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Thursday, November 9, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are climate scientists here to talk about the important individual choices you can make to help mitigate climate change. Ask us anything!

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 04:00 AM PST

Hi! We are Seth Wynes and Kimberly Nicholas, authors of a recent scientific study that found the four most important choices individuals in industrialized countries can make for the climate are not being talked about by governments and science textbooks. We are joined by Kate Baggaley, a science journalist who wrote about in this story

Individual decisions have a huge influence on the amount of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere, and thus the pace of climate change. Our research of global sustainability in Canada and Sweden, compares how effective 31 lifestyle choices are at reducing emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases. The decisions include everything from recycling and dry-hanging clothes, to changing to a plant-based diet and having one fewer child.

The findings show that many of the most commonly adopted strategies are far less effective than the ones we don't ordinarily hear about. Namely, having one fewer child, which would result in an average of 58.6 metric tons of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) emission reductions for developed countries per year. The next most effective items on the list are living car-free (2.4 tCO2e per year), avoiding air travel (1.6 tCO2e per year) and eating a plant-based diet (0.8 tCO2e per year). Commonly mentioned actions like recycling are much less effective (0.2 tCO2e per year). Given these findings, we say that education should focus on high-impact changes that have a greater potential to reduce emissions, rather than low-impact actions that are the current focus of high school science textbooks and government recommendations.

The research is meant to guide those who want to curb their contribution to the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, rather than to instruct individuals on the personal decisions they make.

Here are the published findings: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541/meta

And here is a write-up on the research, including comments from researcher Seth Wynes: NBC News MACH


Guests:

Seth Wynes, Graduate Student of Geography at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, currently pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy Degree. He can take questions on the study motivation, design and findings as well as climate change education.

Kim Nicholas, Associate Professor of Sustainability Science at the Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS) in Lund, Sweden. She can take questions on the study's sustainability and social or ethical implications.

Kate Baggaley, Master's Degree in Science, Health, and Environmental Reporting from New York University and a Bachelor's Degree in Biology from Vassar College. She can take questions on media and public response to climate and environmental research.

We'll be answering questions starting at 11 AM ET (16 UT). Ask us anything!

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Are neonicotinoids 'bee killing' pesticides?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 04:15 AM PST

The EU is talking about banning neonicotinoids, and everybody is raving about how this is evidence based policy. I can see there is some evidence that neonicotinoids kill bees, but it's not obviously conclusive (from my very quick scan of the literature).

These kinds of questions have been asked a few years ago, but I believe significant new evidence has come out since, so I think it's worth asking again.

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Is there a Navier-Stokes equation for Angular Momentum?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 01:05 AM PST

The Navier-Stokes equations account for mass, energy and linear momentum conservation in a fluid.

Is there also an equation for angular momentum conservation in a fluid? If not, why? Is this just a case of the equation existing but never being used because we don't need to? Or is there a physicall reason to why such an equation would not exist?

My Google-Fu has failed my in my quest for this answer.

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Why does Pauli's Exclusion Principle exist?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 06:37 AM PST

I get that it doesn't allow fermions like electrons and quarks to get cramed together past a certain point, but why?

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In QFT, can I have fields for charge, color, spin, etc... and deduce all particle fields?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 07:17 AM PST

In Conway's Game of life, is there a seed that doesn't end in a periodically repeating cycle of states?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 05:22 AM PST

Many starting combinations in Game of life end in still life that repeats after a few cycles. Is there a starting position that results in a endless chaos that perpetuates itself?

I guess this question makes sense only in Game of life variant with unlimited space because on a finite number of cells there is a finite number of combinations.

Also there is one obvious answer to my question - the glider gun (or similar pattern). They technically produce unique gamestate every stop but they are not 'chaotic' - I don't know how to define it precisely but they are also periodic in priciple.

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Does the weight increase on a swimming pool structure when the quantity of swimmers increases?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 08:36 AM PST

What effect does a spinning object have on space time, if any?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 06:36 PM PST

A stationary object curves spacetime, but does the presence of angular momentum gage any effect on that curvature?

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Is it possible to identify the food someone ate through their stool?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 08:14 PM PST

Does the phone company change sound frequencies or just use audio filters to get down to 300Hz-3.4kHz?

Posted: 09 Nov 2017 05:58 AM PST

They only transmit that narrow band - do they change some of the frequencies of sound, or just use filters to limit what gets through? Thanks.

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Does the event horizon of a black hole begin at an arbitrary radius from the singularity? Or does it start at a radius of 0 and get bigger as the black hole begins to consume matter?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:04 PM PST

Why do fMRIs have to be specifically labeled as such, rather than just calling all of them MRIs?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:22 PM PST

As I understand it, fMRI stands for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Is there some fundamental difference between fMRIs and MRIs or is the f just redundant?

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How is my daily life affected by quantum mechanics? Is it?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 11:14 PM PST

Why is it that we can't calculate a zero of a function which degree is larger than 5?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 02:22 PM PST

Today my maths professor talked about how we can't(or that there are only few instances in which we can) calculate zeros of a function which degree is larger or equal to 5. He also said something about how Horner's method is just guessing zeros of a function. And that for calculating qubic zero of a function you would need to write a whole peace of paper to come to zeros of a function. I don't know if all of this makes sense, because he just said this like a btw betwen the class and didn't really elaborate on it any further.

submitted by /u/something__smart
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what technologies and inventions has made modern birth-giving deriving from pregnancy as safe & good as it is today?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 08:39 PM PST

what technologies and inventions has made modern birth-giving deriving from pregnancy as safe & good as it is today?

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Why aren't we using hydrogen instead of fossil fuels?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 01:04 PM PST

It's my understanding that hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis using sea water. Why aren't we using solar panels, wind, whatever green energy is available to start mass producing hydrogen?

It just seems to me that hydrogen is the best energy storage system out there. Clean and green. I understand there are some hurdles, such as transportation requires putting it under pressure, but we do that with natural gas anyway... doesn't seem like a deal-breaker.

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Could you make Helium-3 with Uranium-235 fission?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 09:39 PM PST

Note: I am not sure if this should go under the Physics or Chemistry flair, so feel free to correct me.

Fission using Uranium produces loose neutrons which speed away fast enough to embed themselves into other Uranium atoms, starting the reaction again. In theory, could this process be used with He-2 to make He-3?

Say a reactor was built and the fuel was a careful mix of U-235 and He-2. This system should create He-3 as the loose neutrons from the Uranium attach to the Helium. Or is this not possible? Would the loose neutrons simply not want to attach to the Helium atoms?

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Are there any freshwater animals that can use echolocation/produce "clicks" in the way that cetaceans can?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 07:25 PM PST

I'm investigating some audio recordings from Lake Champlain.

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Is our DNA a 50/50 split of our parents?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 06:39 PM PST

So I just saw a commercial for that 23 and Me and it was showing a thanksgiving dinner and as people were showing up, it showed what percentage of DNA they share with the grandpa who was hosting the dinner.

My question is, do we share an equal fifty/fifty split of DNA with our parents?

Follow up question to that, if twins are born and one is female and one is male, will the male share more DNA with the father while the female shares more with the mother? Or does gender not make a difference in percentage of DNA shared with each individual parent?

Thanks in advance!

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If the Newton Laws were never used again, can Physics do the same calculations using other theories, like relativity, for example?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 03:46 PM PST

Is it possible for a moon to have things orbiting it?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 06:32 PM PST

What's the point of using liquid methane instead of liquid hydrogen in rocket boosters?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:01 PM PST

We toss and turn in our sleep. Why don't we fall out of bed (more often)?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:37 AM PST

Wednesday, November 8, 2017

If someone was to cover their eyes for a year straight without seeing any light, would it just be really bright when they take it off then slowly adjust back to normal or would it have a permanent affect on the persons vision?

If someone was to cover their eyes for a year straight without seeing any light, would it just be really bright when they take it off then slowly adjust back to normal or would it have a permanent affect on the persons vision?


If someone was to cover their eyes for a year straight without seeing any light, would it just be really bright when they take it off then slowly adjust back to normal or would it have a permanent affect on the persons vision?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 10:49 AM PST

Edit: Well I'm pretty satisfied with all the answers as they seem to come to similar conclusions. Thanks!

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Could a generated magnetic field protect a spacecraft and astronauts from charged particles and em radiation?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 04:42 AM PST

From my understanding, solar wind and cosmic rays are bombarding Earth constantly and are being deflected in part by the atmosphere and partially by Earth's magnetic field. Can this sort of shielding be replicated and how much energy would be required to produce a magnetic field capable of radiation shielding.

submitted by /u/KillbotVI
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What is happening at the quantum level during the formation of a Neutron Star? Specifically how does a Proton and an Electron combine to form a Neutron? I would have thought that a Neutron would have a different mass (energy?) than a Proton + Electron?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 05:23 AM PST

People always say that subatomic particles are just excitations of a field. But won't those excitations eventually lose their energy and disappear?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 12:29 AM PST

I understand that people think that all our subatomic particles come from fields such as the electron field. They also say they are just excitations of the field but wouldn't that mean that after a period of time they lose their energy and fade back into their field? If so then how come we have never seen something like this happen? Also about the fields in general, where are the fields? How have we postulated that they are there? Are they higher dimensions? When were they created? Where do they get their energy to get excited and create these particles? Sorry about all the questions! Thanks so much in advance for the answers you may have :)

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Do we know why the speed of light is what it is, or just that it must be what it is?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 04:18 PM PST

I spent the day trying to find a nice answer to the why, which lead me on a nice journey into zero-point energy and the possibility that quantum vacuum might be the origin of the speed of light, but didn't really get a nice answer.

submitted by /u/Rodbourn
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What determines how electrons return to the ground state after they are excited?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 06:15 PM PST

If all excited electrons must return to the ground state, then what determines if they do this in one continuous drop or several discrete ones? Using hydrogen at as the example, what determines whether an electron at, say, n=6 returns to n=1 as part of the Lyman series, or to n=2, exiting visible light, and then separately n=1, releasing ultraviolet light.

submitted by /u/PantheonYan
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What is the point of building a particle accelerator?

Posted: 08 Nov 2017 04:38 AM PST

Does cold water extinguish fire more effectively than hot water?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 12:54 PM PST

What makes Cancer so difficult to find a cure for? How far have we gotten and how far have we yet to go to find one?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 01:31 PM PST

In the spirit of No-Shave-November, I want to become more aware of the science behind why cancer is so difficult to find a solution for and where we have gotten in the past few years. Each day, 22,000 people die from cancer worldwide and I think its absolutely terrible and hope we get a cure soon.

submitted by /u/Wilc0x21
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Why is the Higgs needed for atoms and stars to exist?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 11:56 AM PST

I read "This symmetry breaking is required for atoms and other structures to form, as well as for nuclear reactions in stars, such as our Sun." on the Higgs wiki page.

From what I understand the Higgs is the reason that Electromagnetism and the Weak force are two separate forces rather than one Electroweak force.

And atoms can't form and combine together into stars while the Electroweak force is around.

What about the Electroweak force is stopping atoms?

I can't really find any details on what the Electroweak force is like.

All I can find is that it has 4 version of the photon called W+, W0, W-, & B.

Since they're all massless is the Electroweak force just like Electromagnetism?

I also found this hypothetical, that says atoms and star could still exist if there was no Weak force.

So is the Higgs like a necessary shackle on the Weak that allows us to exist?

submitted by /u/googolplexbyte
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How does a strep test work? And how can it be accurate in such a short amount of time?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 10:51 AM PST

Were the Pyrenees Mountains in Iberia formed by shallow-angle subduction of the European plate?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 11:18 AM PST

I learned that the Rocky Mountains in the United States were formed during the Laramide Orogeny when the Kula Plate was subducted at a shallow angle under the North American plate.

Could the same phenomenon (shallow-angle subduction) have resulted in the formation of the Pyrenees?

submitted by /u/Articulate_Pineapple
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What happens if you take a deciduous tree before autumn from the northern hemisphere to the southern hemisphere?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 10:31 AM PST

Is there a chemical with a triple point at room temperature and 1 atm? If so, what is it? If not, why doesn't it exist?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 07:43 AM PST

What happens if an object falls in a homogeneous gravity field with the center of gravity infinitely far away? Does it stop accelerating, or does the velocity increase past c?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 08:00 AM PST

Why does my nose get runny when exposed to cold weather?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 08:32 AM PST

How is body heat generated?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 10:13 AM PST

Does an appendage like a foot or something like the brain produce any body heat or is it all transferred by blood circulation?

submitted by /u/_whatisthat_
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What determines whether an element is a gas, regardless of atomic weight?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 08:27 AM PST

Lithium, Beryllium, Carbon, and Boron are all solid (under 'normal' conditions), and yet Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine, as well as all subsequent noble gasses, are gasses, despite having a heavier atomic weight. What about them makes them gasses under average conditions?

submitted by /u/Kiwispam84
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Tuesday, November 7, 2017

Are gravitational waves able to "double-up" in the same manner water waves can? Are there points in space that can experience huge spikes in distortion due to well-timed black hole mergers?

Are gravitational waves able to "double-up" in the same manner water waves can? Are there points in space that can experience huge spikes in distortion due to well-timed black hole mergers?


Are gravitational waves able to "double-up" in the same manner water waves can? Are there points in space that can experience huge spikes in distortion due to well-timed black hole mergers?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 08:47 PM PST

I know they're pretty uneventful as far as real-world effect, but could a few well-timed mergers have an amplification effect on gravitational distortion in a given area?

submitted by /u/Szechwan
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Does a particle have an antiparticle only if it is charged?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 06:12 AM PST

Does a particle have an antiparticle only if it is charged?

Are the W and W- bosons a particle-antiparticle pair of the same field, or are there two fields?

Why do we talk about antineutrino if the neutrino has no charge?

Or is it the fermions that have an antiparticle, but in this case why the boson W has its own antiparticle?

submitted by /u/monsieurY
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On small, super isolated islands, how does wildlife exist?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 08:36 PM PST

I imagine small islands, like less than a square mile, can't support significant wildlife just due to space, resources, etc. But, if there are plants on the island, there would have to be some sort of insect, right?

But can there be any major species (lizards, birds, rodents, etc) without the resources to sustain them? And if it is super isolated, would birds even live there?

How can there be life on an island so far removed? Even if there are just very simple insects, how did they get there??? I need answers

submitted by /u/justbyhappenstance
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How does centimeter accurate GPS work, and how does it differ from what we've had for the past decade?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 04:16 PM PST

I know we've had super expensive centimeter accurate GPS for a while, for farming and construction and whatnot, but that costs thousands for equipment and subscription. They're starting to put it in phones and autonomous vehicles now. How does it work and who's developing it?

submitted by /u/DavianExpressed
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Do insects have pain receptors?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 07:14 PM PST

[Neuroscience]A recent paper showed weak correlations between hemodynamic signals and neural activity during resting state. Does this mean all the work on the default mode network is invalidated?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 06:13 AM PST

Sorry for the long title, but I felt the context was needed. A recent paper by Winder et al. in Nature Neuroscience showed that ongoing neural activity and hemodynamic signals are weakly correlated during resting state in mouse, and that the origin of the hemodynamic signal may not have anything to do with the neural activity.

Because the work on the default mode network in humans is mostly based on fMRI studies, does this mean that many, if not most, of this findings are not relevant anymore? Or am I just overinterpreting the situation? If I am, what does this study imply for the future research on the DMN?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Akabana01
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What does "confidence" most likely represent in terms of the activation of neurological components?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 05:44 AM PST

Does a superconductor effect non-magnetized ferromagnetic metal?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 03:43 AM PST

So say I have a High Temperature Superconductor cooled down with liquid nitrogen and placed a small piece of unmagnetized iron on top like the floating magnet experiment. Does the iron float? is it attracted to the superconductor? Does it become magnetized? Is there no effect?

submitted by /u/WantDiscussion
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Why hasn't the Asteroid belt been pulled into Jupiter by its gravitational orbit and destroyed?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 04:22 PM PST

What is the biological process functioning behind refining a motor skill such as throwing accuracy? Could it be enhanced artificially?

Posted: 07 Nov 2017 02:37 AM PST

I've been playing basketball recently, and my increasing accuracy made me wonder how it takes place in the brain. Is there some kind of feedback process which rewards your shots getting closer to the hoop (like dopamine released due to satisfaction), thus increasing its likelihood?

If so, is it theoretically possible to artificially enhance the process? If it's a result of pleasure guiding the unconscious processes of throwing with increasing accuracy, for example, could small external rewards for accuracy (eg, a hit of nicotine or some sugar) increase the speed of improvement?

I understand that with basketball, a large part of increasing accuracy is the conscious aspects of improving your form and cementing that into automaticity. But I'm more interested in the unconscious workings. Say it was with a tennis ball instead, where you are not consciously changing your form but still getting more accurate over time - what's behind these unconscious improvements?

Hope this all makes sense.

submitted by /u/Olympiano
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Why can't we land a probe on this supposed "alien asteroid" that has visited us from outside the solar system? Couldn't we use it to freeload, virtually fuel-free, to the outer reaches of our solar system? And beyond?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 01:30 PM PST

Let me add some context. One of SciShow Space's (from YouTube) recent videos was how an asteroid from outside our solar system has been flung away from its native solar system and has found its way into our own... for the time being.

Why can't we (carefully) land a probe on it to freeload on it to the outer reaches of our solar system and beyond?

Yes, I'm aware doing it would be extremely difficult, given its size and the theoretical planning that would be involved. But would it be theoretically possible to do it? And would we learn anything from being on it?

Thanks, r/askscience!

submitted by /u/Calif0rnia_Soul
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Are the exoskeletons of insects antimicrobial, or do bacteria form colonies upon them much like they do on skin?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 01:28 PM PST

If so, are species of bacteria known to be common between our skin and exoskeletons?

submitted by /u/GandhiTriesReddit
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Variable S in Laplace Transforms?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 12:52 PM PST

What exactly is the 's' variable when using Laplace Transformations? My math professor said it was just a complex variable or frequency, but what does that mean? How come it is used to transform a function in terms of time?

submitted by /u/EA721
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How do we create entangled particles?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 06:53 PM PST

I understand the concept, but how can this be achieved physically? And even if we do create them, how can we even measure them?

As a secondary question, how is being applied in the development of quantum computing (e.g. entangled qubits?)

submitted by /u/ryaichu
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How can operating system tell free memory from used memory ?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 10:07 AM PST

How can an operating system tell a free byte from a used byte in memory ? Even if a byte contain 0 it doesn't necessarily mean it isn't used.

submitted by /u/noiseuli
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If neurons don't undergo cell division, what causes a brain tumor?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 11:30 AM PST

How realistic are sci-fi planets that are almost entirely one biome?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 03:09 PM PST

Like how Star Wars has some planets that are just deserts, or just snow and ice, or just oceans, etc. I can kinda see how desert and snowy planets might exist (how far the planet is from their sun), but I'm curious as to how realistic they are.

submitted by /u/283leis
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How fast could a processor reboot a computer if it wasn't held back by other components?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 07:50 PM PST

As i understand it, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of a computer system is slowed down, or held back (Bottle necked) by the other components of the same system. (Hard Drives, RAM, cache, etc) How much faster would the computer be, if instead, the processor as it is currently, was the bottleneck to the rest of the system components?

submitted by /u/F1veStarGenera1
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Why does type II deionized water have less resistivity than type III deionized water?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 05:37 PM PST

http://puretecwater.com/deionized-water/laboratory-water-quality-standards

When ion concentrations for each type go I<II<III<IV, why is the trend for resistivity I>III>II>IV?

submitted by /u/FirstFromTheSun
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How is an adult able to donate body parts to a child?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 02:41 PM PST

Saw a thing on facebook other day about how a father donated a kidney to his infant son. How is that physically possible?

submitted by /u/Stickaplex
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Have Tectonic plates slowed down over time?

Posted: 06 Nov 2017 03:08 PM PST

Given all the friction that tectonic plates undergo when they hit each other, I'd imagine that they must slow down a lot over time. Did continents once drift much faster than they do now, or is the earth still relatively "young" and dynamic?

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