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Saturday, November 11, 2017

From a cost stand point, would it not make sense to build duplicates of space probes and send them to different locations?

From a cost stand point, would it not make sense to build duplicates of space probes and send them to different locations?


From a cost stand point, would it not make sense to build duplicates of space probes and send them to different locations?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 05:54 AM PST

Does the long term use of antidepressants cause any change in brain chemistry or organization?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 10:13 AM PST

Meaning, any permanent changes that persist even after stopping?

submitted by /u/monkeynose
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How do modern laundry detergents compare to ones from 25 or 50 years ago?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 04:36 AM PST

With most laundry detergents today advertising new and better formulas all the time, how much progress has there really been in the long term? Is it a lot easier to get clothes clean and stain-free today than it was, for example, in the sixties or the eighties?

The reason I'm asking, is that I rarely see any unremovable stains or other problems with my clothes after a single wash in a 40C cycle - perhaps I see a problematic stain only once or twice a year. (This is with the exception of old clothes I use for yard work or car repair, which I don't expect to get clean at all). Yet, all the ads make it seem like stains are a huge issue - so is this just marketing BS, or is it something that would have been the case some time ago?

submitted by /u/stjuuv
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How do cartographers decide which tributary is the main river?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 05:36 AM PST

How does one read information from qubits?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 05:57 AM PST

When the qubits are being read by the outside world, they would collapse - how do we make sure they collapse so that the information is accurate?

submitted by /u/reddit_korea
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How can natural gas combustion produce CO?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 05:46 AM PST

I've read that natural gas burning furnaces can cause CO poisoning if the gas improperly vented or combusted. But I lived in a flat with an unvented gas heater for years and never experienced symptoms of poisoning. Could it be that the flat was too drafty?

submitted by /u/awesomesalsa
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How much saltier is the Atlantic than the pacific ocean?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 07:35 PM PST

What is it about jet engines that makes them so loud?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 11:25 AM PST

How do space probes beam pictures back to earth while being so far away?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 11:53 PM PST

Will precession mean that this Veterans Day monument slowly goes out of alignment?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 11:56 PM PST

https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/7c2su2/every_veterans_day_nov_11_at_1111_am_the_sun/

If so, can we calculate by how much, or after how many years it will become noticeable?

submitted by /u/tartanbornandred
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How does brain decide which memory to keep and make it easy to access?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 05:13 PM PST

I have watched the movie Seven only once, and it was like 10 years ago or so, and I can recall the first 10 minutes of the movie crystal clear, every word of every sentence. On the other hand when someone asks me about my father's birthday, I need to actively think to remember it. On subconscious level, my father should mean a lot more to me because he is and has been a big part of my life. So why do I remember dialogues perfectly in a heartbeat, from a movie I've watched 10+ years ago which is not even in my top 50, while I need to think for couple of seconds to remember my father's birthday?

submitted by /u/lorrotardev
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Why are London Dispersion Forces called dispersion forces?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 01:04 AM PST

To disperse means to spread, so why are attractive forces named after something that seems to be opposite to what they do?

submitted by /u/Morefoolish
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How does the sun cause colours to fade or wash out?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 06:58 PM PST

Why do things left in the sun tend to fade or lose their colouring?

submitted by /u/CantStopNeedMore
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Is it possible to shoot an electron straight into the nucleus of an atom?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 07:20 PM PST

What voltage does the human body use to control muscles?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 04:33 PM PST

As most people know the human body uses electricity to control muscle movement through contraction.

I was wondering what voltage is actually used if at all comparable and just how similar the mechanism the human body uses are to the mechanism of electricity of a house and such

submitted by /u/IWatchFurryPornAMA
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Does our sense of smell degrade with age like vision and hearing?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 05:03 PM PST

What tells one cell to do or become one thing while another cell does or becomes something else?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 09:39 PM PST

How large does an object in space need to be in order to gravitationally bind an average human to its surface?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 03:54 PM PST

Will a liquid that boils at room temperature burn me?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 03:09 AM PST

And if so, why?

Edit: Thanks one and all

submitted by /u/dredge_the_lake
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Is there a real threat to wasting water besides the money it cost?

Posted: 11 Nov 2017 04:47 AM PST

As kids they warned us about wasting water, but wouldn't running a lot of clean water down the drain help the sewage system by diluting the dirty water?

submitted by /u/bluntsgunsmoney
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Does fusion occurs to some atoms in Jupiter/saturn due to Quantum tunnelling effect?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 06:53 PM PST

Is there any other factor contributes to fusion other than quantum tunnelling?

Do quantum tunneling probability increases with temperature/pressure?

submitted by /u/asking2die
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What is the best explanation for why the inside of the Earth is still hot?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 08:44 PM PST

Friday, November 10, 2017

Is there any underlying reason we say protons are positive and electrons are negative? Would it work if we just switched both in all our equations?

Is there any underlying reason we say protons are positive and electrons are negative? Would it work if we just switched both in all our equations?


Is there any underlying reason we say protons are positive and electrons are negative? Would it work if we just switched both in all our equations?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 07:35 PM PST

What I mean is, is there any reason we say protons are positive and electrons are negative; so if we just switched every equation would they be just as correct?

submitted by /u/NewtonsFourth
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How long does it take for protons to return to being randomly oriented after an MRI scan?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 10:27 PM PST

Is it instant?

submitted by /u/ten_mile_river
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How can scientists be sure that the iPTF14hls supernova is at exactly the same spot as the this supernova in the 60s?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 01:06 AM PST

They talk about a zombie star and what not, but wouldn't it be more plausible that there is another star nearby that exploded because of this supernova from 1954? Would it even be possible to exactly measure a distance of 60 light years in a galaxy so far away?

submitted by /u/Denny_Westside
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In the periodic table, why does the D block start with 3d, rather than 4d?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 05:24 AM PST

Why does period 4 have 4s, then 3d? Shouldn't it be 4d?

submitted by /u/JorbKranklin
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Does Quantum Mechanics Allow for the Possibility of Different Eventualities?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 04:53 AM PST

To Expand on what I mean:

Given the state of the universe at time t1. Does the universe have a chance of evolving into different potential states at t2?

or.. If we could some how rewind the universe after t2 back to t1 is there a chance it could evolve into a state different to the one previously?

Does quantum mechanics call out causal determinism? And why?

Thank you in advance. :)

submitted by /u/tip-top-honky-konk
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Is there a protocol or concept on how we would define date and time on other planets?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 06:05 AM PST

How was Newton's gravity equation derived if we didn't know the specific quantities involved? How could you check your math with the evidence to verify it's correct? (Such as the masses of planetary objects or the distance between them?) Said another way, how did we compute the masses of planets?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 05:11 AM PST

In Newton's equation for the force of gravity, he derived F = GmM/r2 and then that has been used to calculate, say, the masses of the planets in our solar system as well as the sun. What i don't understand is how that was able to be accomplished considering you need all of the values except for one in order to solve the equation (for a specific value).

So, for example, if I want to know the mass of the moon, I need to already know the mass of Earth, its distance to the moon, the gravitational constant as well as the force of gravity between the two! Which quantities became known first in order to figure out these things??

submitted by /u/ShittyShittyNameName
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Does the brain interact with programming languages like it does with natural languages?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 08:48 AM PST

Dark energy is the cosmological version of Vacuum Energy, right?

Posted: 10 Nov 2017 05:38 AM PST

As far as I understand, dark energy = the void of the universe.

It is the "vacuum energy" from a cosmology perspective.

This energy helps expand the universe even further. It pushes away matter. As far as I understand, it has a negative gravitational pull. (Or a positive gravitational push.)

Let me know if I am wrong here. If not, going on:

If we take a shielded container, and make it as perfect as a vacuum as we possibly can, would it's gravitational pull be slightly lower than the weight of the container parts?

submitted by /u/litehacker
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How effective are the various winterizing window treatments, and what are the common mistakes? Specifics in post...

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 11:29 PM PST

Specifically talking about the plastic sheeting kits over windows. Do the laws of thermodynamics come into play, and if so, how? Is it better to do sheeting inside, outside, or both? Is there any truth to the recent fad of putting bubble-wrap on windows being better than sheeting? Is this sort of insulation a "weakest link" scenario where it's only as good as the worst part, or is it a drip-scenario where if you can plug 9 out of 10 leaks then you increase your savings by 90%? What sort of R-factor are we talking about for each scenario? Please go into as much detail as possible, while keeping it relatively laymen in answers. Thanks!

submitted by /u/agent_uno
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If stars use up their hydrogen before exploding and then a new system forms (like ours) where does the hydrogen in that system come from?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 09:21 AM PST

Are old rock strata "usually" flat?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 09:31 PM PST

This is something I've wondered for a while, but it's seems shockingly hard to find straight answers about it. At least, not from a variety of sources.

Exposed layers of rock always seem to be flat, maybe angled in some cases, but they would have been flat at one time. Yet today we mountains all over, places like the Grand Canyon extending for miles in area, and cutting through millions of years of rock.

And yes, this question comes from the related young-earth argument: that the lack of evidence of surface irregularities in millions of years of rock strata implies a very quick deposition period. A bunch of people probably downvoted this on sight. But when I search for anything regarding this specific topic, all that comes up are resources supporting their view. It's hard to get anything from the other side.

So, what is the reason for the flatness of rock strata? Is it a sample size issue? Meaning, there is evidence somewhere, but it isn't exposed? Am i just relatively uniformed, and there are plenty of places where rock strata shows signs of major irregularities?

submitted by /u/ytsejamajesty
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Do our finger nail bed grow, or are they permanent?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 11:43 AM PST

Does physical activity durring puberty effect adult weight?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 07:40 PM PST

The wording is kind of weird. Essentially I want to know if someone that gains a significant amout of muscle mass durring puberty due to physical training, say 30 pounds, will ever naturally loose weight back to the previous weight as an adult.

As an example I went from 160lbs to 195lbs during my freshman year of high school while wrestling while only growing 2 inches in height from 70 inches to 72 inches. As an adult the lightest I have been since is 185lbs despite a significantly lower activity level. The muscle just seemed to stay on. If I hadn't worked out as hard during this time period would I have stayed closer to 170lbs as a normal weight or was my 195lbs weight inevitable?

submitted by /u/BeerfromHeaven
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How much more complex is a CPU than a GPU?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 02:07 PM PST

I know a few concepts about a CPU architecture. e.g. pipelining, branch-prediction, superscalar, out-of-order execution, VLIW,...

I also know that a GPU has multiple "cores" working in parallel, and that allows them to do much more operations that a CPU.

However, I am expecting that a GPU "core" is much more simpler that a CPU "core". (they have a narrow application field that a CPU).

The question is, what are the concept designs that are used in one(CPU) but not in the other(GPU)?

Do GPU's use branch prediction, out-of-order execution?

Thanks

submitted by /u/atariPunk
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Does running on an inclined treadmill involve significantly more work than running on a flat treadmill?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 11:42 AM PST

Conventional wisdom says yes. Even calorie burn estimators say you use a lot more energy on an inclined treadmill. But there's no net displacement in opposition to gravity. I guess you could theoretically be slightly elevating your body with every step and then be slightly lowered by the machine on the back-step, but it seems like the mechanics of running are such that you're mostly only beginning to support your body weight against falling when your foot is out in front of you with the majority of the propulsion occurring only after your front foot is nearly under you. Plus it just seems like your body would kind of naturally move differently when not required to actually combat gravity by climbing from a kinesthetics standpoint.

I guess this would ultimately depend on an individual's gait, which can be pretty idiosyncratic. Is running/walking consistent enough of a movement to draw conclusions based on physics? If not has there been any statistical study of this question? (Couldn't figure out how to add a second flair.) Are all of those treadmills that say you're burning like 50% more calories on the incline mode full of shit and just using numbers based on actual uphill running? Or is there a legitimate scientific basis for those kinds of claims?

submitted by /u/CreedDidNothingWrong
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Will gravitational wave detectors help us peer into the nature of dark matter?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 10:23 AM PST

My popular science "education" (no formal physics in my background, please dumb down your answer as much as you can) says that we're having a helluva time figuring out what dark matter is because it refuses to interact with "normal" matter in a measurable way. My takeaway from that is that perhaps we shouldn't assume that it is composed from massive particles at all. All we can see are its gravitational effects on a very large scale (galaxies, clusters of galaxies). So I was wondering if ever more sensitive GW detectors can be used to "look a little closer" (than we can with optical astronomy) at the regions of space where gravitational forces indicate apparent presence of undetectable mass? Looking for WIMPs assumes that DM is composed of some massive particles. Can GW detectors be a way to look at the problem without the need for that assumption?

submitted by /u/coderpete
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What's going on biologically that makes teens more prone to acne?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 02:13 PM PST

What would happen if a meteor struck a nutron star?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 11:23 AM PST

Are there other animals that closely assist the mother during childbirth?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 02:59 PM PST

I was wondering if any species has this habit.

submitted by /u/D_Ciaran
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Thursday, November 9, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 04:00 AM PST

Hi! We are Seth Wynes and Kimberly Nicholas, authors of a recent scientific study that found the four most important choices individuals in industrialized countries can make for the climate are not being talked about by governments and science textbooks. We are joined by Kate Baggaley, a science journalist who wrote about in this story

Individual decisions have a huge influence on the amount of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere, and thus the pace of climate change. Our research of global sustainability in Canada and Sweden, compares how effective 31 lifestyle choices are at reducing emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases. The decisions include everything from recycling and dry-hanging clothes, to changing to a plant-based diet and having one fewer child.

The findings show that many of the most commonly adopted strategies are far less effective than the ones we don't ordinarily hear about. Namely, having one fewer child, which would result in an average of 58.6 metric tons of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) emission reductions for developed countries per year. The next most effective items on the list are living car-free (2.4 tCO2e per year), avoiding air travel (1.6 tCO2e per year) and eating a plant-based diet (0.8 tCO2e per year). Commonly mentioned actions like recycling are much less effective (0.2 tCO2e per year). Given these findings, we say that education should focus on high-impact changes that have a greater potential to reduce emissions, rather than low-impact actions that are the current focus of high school science textbooks and government recommendations.

The research is meant to guide those who want to curb their contribution to the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, rather than to instruct individuals on the personal decisions they make.

Here are the published findings: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541/meta

And here is a write-up on the research, including comments from researcher Seth Wynes: NBC News MACH


Guests:

Seth Wynes, Graduate Student of Geography at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, currently pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy Degree. He can take questions on the study motivation, design and findings as well as climate change education.

Kim Nicholas, Associate Professor of Sustainability Science at the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS) in Lund, Sweden. She can take questions on the study's sustainability and social or ethical implications.

Kate Baggaley, Master's Degree in Science, Health, and Environmental Reporting from New York University and a Bachelor's Degree in Biology from Vassar College. She can take questions on media and public response to climate and environmental research.

We'll be answering questions starting at 11 AM ET (16 UT). Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Are neonicotinoids 'bee killing' pesticides?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 04:15 AM PST

The EU is talking about banning neonicotinoids, and everybody is raving about how this is evidence based policy. I can see there is some evidence that neonicotinoids kill bees, but it's not obviously conclusive (from my very quick scan of the literature).

These kinds of questions have been asked a few years ago, but I believe significant new evidence has come out since, so I think it's worth asking again.

submitted by /u/994phij
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Is there a Navier-Stokes equation for Angular Momentum?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 01:05 AM PST

The Navier-Stokes equations account for mass, energy and linear momentum conservation in a fluid.

Is there also an equation for angular momentum conservation in a fluid? If not, why? Is this just a case of the equation existing but never being used because we don't need to? Or is there a physicall reason to why such an equation would not exist?

My Google-Fu has failed my in my quest for this answer.

submitted by /u/GinToinico
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Why does Pauli's Exclusion Principle exist?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 06:37 AM PST

I get that it doesn't allow fermions like electrons and quarks to get cramed together past a certain point, but why?

submitted by /u/UnriginalUsername
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In QFT, can I have fields for charge, color, spin, etc... and deduce all particle fields?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 07:17 AM PST

In Conway's Game of life, is there a seed that doesn't end in a periodically repeating cycle of states?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 05:22 AM PST

Many starting combinations in Game of life end in still life that repeats after a few cycles. Is there a starting position that results in a endless chaos that perpetuates itself?

I guess this question makes sense only in Game of life variant with unlimited space because on a finite number of cells there is a finite number of combinations.

Also there is one obvious answer to my question - the glider gun (or similar pattern). They technically produce unique gamestate every stop but they are not 'chaotic' - I don't know how to define it precisely but they are also periodic in priciple.

submitted by /u/kukas
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Does the weight increase on a swimming pool structure when the quantity of swimmers increases?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 08:36 AM PST

What effect does a spinning object have on space time, if any?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 06:36 PM PST

A stationary object curves spacetime, but does the presence of angular momentum gage any effect on that curvature?

submitted by /u/throwaway3141598
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Is it possible to identify the food someone ate through their stool?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 08:14 PM PST

Does the phone company change sound frequencies or just use audio filters to get down to 300Hz-3.4kHz?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 05:58 AM PST

They only transmit that narrow band - do they change some of the frequencies of sound, or just use filters to limit what gets through? Thanks.

submitted by /u/GrigorDrako
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Does the event horizon of a black hole begin at an arbitrary radius from the singularity? Or does it start at a radius of 0 and get bigger as the black hole begins to consume matter?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:04 PM PST

Why do fMRIs have to be specifically labeled as such, rather than just calling all of them MRIs?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:22 PM PST

As I understand it, fMRI stands for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Is there some fundamental difference between fMRIs and MRIs or is the f just redundant?

submitted by /u/MrStumpy78
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How is my daily life affected by quantum mechanics? Is it?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 11:14 PM PST

Why is it that we can't calculate a zero of a function which degree is larger than 5?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 02:22 PM PST

Today my maths professor talked about how we can't(or that there are only few instances in which we can) calculate zeros of a function which degree is larger or equal to 5. He also said something about how Horner's method is just guessing zeros of a function. And that for calculating qubic zero of a function you would need to write a whole peace of paper to come to zeros of a function. I don't know if all of this makes sense, because he just said this like a btw betwen the class and didn't really elaborate on it any further.

submitted by /u/something__smart
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what technologies and inventions has made modern birth-giving deriving from pregnancy as safe & good as it is today?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 08:39 PM PST

what technologies and inventions has made modern birth-giving deriving from pregnancy as safe & good as it is today?

submitted by /u/beyondlimits100
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Why aren't we using hydrogen instead of fossil fuels?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 01:04 PM PST

It's my understanding that hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis using sea water. Why aren't we using solar panels, wind, whatever green energy is available to start mass producing hydrogen?

It just seems to me that hydrogen is the best energy storage system out there. Clean and green. I understand there are some hurdles, such as transportation requires putting it under pressure, but we do that with natural gas anyway... doesn't seem like a deal-breaker.

submitted by /u/Senior0422
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Could you make Helium-3 with Uranium-235 fission?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 09:39 PM PST

Note: I am not sure if this should go under the Physics or Chemistry flair, so feel free to correct me.

Fission using Uranium produces loose neutrons which speed away fast enough to embed themselves into other Uranium atoms, starting the reaction again. In theory, could this process be used with He-2 to make He-3?

Say a reactor was built and the fuel was a careful mix of U-235 and He-2. This system should create He-3 as the loose neutrons from the Uranium attach to the Helium. Or is this not possible? Would the loose neutrons simply not want to attach to the Helium atoms?

submitted by /u/srgdarkness
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Are there any freshwater animals that can use echolocation/produce "clicks" in the way that cetaceans can?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 07:25 PM PST

I'm investigating some audio recordings from Lake Champlain.

submitted by /u/novaonthespectrum
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Is our DNA a 50/50 split of our parents?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 06:39 PM PST

So I just saw a commercial for that 23 and Me and it was showing a thanksgiving dinner and as people were showing up, it showed what percentage of DNA they share with the grandpa who was hosting the dinner.

My question is, do we share an equal fifty/fifty split of DNA with our parents?

Follow up question to that, if twins are born and one is female and one is male, will the male share more DNA with the father while the female shares more with the mother? Or does gender not make a difference in percentage of DNA shared with each individual parent?

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/CapnCook33
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If the Newton Laws were never used again, can Physics do the same calculations using other theories, like relativity, for example?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 03:46 PM PST

Is it possible for a moon to have things orbiting it?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 06:32 PM PST

What's the point of using liquid methane instead of liquid hydrogen in rocket boosters?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:01 PM PST

We toss and turn in our sleep. Why don't we fall out of bed (more often)?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:37 AM PST