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Monday, October 16, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: European Southern Observatory announcement concerning groundbreaking observations.

AskScience AMA Series: European Southern Observatory announcement concerning groundbreaking observations.


AskScience AMA Series: European Southern Observatory announcement concerning groundbreaking observations.

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:00 PM PDT

ESO announces observations of an astronomical phenomenon that has never been witnessed before. The session will take place after ESO's press conference on 16 October 2017 at 16:00 CEST (10 AM ET), which can be watched live at www.eso.org/live.


Summary

ESO's fleet of telescopes in Chile have detected the first visible counterpart to a gravitational wave source. These historic observations suggest that this unique object is the result of the merger of two neutron stars. The cataclysmic aftermaths of this kind of merger — long-predicted events called kilonovae — disperse heavy elements such as gold and platinum throughout the Universe. This discovery, published in several papers in the journal Nature and elsewhere, also provides the strongest evidence yet that short-duration gamma-ray bursts are caused by mergers of neutron stars.

Besides the science, the collaborative global effort to make this discovery possible was also very interesting. On 17 August 2017 a gravitational wave event was detected. About two seconds later, two space observatories detected a short gamma-ray burst from the same area of the sky. As night fell in Chile ESO's telescopes as well as many others, peered at this patch of sky, pinpointing the source in visible and infrared light. Observations continued as night arrived in Hawaii, as well as for weeks after around the globe.

Details on the discovery can be read here: https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1733/

Guests:

  • Stephen Smartt, Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the Queen's University Belfast. He can take questions on the electromagnetic event, kilonova, r-process, chemical enrichment, heavy elements, telescopes and surveys, finding kilonovae.
  • Joe Lyman, Post-doctoral researcher at the University of Warwick. He can take questions on the host galaxy and environment of the kilonova, as well as the observations done at ESO's La Silla Observatory.
  • Marina Rejkuba, Associate Astronomer at the European Southern Observatory and head of ESO's User Support Department. She can take questions on ESO, telescopes, instruments, and generally the observations carried out for this event.
  • Andrew Levan, Professor of Physics at the University of Warwick. He can take questions on neutron star mergers and electromagnetic follow-up from gamma-ray to radio, observations from the facilities of the European Southern Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescope.
  • Prof. Paolo A. Mazzali, Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University and Max-Planck Institute for Astrophysics. He can take questions on the merger event, its origin, its ejecta, and interpretation of the ESO spectra.
  • Avneet Singh, Doctoral researcher, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut). He can answer questions on sources and searches for gravitational waves, general relativity, cosmology and physics of extreme matter.
  • Alex Nitz, Postdoctoral researcher, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Albert-Einstein-Institute. He can answer questions on the design of gravitational-wave instruments, the theory behind gravitational waves, gravitational waves from compact binary mergers, how we find signals, and measure their astrophysical parameters.

We have been involved in this discovery, either operating ESO's telescopes when the event happened or analysing the data received and drawing the conclusions. We'll be on starting at 18:30 CEST/12:30 ET. AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How do we know the measurement of subatomic particles from each other? I've heard the analogy of the nucleus of an atom being the size of a football or a grape then the electrons would be so many kilometers away, specifically I want to know how we came to figure these relative distances.

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 04:33 PM PDT

Why aren't there nuclear powered cruise ships and shipping vessels?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 11:56 AM PDT

The largest vehicles in the world emit the most pollution. A cruise ship is equal to a million cars a day. The cargo ships and oil tankers are already a threat to the environment just by their cargo let alone their pollution. Large ships, capable of hauling oil rigs or multiple cargo ships, are an order of magnitude worse.

Why not use nuclear power and electric?

submitted by /u/sheepsleepdeep
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How fast would an indestructable 50c euro coin have to go to destroy earth on impact?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 02:45 PM PDT

If it is at all possible. Wikipedia for coin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_cent_euro_coin

submitted by /u/DMCofSourcefed
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Do the ocean/lakes/rivers provide extra protection to creatures living underwater from UV radiation from the sun? (Besides just the ozone layer for land creatures)

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:03 PM PDT

If our sun was to go supernova, what would kill us first?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 11:02 AM PDT

I know our sun is too small, but the thought of it happening raises thoughts. I once read that the light from a supernova would be so bright it would be like the Hiroshima bomb detonating against our eyeball, but would that be enough to kill us all before the rest of the exploding star reached us?

submitted by /u/TheMavic
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Would the supposed "floor tile energy generators" actually work?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 02:16 PM PDT

This is what I'm talking about: http://www.pavegen.com/about

submitted by /u/Flareblood
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How do scientists believe that Phobos and Deimos are captured asteroids from the belt? How does this happen?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 12:20 PM PDT

It's not that I don't believe it, it's that I'm not quite sure how it's possible. I was reading an article that stated scientists believe that Mars' two moons are captured asteroids from the belt. How does a planet just capture an asteroid? If this was possible, wouldn't all the asteroids that come near Earth be moons if this was a thing?

Perhaps I'm in the wrong subreddit. Maybe it should be in /r/explainlikeimfive but I suppose it's still relevant here.

Edit: How can they rule out the fact that something could have hit Mars, something big, and caused chunks of it to go into space (similar to Earth's Moon forming theory).

submitted by /u/Aaronpierce1
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Electrodeposition deposition of iron from iron oxide for mars mission?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 11:11 PM PDT

Ok, so out of curiosity i have been trying to figure out how a martian colony could operate without continuous support from earth which would cost trillions. A significant problem i have encountered is the lack of carboneous material to smelt ore with. Can any other method like galvanic processes be used to make metal out of ore? Would it be practical? What chemicals would need to be producable by the martian colony to make it feasible?

submitted by /u/RavingElephant
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would a flag on a flying spaceship flap or would it stay in the same position?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 12:10 PM PDT

sorry for the badly worded question, but I'm half cut and will forget my question by the morning :)

submitted by /u/DrPuffinStuff
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If my iPhone is connected to a Bluetooth speaker, does the volume level on the iPhone impact the amount of power being consumed by the iPhone?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 01:52 PM PDT

Would The Fires In California Go Out By Themselves?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 04:30 PM PDT

If there weren't any firefighters there, would the fires in California eventually go out by themselves? I know that they would eventually consume all the fuel they had and go out because of that, but would they reach that level and consume the forests of California first? Or would something else naturally stop them?

submitted by /u/IWillEatYourChildren
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Why do we believe Electrons are magnetic dipoles?

Posted: 16 Oct 2017 12:04 AM PDT

From what I've read over the years, it seems like a lot of the really random parts of quantum mechanics that don't just come down to wave mechanics revolve around the idea that electrons and other charged particles are dipoles that only ever point directly at whatever they're interacting with.

My question is, how do we know that's the case? Wouldn't it work exactly the same if they were just magnetic monopoles with opposite signs?

submitted by /u/chunkylubber54
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In rocketry, why are grid fins more aerodynamic than traditional fins at supersonic speeds?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 12:50 PM PDT

I've read the length required from a traditional fin to attain the same control as a grid fin causes more drag than the grid fin.

This seems counter intuitive because grid fins have larger frontal areas.

submitted by /u/staytrue1985
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What's the shape and plane of the Magallenic Clouds's orbit of the Milky Way? Where are they, in relation to Earth?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 12:43 PM PDT

Is there an advantageous reason to preheating an oven before cooking something? Does the food cook differently entering at a higher temperature rather than raising with the oven?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 04:59 PM PDT

What allows humans to control gravity in an enclosed area?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:58 AM PDT

I saw the video of Stephen Hawking on zero gravity. What do they have to do to make the conditions right for zero gravity?

submitted by /u/cocidlc
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What determines whether a white dwarf ignites a classical nova, or a type IA supernova after it has accumulated enough mass?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 12:07 PM PDT

I even heard the same white dwarf can go a classical nova (a few times) before eventually going supernova. My common sense says one would prevent the other from happening. Why not?

submitted by /u/empire314
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Does agitating a fluid increase its temperature?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 04:56 PM PDT

I understand temperature as the average motion of the atoms in an object, so does agitating a fluid increase the total motion and therefore the temperature?

submitted by /u/Gfd_Rewq
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How does a tsunami affect a small island or atoll in the middle of an ocean?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 04:48 PM PDT

If I was on a small atoll or island in the middle of an ocean, and a tsunami was headed my way, would the wave stay small or would the wave become the size they are when they hit mainland?

submitted by /u/Zedloaf
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How do flies keep up with a moving vehicle inside?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 08:33 PM PDT

Okay before I start this, I wanna point out that I'm absolutely terrible at explaining things and I'm currently running on 1.5 hours sleep, also mixed with the fact I failed year 11 physics, so bear with me.

Due to inertia, we need to stay seated while in a vehicle. For example, I'm on a bus and I need to sit down and "attach" myself to the bus so that I move with the bus. However, flies, well... Fly. They don't sit. So they're just in a big room of air. Much like if you had a dangling light hanging from the ceiling of a bus for example, if you're sitting at a set of lights and then speed up, the lights will go backwards towards the back of the bus because they're still trying to rest at 0km/h.

So my question is, if a bus is travelling at say 40km/h, does a fly need to be flying at 40km/h to keep up? If not, why?

submitted by /u/Sheepzor
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How would a mission to Planet Nine work?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:09 PM PDT

Assuming for a moment that Planet Nine exists, and is more or less like experts predict (~10 Earth masses, orbital period of ~15,000 years), do we currently have the technology to land a probe on it? What would the mission look like? What's the most exciting thing we could learn?

submitted by /u/5tring
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Can the coefficient of kinetic friction be greater than 1 or less than 0?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:02 PM PDT

Sunday, October 15, 2017

Why is it that when you turn on a fluorescent light, it flickers before becoming a stable light source?

Why is it that when you turn on a fluorescent light, it flickers before becoming a stable light source?


Why is it that when you turn on a fluorescent light, it flickers before becoming a stable light source?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 09:01 PM PDT

Nuclear power plants, how long could they run by themselves after an epidemic that cripples humanity?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:42 AM PDT

We always see these apocalypse shows where the small groups of survivors are trying to carve out a little piece of the earth to survive on, but what about those nuclear power plants that are now without their maintenance crews? How long could they last without people manning them?

submitted by /u/Marius423
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Why is plasma considered the fourth state of matter when it is just gas that has been ionised?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:31 AM PDT

I mean, what makes it a different type of matter from gas. Also, is plasma the same thing that you get when you atomise an element and then make it undergo either electron affinities or removal of electrons?

submitted by /u/CarbonoAtom
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How is our liver able to regenerate itself, when our other organs cannot?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 07:33 PM PDT

Like a Faraday cage for electricity, can we build something for magnetism? If not, why?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:39 AM PDT

Idea is to prevent a magnetic field from affecting an object when placed inside this "magnetic cage".

submitted by /u/SingsWithDucks
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[Biology] In molecular biology, is there an alternative way of separating DNA fragments other than gel electrophoresis?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:24 AM PDT

Cloning DNA in plasmids would be much faster if we didn´t have to use this archaic technology.

IMHO, gel electrophoresis, western blots, manual hemocytometer cell counts (and other archaic lab techniques) only survive in the lab because of the high amount of cheap labor (postdocs) available ....but that´s another discussion....

submitted by /u/Jatobaspix
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Cause of matter's solid nature - Coulomb force or degeneracy pressure?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:18 AM PDT

I was taught in undergrad that it is the coulomb force that gives matter its solid nature. When you bring macroscopic objects with mass real close together charges repel each other. Charges repelling each other are what happen when we "touch" objects together.

But I have seen some claim that it is in fact degeneracy pressure that causes mass to be solid. (I have seen it cited on wikipedia, but can't find it now.) I guess this implies there simply isn't any quantum state that allows the two objects to interleave with each other. The exclusion principle excludes this.

I'm confused by this claim because I know that degenerate matter is a "thing", that is - it is distinguished from normal matter.

So my first question is in the post title - The solid nature of matter. Does that come from coulomb force or degeneracy?

My follow up question - It seems like it may be degeneracy. In this case what distinguishes degenerate matter from regular matter?

submitted by /u/Semiresistor
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How far back, and to what degree of accuracy, can models of the continents of the earth be run?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 07:00 AM PDT

How far back could we 'run the reel' so to speak on how the continents were arranged and what the Earth's surface would have looked like? Are there any events that could take place(naturally) that could effect our predictions, for example a massive natural disaster that altered to course or changed the direction a tectonic plate was moving.

submitted by /u/BlueDreamWidow
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When I’m underwater wearing my swimming goggles, they improve my eyesight as if they were glasses. They don’t do this when I’m above water. Why does this happen?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 10:43 AM PDT

I am nearsighted, so when I take my glasses off and put on my swimming goggles above water the world, predictably, becomes blurry. But under the water the goggles act almost like my glasses, and I'm curious why they do this.

I think it has something to do with the refractive index of water/the goggles but I'm not really sure. Thanks!

submitted by /u/XenlaMM9
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Why can we not hear what our actual voice sounds like?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 03:35 PM PDT

How does frozen food ever go bad?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 06:08 PM PDT

What happened to make LEDs so cheap recently?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 08:49 PM PDT

Was there a particular advancement?

submitted by /u/hdfvbjyd
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If humans can harvest the tides for energy, and tides created from the gravitational push and pull of the moon, but gravity is not inherently energy, then where does the extra energy come from?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 12:49 PM PDT

In other words, how is kinetic energy created from the gravitational interactions of two objects? Is this not where the energy is actually coming from? Article for reference

submitted by /u/JaxisBack
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How are old nukes disposed of?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 07:50 PM PDT

If temperature is a measurement of the vibration of molecules, then how does the vacuum of space have a temperature?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 10:57 AM PDT

Is it logically possible for humans not to have had a mitochondrial Eve?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 02:28 PM PDT

Is a mitochondrial eve a logical necessity for humans given how mitochondria work in the context of human (or mamalial?) (or any) evolution?

submitted by /u/I_love_swiss_cheese
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As photons have momentum, is light from the sun slowly pushing all the planets away?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 12:31 PM PDT

How is heavy water (deuterium oxide) used when making a nuclear weapon and why ?

Posted: 15 Oct 2017 12:46 AM PDT

Why does encrypting data take much longer than decrypting, if they're both inverse functions of each other?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 06:19 PM PDT

For example, it took me around 10-11 hours to fully encrypt my 1TB drive, but it only takes milliseconds to access that data once the password is provided.

submitted by /u/krabbypattycar
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Why colonize Mars before the Moon?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 08:22 PM PDT

Just a few thoughts I have had for a while. I've been watching and reading a lot of content on human colonization and the majority of the time it focuses on Mars. Even in the news nowadays it all talks about Mars colonization but what about the Moon?

I am no where near a specialist in this field at all but this is what I think. The Moon is closer to the Earth than any other celestial body, it has microgravity, very very very thin atmosphere.

To me it would just make more sense to colonize the moon first. Or at least have some type of port to make bigger ships since it will be easier due to the microgravity. Again it's closer to proximity to the Earth so we can shuttle the needed resources back and forth, not to mention we can actually test our capabilities to colonize another body before we put all chips into such a far target.

I understand Mars is the target of many peoples dreams but it just seems safer to do it one step at a time. Again I know humans are explorers, risk takers and the bunch but the Moon first just seems as a better step forward in terms of colonization.

Just a few thoughts here, I'd like to hear other thoughts on the subject.

submitted by /u/Marz_Tech
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Why does a little salt make ice in a cooler lower its temperature and even refreeze slightly, rather than just melt?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 11:36 AM PDT

Learned this trick from a cook when our fridge died. We filled tubs with ice and sprinkled some salt on the top.

Not only did the ambient temperature of the inside of the fridge drop, but there was even ice reforming at the top, despite salt lowering the freezing point.

He tried to explain, but I was hoping for a more succinct and eloquent explanation. He said it had something to do with the salt being a heat sink.

submitted by /u/Djinnwrath
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[Physics] Do I gain mass when i am higher up?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 11:36 AM PDT

I of course remember learning that you gain potential energy as you rise in the air, equivalent to E=mgh. But since E=mc2, would you gain the slightest bit of mass by at the same time? Follow up question if yes, how would that mass be stored? Is it just stored as energy?

submitted by /u/reeper147
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Saturday, October 14, 2017

Is there an optimal angle when dragging an object across the ground?

Is there an optimal angle when dragging an object across the ground?


Is there an optimal angle when dragging an object across the ground?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 11:48 AM PDT

I watched an oxen pull competition last weekend and a conversation surrounding efficiency came up. The oxen (less than 2900lbs) were dragging a 1000lbs (steel) sled with 6000lbs of weight added to it across dirt. The rope connecting the two was somewhere between a 30-45 degrees incline. What is the most efficient way to drag this sled? A rope with no incline or is the upward force to reduce frictional force more efficient?

submitted by /u/mmiels
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How is quantum tunneling limited by speed of light?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 01:36 AM PDT

My understanding is that a particle "exists" in the entire universe at varying probabilities, and can be measured at literally any point.

Instead of a very short distance, let's say a particle is going to tunnel one light second away. Does it take one second? Does it happen instantly? Is there really a frame of reference that shows it arriving before it's left?

submitted by /u/Daegs
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Over time do nuclear warheads become less powerful?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 06:08 AM PDT

Can sound pass through the star when a supernova explodes?

Posted: 14 Oct 2017 04:50 AM PDT

Sound needs a medium, so there's no sound in space. However, I was wondering if sound could pass through the immensely dense star while it explodes.

submitted by /u/EatPussayNow69
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How does a species evolve to have a different number of chromosomes? Wouldn't the first individual with that mutation be unable to mate with any other individuals, and so the mutation would instantly die off?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 05:57 PM PDT

Did the Great Wall of China affect the environment around it when it was built?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 01:47 PM PDT

Could the large hadron collider accelerate a Bucky ball?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 07:54 AM PDT

How does a group, such as NASA, even begin to set a rocket in the right direction?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 03:35 PM PDT

It never ceases to astonish me how rockets, being so small relative to planets, can be targeted with almost dead accuracy in space to reach places like Pluto. How would anyone (or anything) even begin to calculate where the rocket needs to go or what it needs to do to get to its destination?

submitted by /u/NJDaeger
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Is there less oxygen in the atmosphere during the winter when there are no leaves on the trees?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 01:28 PM PDT

what happens if two inbred people from different families have kids?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 06:08 PM PDT

Does the small intestine stay stagnant in one position or do the tubes move around freely?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 02:40 PM PDT

This question comes from something I saw on the television show House. During a surgery, House is checking a patient's intestines for granulomas and during the process he seemed to be moving the small intestine around a lot. Would it have been important for the doctors to place the small intestines in a specific way or would they have fine as long as there were no kinks? Do the intestines move around much during physical activities?

submitted by /u/A3Easy8
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Was the first sonic boom a surprise?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 01:56 PM PDT

I'm having a weirdly hard time figuring out from google if the sonic boom from the first supersonic flight (Chuck Yeager in 1947) was expected or if it was a surprise and the physics explaining it came after.

submitted by /u/NightParade
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How is SF6, Sulphur Hexafluoride, possible as an atomic arrangement? How does it violate the octet rule?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 03:47 PM PDT

Sulphur only has two valence electrons to form bonds. Can anyone explain how a Sulphur Hexaflouride molecule is able to exist in a stable state?

submitted by /u/Zakshdw
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How are bats' organs adapted to sleeping upside down?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 08:46 AM PDT

I know why they sleep upside down and that tendons in their legs "cramp up" to make sure they hold on pretty tight. But how are their internal organs arranged? Doesn't blood flow to their brains like in humans turned upside down?

submitted by /u/Tame_Trex
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How is use of a Coulomb potential in solutions to the Schrödinger equation for single electron systems justified?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 01:20 PM PDT

Atoms / ions with a single electron such as Hydrogen are often given as the most complicated systems for which analytical solutions of the (electronic) Schrödinger equation have been determined.

In deriving these solutions, the potential energy is invariably (in my searching) given by the Coulomb potential with a defined nucleus - electron vector.

This raises a few questions for me.

How is this justified in the context of a theory in which neither particle can have an arbitrarily well-defined position?

How has the Coulomb interaction been shown to apply to quantum mechanical systems?

Thanks for any insight you can share!

submitted by /u/mundegaarde
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What's the highest decibel sound we could possibly create?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 06:01 PM PDT

Using current technology what would be the loudest sound we could muster? What would it take? Could we approach Krakatoa levels?

submitted by /u/CCGPV123
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If matter and antimatter annihilate in a vacuum, what form does the released energy take? Gamma? IR? X-rays?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 12:11 PM PDT

If I were standing on the surface of the moon, and shot a gun parallel to the ground, how fast would the bullet have to go so that it fully orbited the moon just above the ground level?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 08:11 AM PDT

And is the average velocity of a bullet from a standard rifle enough to do this?

submitted by /u/Waja_Wabit
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Why doesn't the blue light from the sky cast a blue shade on the ground?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 12:42 PM PDT

I can understand in locations under direct sunshine--the light from the sun overwhelms any light refracting from the sky. But in locations that have a view of the sky but not the sun, why doesn't the light cast a shade of blue on everything?

submitted by /u/TrumpImpeachedAugust
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If mathematical models of artificial neural networks are so effective, wouldn't creating physical models of neural networks be even more effective?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 07:38 AM PDT

Just wondering why this hasn't been done already?

submitted by /u/Perthie_Bertie
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