of the galaxy so that when we take data from telescopes we can analyze it (we're using a 40-foot national telescope). Can someone please explain how to do this? I'm having trouble knowing where to start, and my team leader is getting impatient.

submitted by /u/loudlypagan
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What does lava smell like?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 08:58 AM PST

How is it supposed to smell?

submitted by /u/Asder17
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Why are there a whole bunch of islands on one side of the Ring of Fire (Japan, Philippines, Taiwan...) and not the other (the West coast of the Americas)?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 11:02 PM PST

I was looking at this map of seismic risk.

  • I noticed the highest risk areas on the Americas were all the west coast and that there are not a lot of major islands there.

  • I noticed that the highest risk areas on the Australasian side were all islands like Japan, Taiwan, Philippines New Guinea, New Zealand leaving the Mainland coasts of Asia and Australia relatively free of seismic risk.

Why is this?

submitted by /u/asdasasdass321
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Has the initiative to “go paperless” by tons of companies and organizations had a noticeable impact on paper consumption in the US/worldwide?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 12:16 PM PST

Not sure if this would go under social science or earth science. I've seen lots of companies and organizations in recent years push for "paperless" systems where everything is done electronically. Has this movement made an impact on paper consumption and pollution worldwide in a noticeable way so far?

submitted by /u/okteej
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Why is our current understanding of gravity unable to explain the rotational speed of galaxies without adding unseen mass (via dark matter) to the equation?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 04:11 PM PST

I have read that the the stars moving on the outside of galaxies would fly out of orbit at their speeds. Why is gravity not considered strong enough to keep them in orbit?

submitted by /u/OpenSourceIntellect
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How does the USB port know what I connected to it?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 11:06 PM PST

From what I understand/infer, the moment I plug in a device it starts by telling the computer what it is. The computer looks for a driver and then interprets the signals according to the driver. But, I don't really get what per say is being sent i.e is it a mac-address? some strings that it looks up? There has to be some standard coding that helps it narrow the search as to what the devices are correct?(if there is i would love if you could provide references) Also, say if I wanted to just write a program that told me what is currently plugged into my computer how would I go about doing it?

submitted by /u/LazyFlop
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How far do you have to go to escape the gravity of our solar system?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 04:09 PM PST

From my understanding, gravity is stronger the closer you are to a high mass object. Is there a distance when this force disappears? Is it possible that there is always some sort of gravitational force at work?

submitted by /u/MercifulMaster
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In industrial-scale recycling, how much non-recyclable material can be present in a batch of recyclable material before it becomes too difficult/inefficient to be viable?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 09:01 AM PST

By non-recyclable material, I mean the "wrong" type of material such as a banana peel in a batch of plastic recycling, some cardboard in metal recycling, etc.

submitted by /u/Gentlemanchaos
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Is it possible for junk foods to make your body gain more weight than the actual weight of the food itself? If so, how does this happen?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 07:47 PM PST

To clarify, do fat, sugars, calories, etc. interact with the human body in such a way that junk food weighing three ounces could make your body gain more than three ounces?

Is this physically possible through the body's internal chemistry somehow? And, if so, how does this process work?

submitted by /u/justranoutoffanta
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Is there a 1 to 1 ratio of electrons and protons in the universe? If not, then what is an estimated ratio between the two?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 07:45 PM PST

What would happen if a pipe of theoretical size and strength was inserted into earths atmosphere from deep in space?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 12:35 AM PST

How position location works is space (I mean something like GPS, but in space) and how accurate is it?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 11:38 PM PST

What happens to all of the kinetic energy from matter falling into a black hole?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 06:18 PM PST

Assuming I understand them correctly, matter falls into the singularity at the local relative speed of light. What happens to all that kinetic energy when it reaches the center? Sorry if this is an uninformed question.

submitted by /u/def_not_a_normie
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What exactly goes on when a protostar turns into a star?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 03:34 PM PST

I get that fusion happens but the usual explanations just gloss over this. Do they expand, contract? What happens to the accretion disk? Nothing is ever explained besides "fusion happen".

submitted by /u/CaptainSchmid
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Can fish and other gilled animals get "out of breath"?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 01:35 PM PST

Why does your throat hurt when you are sick?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 05:50 PM PST

Does the structure/properties of ice water change as the ice drops further below freezing?

Posted: 13 Nov 2017 01:02 AM PST

Does the Earth's mantel have currents like the oceans and atmosphere? i.e. A volcano erupts, does that effect the over all pressure?

Posted: 12 Nov 2017 02:08 PM PST