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Friday, October 13, 2017

How do we calculate numbers to an irrational exponent like x^pi?

How do we calculate numbers to an irrational exponent like x^pi?


How do we calculate numbers to an irrational exponent like x^pi?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 04:54 AM PDT

I always understood that am/n = a times a m number of times and then take the nth root

but for irrational exponents, we just have an infinite non-repeating decimal that doesn't fall into that form.
I was thinking maybe for something like pi, calculators just round off somewhere and make the number something like 314159/100000 but I wasn't sure if it would overload the calculator first or something.

submitted by /u/ilikebutteryfries
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What are the specific values volcanologists would use to conclude that a major volcancanic eruption could be imminent at Yellowstone with the next 10-20 years?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 07:10 PM PDT

Several news articles noted that yellowstone's 40mi wide caldera rose by 10 inches within the last seven years. These articles also noted that scientists believe conditions preceding an eruption could occur over as little as a few decades instead of over centuries as was previously thought. What are the expected values of gas emissions, seismic activities, deformation rates etc.. that would lead volcanologists to conclude that a major eruption of Yellowstone would be eminent within 10 to 20 years or less?

submitted by /u/imdabes
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Can a homogeneous mixture of two miscible liquids become non-homogeneous over time?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 04:29 AM PDT

I work in the chemistry laboratory of sanitizer/soap manufacturing facility. On occasion, we have noticed some weird results when testing samples from the top of a tank compared to a sample from the bottom of the tank.

Mainly we noticed this with a product that is primarily water and isopropanol. I know that water and IPA are miscible. Would the difference in testing of a top and bottom sample be a result of improper mixing or do the two liquids form a gradient concentration mixture throughout the tank after a certain period of time?

submitted by /u/lxBATESxl
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What exactly makes aged wine better?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 06:53 AM PDT

Could a helium balloon with a GoPro™ attached reach a high enough altitude to record the curvature of the earth?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 11:39 AM PDT

Understandably, maybe not a regular store bought balloon, but my real question here is; couldn't "flat-earth" be disproven on a shoestring-budget?

submitted by /u/n0tL3nny
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Why does the Second Law of Thermodynamics include both a statement on Entropy and the impossibility of a completely efficient heat engine?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 05:50 AM PDT

I'm having a hard time understanding how the two are related and why they are both grouped under the second law.

submitted by /u/miciah1_reddit
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What's the farthest a satellite can go into space and still send a reachable signal to earth?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 09:27 PM PDT

Edit: Learning that I meant to ask about space probes and not an orbiting satellite.

submitted by /u/fisherdude123
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Can I have an "electricity leak" similar to how I can have a water leak in my house that will drive up my electric bill?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 02:45 PM PDT

Would a very very cold bell sound the same as a very very hot bell?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 02:01 PM PDT

Imagine two identical bells.

One is dunked in liquid nitrogen to cool it down.

The other is heated until it's red hot. It's not melting.

Each bell is then struck with a clapper.

Would they sound the same?

submitted by /u/murgleburgle88
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How is it possible to cool helium past the lambda point?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 07:10 PM PDT

As the temperature of helium reaches the lambda point the specific heat approaches infinity.

Since your specific heat becomes so incredibly large, how is it possible to cool helium to below 2.17 degrees?

Additionally, since the specific heat tend to infinity, shouldn't helium at the lambda point (~2.17 K) have an near infinite specific heat, and thus have a static temperature independent of its energy?

submitted by /u/Vir_Maximus
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What is the different between Chaos and Randomness ?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 12:00 AM PDT

As far as I know, chaos can be predicted as the result is based on initial conditions, while random is impossible to know, all we can do to random is to calculate the chance of the outcomes.

Sorry for my English.

submitted by /u/SPR-MKO
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What caused the different branches of Proto-Indo European (PIE) to have different order in grammar (subject verb object etc.)?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 07:26 AM PDT

Does the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics extend to non-quantum phenomena?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 12:21 PM PDT

My understanding of this topic is very basic, but from what I can gather, everything (?) at a quantum level is described in a probabilistic sense rather than a deterministic one. Not because of measurement error, but for more fundamental reasons.

My question is this: does the uncertainty we observe in quantum mechanics manifest in any way in non-quantum phenomena? Are phenomena at a non-quantum level deterministic, as far as we can tell?

submitted by /u/Chicagodivemaster
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How is the "power" of dish soap measured? How can a company claim one of its products is "3 times as powerful" as another one?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 04:33 PM PDT

There will be a geomagnetic storm on Friday 13th?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 12:11 PM PDT

I'm reading in Spanish sites saying that there will be a geomagnetic storm on Friday 13th according to the russian site TASS, but there are no news in English

Is this a hoax?

submitted by /u/Yilku1
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Do aerosol droplets have the same concentration as the original bulk solution, irrespective of the droplet size?

Posted: 13 Oct 2017 12:37 AM PDT

Hello,

So, I think I have some guesses here, but I'm likely missing the correct search terms to feed google scholar.

When you're working with a spray, the easy assumption to make is that each drop is just a tiny sample of the bulk. If you have Xparts/L, that will just scale down to the micro or nano liter, is the hope. I trust that for the molecular level, but I'm working with something that has largish particles around the 10-30micron scale, and some sprays with a mean drop diameter around 100microns. There's a relation called Gibb's Isotherm that accounts for the "measured excess" at an interface in multi-component systems. That says, to me, one can expect you bulk to be somewhat inhomogenous. What does that mean for the drops one produces at an interface? Even just thinking of marangoni stresses, pinch off results in a radius of curvature one could expect to shuffle particles around.

Experimentally, the easy way to do this is probably stick beads into solution, spray on a glass slide measure drop size, evaporate, count particles. Has anyone done something like that? I cannot find it.

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Fizzix42
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Is there a condition that exists that would cause someone to perfectly understand English, but only be able to speak one word, like Hodor from GoT?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 09:30 AM PDT

Watching GoT (finally) has made me curious if this is actually something that could happen, or if it was just something made up for the story.

submitted by /u/vayperwayve
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Does There Exist A Series Smaller than the Harmonic Series that STILL Diverges?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 12:34 PM PDT

Is there such a thing, or is the Harmonic series the smallest series we know of that still diverges? I'm not exactly sure if I'm phrasing the question properly, in the sense that it may not be exactly clear what "a series smaller than the harmonic series" even means, right?

I mean, there's an argument to be made that the harmonic series is greater than the series:

1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2...

which clearly diverges, right? Because they can be re-written as:

1/2 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8...

1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/5 + 1/6 + 1/7 + 1/8...

But is there some way to describe how "large" a series is? Or how quickly it diverges? And if there is, is there a series that is "smaller", or diverges slower, but still diverges?

submitted by /u/garrettj100
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When we watch videos on YouTube do they get temporarily stored on the hard-disk or phone's storage or are they just stored in the RAM for some time ?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 11:36 AM PDT

How fast does Kinetic energy travel?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 10:50 AM PDT

To preface this question I wanted to say that I'm not sure if kinetic energy is the correct term.

As it stands, I'm under the impression that the speed of light is the fastest anything can travel. So in a completely hypothetical situation, if we were to build a tube(cylinder) that held a single file line of marbles (all being in direct contact) that stretched to the moon. How long would it take a marble on the receiving end to be pushed out of the tube when a marble on earth was pushed into the tube?

As a follow up, if there is a delay, how does this work?

submitted by /u/Koalchemy
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Thursday, October 12, 2017

Disregarding big leaks, what is the main mechanisms for tires to lose pressure over time? Is it the valve? Or does air permeate through the rubber?

Disregarding big leaks, what is the main mechanisms for tires to lose pressure over time? Is it the valve? Or does air permeate through the rubber?


Disregarding big leaks, what is the main mechanisms for tires to lose pressure over time? Is it the valve? Or does air permeate through the rubber?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 04:12 AM PDT

Is it possible to orbit a planet/star at its escape velocity?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 05:13 AM PDT

How do we know how big neutron stars are?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 05:14 AM PDT

I've heard they are around 20 km in diameter. But how on earth do we know this when they are so far away? Is it just a guess based on their mass?

submitted by /u/ten_mile_river
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If a photon doesn't have a an anti- counterpart because it is a boson, does that mean that a Helium-4 atom also don't have a anti- counterpart?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 04:04 AM PDT

In the newest episode of PBS Spacetime ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvgZqGxF3eo ) they called He-4 a boson because it has a total spin of 0.

Does that mean that it doesn't have a anti particle counterpart?

submitted by /u/SpantaX
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What do we know about the long-term risks of getting a flu shot every year?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 04:47 AM PDT

Upfront disclaimer: I'm not an anti-vaxxer crazy person. I received all my vaccines as a kid and adult, and believe kids should get vaccinated for life threatening illnesses.

That being said, what do we know about the long term risks of being vaccinated for the flu year after year?

The CDC website states that the flu vaccine is 100% safe. Is this really true? How do they know this? Has anyone studied the long term effects of being vaccinated every year? What about the effects of thiomersal?

And a few side questions: why does the CDC now recommend flu shots for everyone? It used to be recommended only for the elderly. Was it because of industry lobbying? Is the flu vaccine intended primarily to protect individuals, or is it only really effective when there's a critical mass of "herd immunity" in effect? How many people actually die of the flu every year? I personally don't know anyone who has died from the flu.

submitted by /u/Goosebaby
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Does a mass current have the same gravitational field than a static line of mass?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 12:24 AM PDT

In analogy to electromagnetism. A static line of charge creates a static electric field but a moving constant electrical current in the line creates a static magnetic field.

I know there are possible gravitomagnetic theories but I'm not suggesting this kind of solutions. I'm asking if there is a difference between the gravitational field of a line with constant linear mass and a line of constant speed moving masses, according to standard theories (classical or GR).

submitted by /u/MaoGo
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If I have an AC source with a current limiter, what is the minimum voltage required for current to pass through my body (hand to hand) and what current would be fatal?

Posted: 12 Oct 2017 03:25 AM PDT

Would corium from a nuclear reactor meltdown (for example, in Chernobyl) present Cherenkov radiation if submerged in water?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 11:24 PM PDT

Are electrons farther in atoms with more protons?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 06:19 PM PDT

Assuming that in a H atom there is 1 proton, the electron would be at "1" distance, close enough to gravitate around the proton but also not that close to fall into it.

If we add one more proton, shouldn't the distance of the electron be multiplied by a constant?

It couldn't just be at "1" distance... It would be attracted, right?

Is this important in order to understand elements?

submitted by /u/EmeraldTimer
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When you break/snap something, (i.e. String, a stick, a carrot) what is actually making the noise that we hear?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 08:04 AM PDT

How do firefighters determine the percentage of fire contained?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 03:49 PM PDT

Do planets reflect more or less light based on their composition?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 06:08 PM PDT

If (somehow) a planet were made by glass in the surface, wouldn't it reflect more light than a planet most made of some black material?

submitted by /u/EmeraldTimer
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What is dark matter, and how is it relevant to our understanding of the universe?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 03:49 PM PDT

How do different wind speeds affect wildfires?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 03:27 PM PDT

I was listening to NPR discussing the current wildfire situation in Napa, California and a recording clip mentioned how ~%20-%30 wind speed really bad for trying to contain the fire.

Would slower wind speed cause the flame to essentially stagnate and burn out? Would higher wind speeds be able to kill off a wild fire?

submitted by /u/hafuhafu
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Wednesday, October 11, 2017

Would discovering that the universe was actually infinite or finite change anything regarding our understanding of physics?

Would discovering that the universe was actually infinite or finite change anything regarding our understanding of physics?


Would discovering that the universe was actually infinite or finite change anything regarding our understanding of physics?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 05:26 PM PDT

Why rocket engine "exhaust pipe" is shaped like a bell rather than a nozzle?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 02:47 AM PDT

If you have a nozzle shape, the gass exiting will result in higher exhaust velocity, giving higher impulse. Then why they use bell - like form?

Edit: typo

submitted by /u/paulysch
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If hand sanitizer kills 99.99% of germs, then won't the surviving 0.01% make hand sanitizer resistant strains?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 07:00 AM PDT

Does the universe rotate?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 04:15 PM PDT

Is there anything physically unique about the visual part of the EM spectrum?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 06:51 AM PDT

My understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum is that everything from radio waves to gamma rays are just electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths.

Is there anything that makes the visual spectrum unique beyond just happening to be what our eyes evolved to see? I understand that some animals have the ability to see some ultraviolet light or have infrared detectors, but for the most part we all seem to see the same very narrow part of the spectrum.

Is there any reason we couldn't just as easily see only UV light or see entirely in the IR spectrum? Going further, is there a reason we don't see radio waves (the sun puts these out, right?) Is there something physically unique about that narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum?

submitted by /u/yellowboat
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If the CMB was released when it was cool enough for recombination to happen, how are different parts of CMB hotter than others?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 05:09 AM PDT

So I heard that the reason CMB is not perfectly smooth, is because when recombination happened, some places of the universe were sligthly denser, and therefore hotter.

Here is what I have trouble with understanding. The recombination supposedly happened when matter became cool enough for electrons to be "absorbed" by atomic nucleus. This should mean that no matter the density, recombination will always happen at a specific temperature. Therefore the released blackbody radiation (CMB) should always be of the same temperature. Therefore the CMB should be perfectly smooth.

If some places of the universe were hotter than others, the CMB should have just been released at a different time depending on location, but the temperature should be the same.

submitted by /u/empire314
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If space and time are relative, then doesn't the age of universe change depending on where you are?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 07:20 PM PDT

For example, time moves slower on the surface of a black hole, meaning black holes are actually younger in their time than our time. Doesn't this apply to the universe too?

submitted by /u/SyckTycket
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When and how did we learn that space is a vacuum?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 01:16 AM PDT

I'm guessing that before the era of spaceflight scientists already knew about this, and they knew how to construct spaceships so that poor Laika or Gagarin wouldn't die.

But when did we go from all of the ether story to actually knowing it's vacuum?

submitted by /u/crazyGauss42
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If just the amount of protons determine what kind of element an atom is, could we transform an element's atom into another by changing this amount? What are the problems and challanges in this?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 07:09 AM PDT

Can we add or remove protons to change an element atom into another? I guess neutrons and electrons will then be handy for stability. Isn't this what happens in fusion or fission? Can we smash Hydrogen and Helium together to make Lithium? I know some elements are artificially made, so why we don't play with this and turn Cobalt into Iron or Gold into Platinum or Iridium, ecc.? Stability it's tricky?

submitted by /u/SimoTRU7H
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Is there a limit to how many atoms there can be in a molecule?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 07:18 AM PDT

At the very edge of an event horizon do photons have a velocity of 0?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 05:34 AM PDT

At a location where if they were closer to singularity they would be pulled in and if they were any farther away they would escape.

submitted by /u/homestar_ssbm
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Can the Born probability rule be derived from the Shrodinger's Equation, or is it an additional postulate?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 07:14 AM PDT

If an asteroid passed through the 36,000km satellite oribtal plane, would it sweep through destroying satellites or is it likely to just pass through and not touch anything? How densely filled is this satellite region?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 02:59 PM PDT

This article got me thinking. If it was passing a bit closer to Earth, would it be putting lots of satellites at risk?

submitted by /u/blahehblah
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Which animals/things crossed the Bering Strait from North America to Asia millions of years ago?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 04:19 PM PDT

To clarify, It's known that humans crossed the Bering Strait from Asia to North America, but I never considered what animals came from NA to Asia. Any and all answers are appreciated :)

submitted by /u/55thebassman55
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What are Bose Einstein condensates?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 06:52 AM PDT

I vaguely heard something a bout this a while ago and asked my chem teacher, who said there was no 5th state of matter. Which cconfused me. What are they?

submitted by /u/oblivionsieg
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What burns during re-entry?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 07:26 PM PDT

I know that when something re-enters the atmosphere there is burning, but I want to know what is burning. In the case of a meteor, is the meteor burning or is the air around it burning and the heat is breaking apart the meteor, same question applies to shuttles and other space craft re-entry. If the air is burning then what in the air is burning? (Also is this a chemistry question?)

submitted by /u/ShatteredParagon
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What about vitamin C helps your immune system?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 06:53 PM PDT

There's vitamin supplements that are marketed to help you get better if you have a cold, but if your body is already fighting the bad stuff, how do we know if vitamin supplements are actually doing anything?

submitted by /u/woialla
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How do microwaves vibrate water molecules if microwave waves are so much larger?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 01:33 AM PDT

Bonus question, just how small, into ionising radiation does a wavelength have to be to start damaging cells, and how does it do it?

submitted by /u/nighttarga
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Why do all stars almost look the same size when they are so far away and apart?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 01:58 PM PDT

Follow up: Should not the suns ratio to the stars be diffrent?

submitted by /u/smokeyandthebear
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Would it be possible to use a neutrino stream to send communications through Earth?

Posted: 10 Oct 2017 05:37 PM PDT

Would there be any advantage to it or are any form of neutrino detector to bulky or expensive?

submitted by /u/mrpigpuncher
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When an ohm-meter shows a negative value, how was it determined?

Posted: 11 Oct 2017 12:20 AM PDT

I took some unexpected electrical measurements on the human body. I attached two metallic wrist straps to my arm, and clipped one lead of an ohm-meter to each strap. With dry wrist straps, I was expecting to get readings of around 1 MΩ. If I connected the meter one way, that's what I got. To my surprise, if I swapped the leads, the meter read around NEGATIVE 1 MΩ.

Obviously, a negative resistance is impossible. I switched the multimeter to a volt-meter setting, and I was able to see around 50 mV across the two straps. The human body has bioelectric potentials, and I had managed to connect to two points that had different potentials. Obviously a simple attempt to measure resistance will be meaningless in this situation.

I understand all that, but what I would like to understand is how the ohm-meter determined the negative value that it displayed. The classic Wheatstone bridge ohm-meter tries to zero the current flow across the bridge galvanometer, by adjusting a resistor. The lowest value that resistor can have is zero ohms, and if that still doesn't neutralize the current flow across the bridge... then what?

I suspect that the multimeter isn't using a Wheatstone bridge after all, but what might be used in its place, I don't know. I also don't know whether that "negative resistance" value is expected to be meaningful. I did notice that it was roughly -1.0 times what I got when I swapped the leads.

submitted by /u/aotus_trivirgatus
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