AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. John Nagy and I'm here to talk about Peto's Paradox and why larger mammals don't have higher cancer rates. Ask Me Anything!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. John Nagy and I'm here to talk about Peto's Paradox and why larger mammals don't have higher cancer rates. Ask Me Anything!
• Would an Argon-Oxygen atmosphere be breathable?
• Alpha and Beta rays can barely get through a sheet of paper, How much mass do you need to block gamma rays?
• Cassini was launched in 1997, how come the photos it send back are HD on par with 2017?
• What's the amplitude of a electromagnetic wave ?
• Can atoms give up electrons that are not in the outer layer?
• Is there a logical reason as to why both variance and standard deviation are used?
• What happens to the energy in a Mains to USB adaptor?
• On Earth like planets (water/rock) would supercontinents be the norm? Or would we see most planets with fractured continents like present day earth?
• Is it possible to touch solid light?
• How to read the table in chapter 7 of "How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog"?
• Are bananas more radioactive then other foods?
• Almost every structure we build contains cement, so when will we run out of the materials to make cement?
• Does a MRI affect the iron in the blood in anyway?
• Why is it that when you try to focus on 1 star it seems to slowly disappear, and when you focus your eyes just next to the star you see it sharply again?
• Could someone help fix my understanding of action potentials and the Na+/K+ pump?
• How does our body get rid of CO?
• How do geosynchronous satellites stay in one place?

AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. John Nagy and I'm here to talk about Peto's Paradox and why larger mammals don't have higher cancer rates. Ask Me Anything! Posted: 16 Sep 2017 07:22 AM PDT Hello Reddit! I'm a mathematical biologist (@jdnagy96) studying why larger mammals don't have higher cancer rates--like why aren't all blue whales dying of cancer? This is just one of the many questions about cancer that evolutionary theory helps illuminate. We also work on how evolution causes tumors to become malignant and resist treatment. I'll be around in the afternoon (ET), so AMA! submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

Would an Argon-Oxygen atmosphere be breathable? Posted: 16 Sep 2017 05:01 AM PDT Could humans breath an Argon-Oxygen atmosphere? For bonus points: what about a Neon-Oxygen atmosphere? submitted by /u/VirtualArmsDealer [link] [comments]

Alpha and Beta rays can barely get through a sheet of paper, How much mass do you need to block gamma rays? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 01:20 PM PDT submitted by /u/AnonCaptain002 [link] [comments]

Cassini was launched in 1997, how come the photos it send back are HD on par with 2017? Posted: 16 Sep 2017 12:28 AM PDT submitted by /u/DonutMerchant [link] [comments]

What's the amplitude of a electromagnetic wave ? Posted: 16 Sep 2017 05:58 AM PDT Last day, in physics class, I learnt that mechanical waves have an "Amplitude". I wondered if an electromagnetic has one, and then what could be its value. (sry for my English ) submitted by /u/Ezatrixx [link] [comments]

Can atoms give up electrons that are not in the outer layer? Posted: 16 Sep 2017 04:33 AM PDT There is no way for it to happen naturally that I know of, but can we force, for example Sodium, to not only give the one aelectron in its third outer layer, but to also give additional electrons from its second layer? submitted by /u/MrZipZap [link] [comments]

Is there a logical reason as to why both variance and standard deviation are used? Posted: 16 Sep 2017 06:20 AM PDT Given the mathematical relationship (squaring and square rooting) between the two of them, how come the other exists? Can't we just use standard deviation for everything, and in formulas just square the standard deviation? submitted by /u/nintendogedsi [link] [comments]

What happens to the energy in a Mains to USB adaptor? Posted: 16 Sep 2017 04:41 AM PDT I suspect this could be generalised to any power brick. But here's what I know. Mains voltage runs at 240/250V (atleast here in the UK). The plug will have a transformer in it that steps the voltage down to the 5V necessary for USB compliance. Electricity flows when a circuit is complete. The input to the transformer forms a complete circuit; and when a device is connected to the output a current will be induced in the output of the transformers coil as that is also a complete circuit. But when a device is not connected to the output where is the energy from the completed input circuit going? submitted by /u/innerlambada [link] [comments]

On Earth like planets (water/rock) would supercontinents be the norm? Or would we see most planets with fractured continents like present day earth? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 09:33 PM PDT submitted by /u/Wanderson90 [link] [comments]

Is it possible to touch solid light? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 06:46 PM PDT I've been reading up on how scientists in 2014 forced light into a solid state, articles referring to them as creating light crystals. My question is, if all contact between regular matter is electrons within atoms pushing other atoms away, would it be possible for someone to touch a material made out of photons and if not how would regular matter and light crystals interact if they came into contact with each other? submitted by /u/BaldEagleFacts [link] [comments]

How to read the table in chapter 7 of "How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog"? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 05:36 PM PDT I'm currently reading this 'How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog' by Chad Orzel - which I highly recommend. However, I am stuck in chapter 7. In particular, the explanation about the Bell theorem. I think I am not reading/interpreting the table in that chapter correctly. For what follows, it helps if you have the book in front of you. However, I'll try to explain what happens in that chapter for those who haven't. Those who have the book can skip to the question below :) Orzel presents a table that gives the possible outcomes of an experiment, as predicted by Local Hidden Variable Theories, in which two observers each have a photon detector. Each of the detectors is equipped with a polarized filter of which the angle can be varied. If I understand correctly, a source emits two photons of which the polarization is assumed to be the same (not sure about this, though). The Local Hidden Variable Theories assume that the polarization of both is a fixed value, but unknown. Now, the table I am talking about lists for each observer (Truman and RD) and each orientation (a,b or c) of the filter, the different possible outcomes (1 = photon detected, 0=not detected). See image Given that we have 2 possible outcomes and 3 orientations (a,b and c), there are 8 possible states (polarizations?) the photons can be in. QUESTION Now, on to the question. To get the predictions for the Local Hidden Variable Theories, we are supposed to determine the chance that Truman (observer 1) and RD (observer 2) measure the same outcome given different settings for the filters (a, b or c). The book states that this probability can not be lower than 33%. However, the book also states that we can 'play around with the probabilities of the individual states'. For example, the book states, we can avoid states 1 and 8. If we can select the possible states for the photon, shouldn't we be able to make the chance equal to 0? For example, I would think that if Truman chooses c and RD chooses a AND we make sure that the state is always 2, they should always get different outcomes. What am I missing here? I really hope that someone can help me out as I think this is the clearest book on this subject I have read. In particular, because Orzel does a good job at explaining the implications of QM. submitted by /u/Tits4Twats [link] [comments]

Are bananas more radioactive then other foods? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 06:56 PM PDT Banana equivalent dose? Can somebody explain this to me? Are they just using bananas as an example or are they more radioactive than other healthy foods? I am paranoid to eat bananas lol. submitted by /u/pencilpens [link] [comments]

Almost every structure we build contains cement, so when will we run out of the materials to make cement? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 05:58 PM PDT submitted by /u/MiNuggets [link] [comments]

Does a MRI affect the iron in the blood in anyway? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 08:25 PM PDT submitted by /u/888mphour [link] [comments]

Why is it that when you try to focus on 1 star it seems to slowly disappear, and when you focus your eyes just next to the star you see it sharply again? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 10:26 AM PDT submitted by /u/Dadikoe [link] [comments]

Could someone help fix my understanding of action potentials and the Na+/K+ pump? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 06:26 PM PDT The simplified explanation I was taught goes like this: Non-gated sodium channels open following a stimulus. Once enough Na+ ions diffuse through these channels (as well as through the membrane to a lesser extent), the electrical charge reaches a threshold of -55mV, voltage-gated sodium channels also open, and the membrane depolarizes until it reaches around 30 mV. At this point, voltage-gated sodium channels close, voltage-gated potassium channels open, and K+ ion efflux repolarizes the membrane to a resting potential of -70 mV, at which point Na+/K+ pumps start to function. However, non-gated potassium channels are still open, and K+ ions are still diffusing out of the membrane through these leak channels, creating hyper-polarization. Na+ is stuck in the axon at this point, as well. The closing of the K+ channels, plus Na+/K+ pump activity, restores membrane charge to threshold, with Na+ ions on the outside and K+ ions on the inside. This explanation seems pretty flawed to me. The Na+/K+ pump transports 3 Na+ ions out for every 2 K+ ions it transports in. If it kicks in during the refractory period, which is caused by leak channels allowing the escape of positively-charged potassium ions, wouldn't it decrease the membrane's positive charge even further by forcing 3 positively charged ions out for every 2 it pushes in? How does the membrane return to resting potential? submitted by /u/MemeticMonstrosity [link] [comments]

How does our body get rid of CO? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 09:35 AM PDT Everyone knows haemoglobin prefers carbon monoxide over any other gas and that that is why it kills us. So how do our bodies get rid of it if they can't replace it with anything else? submitted by /u/Heptikbananaz [link] [comments]

How do geosynchronous satellites stay in one place? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 08:26 AM PDT submitted by /u/traverlaw [link] [comments]

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There are Glasses that make Colorblind People see colors. Do they work the other way around too?

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• There are Glasses that make Colorblind People see colors. Do they work the other way around too?
• Do non-humans exhibit signs of autism/autism spectrum disorders?
• When riding my bicycle, I can stop pedalling, make a 180-degree turn, and the bike still continues moving (though at much lower speed) in the opposite direction. Why?
• If electricity from wall outlets is AC, how come some plugs have a left-right orientation?
• When two neutron stars merge and cause a ripple of gravitational waves, what happens to the objects (planets, asteroids) near the merger?
• Does a Field in Physics always exist (as an expample: the electric field) even when no Particles of that field interact with eachother?
• Are there organisms that have characteristics that suggest they are part of a different kingdom of life?
• The newest missile launch by North Korea says it reached an apogee of 478 miles. How?
• Why does enriched uranium explode when blasted into more enriched uranium?
• Are the recent record high seismic readings for the Yellowstone Supervolcano anything to be worried about?
• Does evolution work faster for beings with a shorter lifespan since their genes get passed on faster?
• Is it possible for the Cassini to take and send some final pictures while entering the surface of Saturn, right before (or maybe even during) it's burning to ash?
• Why do we need quantum theories to explain what happens to light with multiple polarization filters ?
• When burning food to see how much calories an item has when there is alot of cellulose (fiber)?
• Is it possible to "record" a brain hearing sound and reproduce the sound from the recording?
• Will Saturns ring form into moons eventually?
• Are there any other planets in our solar system that experience totality during an eclipse?
• How do all of these NK, ocean-impacting missile launches effect the ocean's biosphere?
• How do magnets magnetize other objects?

There are Glasses that make Colorblind People see colors. Do they work the other way around too? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 02:40 AM PDT What happens if "normal" people wearing them? Do they see B&W? Could the glasses be modified to do so? submitted by /u/hdrr_at [link] [comments]

Do non-humans exhibit signs of autism/autism spectrum disorders? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 06:31 PM PDT submitted by /u/mypunkrock [link] [comments]

When riding my bicycle, I can stop pedalling, make a 180-degree turn, and the bike still continues moving (though at much lower speed) in the opposite direction. Why? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 11:29 PM PDT Momentum is directional and as far as I can see there is no other input energy being applied to the bike (or me), so how can it move in the opposite direction? submitted by /u/stupid2017 [link] [comments]

If electricity from wall outlets is AC, how come some plugs have a left-right orientation? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 08:07 AM PDT As in, some plugs have one side bigger, which forces a specific orientation when plugging it into the outlet. submitted by /u/linearly-independent [link] [comments]

When two neutron stars merge and cause a ripple of gravitational waves, what happens to the objects (planets, asteroids) near the merger? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 05:16 PM PDT Do objects get morphed as the fabric of spacetime stretches and shrinks? If a human was close enough, would they feel the gravitational wave? submitted by /u/Duke_Koch [link] [comments]

Does a Field in Physics always exist (as an expample: the electric field) even when no Particles of that field interact with eachother? Posted: 15 Sep 2017 01:13 AM PDT submitted by /u/Kingclonegr [link] [comments]

Are there organisms that have characteristics that suggest they are part of a different kingdom of life? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 05:45 PM PDT submitted by /u/DusktheUmbreon [link] [comments]

The newest missile launch by North Korea says it reached an apogee of 478 miles. How? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 05:26 PM PDT I think this question comes down to my misinterpretation of what the 'altitude' is supposed to represent. It says it reached an altitude of 478 miles. But the altitude of our atmosphere is ~300 miles and the ISS is in orbit at ~254 miles. Clearly I'm not understanding what that value is actually showing so it would be wonderful if someone could clear that up! Here is the article I'm referencing http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41275614 submitted by /u/Aplasmabanana [link] [comments]

Why does enriched uranium explode when blasted into more enriched uranium? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 05:26 PM PDT Why does uranium release such a large amount of energy when slammed into more uranium, such as with the Little Boy nuclear bomb? submitted by /u/Bubbaspiff [link] [comments]

Are the recent record high seismic readings for the Yellowstone Supervolcano anything to be worried about? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 05:59 PM PDT Would scientists be able to warn people before it erupted. I'm pretty paranoid about end of the world scenarios. submitted by /u/Moltenmelt1 [link] [comments]

Does evolution work faster for beings with a shorter lifespan since their genes get passed on faster? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 03:22 PM PDT submitted by /u/ActuallySwedish [link] [comments]

Is it possible for the Cassini to take and send some final pictures while entering the surface of Saturn, right before (or maybe even during) it's burning to ash? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 12:58 PM PDT submitted by /u/LetMeHideMyselfFirst [link] [comments]

Why do we need quantum theories to explain what happens to light with multiple polarization filters ? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 05:14 PM PDT Hi, I just watched a video from YouTube channel minutephysics. It's this video. The first thing that crossed my mind was - "wait, are you joking me?". Now, don't get me wrong, I'm not here to joke around and I don't want to sound arrogant, but that's exactly what my thought was when I saw them putting a filter between filters like a magician trying to do a trick. I even asked myself - "But why didn't you put a filter over a 90 degree rotated filter and then tell me that it got brighter? Huh? Gotcha!". Then I watched it until the end, and I realized that they went too far in quantum state of particles and the determinism logic which isn't intuitive to anyone, and that my assumptions were totally based on classical physics or don't need no quantum theories like the entanglement in order to explain to me what happened in the video. I also jumped to the comments section and I could see a few people asking the same thing, but always getting redirected to how the entanglement doesn't work that way, even though they didn't mention any entanglement at all. So, this is what I think happens. The logic is very simple. First, we have 2 filters. The filter A, and filter C. The filter C is rotated 45 degrees, which lets 50% of light, or in other words, blocks 50% of it. We also happen to know that a filter rotated 22.5 degrees (half of 45 degrees), lets 85% of light, or again, blocks 15% of light, which magically is not 25%, but I'll get to it. Now, when we introduce a filter B, which we put in between filters A and C, we see the light getting brighter. But, if we concluded that filters rotate the wave of light, the filter C is now ALSO rotated 22.5 degrees to the filter B, which blocks only 15%. The math is 15% + 15% = 30%. Of course that it is brighter. Now, the tricky and the second part is about the thing I said I'll get to it, and what I also wanted to ask reddit. What if the light wave (or filters) are simply not distributed as a standard gaussian distribution model, but they have a slightly smaller variance (the deviation from a standard mean), so that the half from a mean angle gives probability density of 15% and not 25% ? Wouldn't that explain everything? Why would we need entangled particles, realism and locality to explain this? What am I missing? submitted by /u/flackjap [link] [comments]

When burning food to see how much calories an item has when there is alot of cellulose (fiber)? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 06:32 PM PDT Cellulose (Fiber) doesn't turn into energy in the body but it does burn, asking for a science competition (Food Science) submitted by /u/Mudkipslaps [link] [comments]

Is it possible to "record" a brain hearing sound and reproduce the sound from the recording? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 10:03 AM PDT I was wondering if it's possible to monitor a brain and record whatever it hears and use that to reproduce the same sounds? (More specifically, could you use whatever information you receive to differ from one musical note from another?) submitted by /u/SjonniBara [link] [comments]

Will Saturns ring form into moons eventually? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 07:26 AM PDT If so, how long until the event completes, and how many moons would there be? submitted by /u/Deadrinker [link] [comments]

Are there any other planets in our solar system that experience totality during an eclipse? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 10:47 AM PDT submitted by /u/thetransportedman [link] [comments]

How do all of these NK, ocean-impacting missile launches effect the ocean's biosphere? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 07:08 PM PDT submitted by /u/Indefinita [link] [comments]

How do magnets magnetize other objects? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 10:38 PM PDT I left a magnet in a bucket of screws and when I took the magnet out I noticed some of the screws were magnetized and clung to others. How does this happen? submitted by /u/Bay_Visions [link] [comments]

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How do spacecraft like Cassini avoid being ripped to shreds by space dust?

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• How do spacecraft like Cassini avoid being ripped to shreds by space dust?
• Why does Mars have a slightly larger axial tilt than Earth without similar evidence of a proto-planet impact?
• How did we discover the shape of our galaxy?
• What stops micro chips in humans from being rejected by the body similar to splinters or other foreign bodies?
• What is the evidence supporting the effect of "leadership" or "team-building" courses in business?
• Could an creature have both an endo and exoskeleton? Do any?
• Why aren't we using gravitational potential batteries instead of electro-chemical ones for large scale power storage?
• In hormonal birth control, why don't the placebo pills cause a woman's natural cycle to start?
• Why do Lithium Ion batteries, like in a smartphone, lose their capacity over time? Can it be remedied?
• How accurate are DNA tests in determining ancestry?
• Why two electrons with same spin cannot co-exist but protons can?
• This graph appears to show a decline in measles cases prior to the introduction of the measles vaccine. Why is that?
• What is the likelihood of the LIGO Gravity Wave Detection Results being errant?
• What liquid is the wettest?
• What was the first empirical evidence of the existence of black holes?
• Why does hyperkalamia depolarize a cardiac muscle cell?
• Why are the different gas giants different colors?
• Is there a giant rocky planet ?
• What is dust and where does it come from?
• Are humans born with all the veins and arteries they'll ever have or do more grow as the older?
• Why don't positrons appear in the standard model but electrons do?
• When did the habit of writing st, nd, rd and th in superscript after numerals become a thing in English, and is writing "10th", for example, actually correct (especially in typed documents or on the Internet), or should it also be superscripted, strictly speaking?
• Why does all visible light travel at the same speed through a vacuum, but not through a medium?

How do spacecraft like Cassini avoid being ripped to shreds by space dust? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 04:06 PM PDT submitted by /u/HeatAndHonor [link] [comments]

Why does Mars have a slightly larger axial tilt than Earth without similar evidence of a proto-planet impact? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 05:49 PM PDT I learnt that Earth has its axial tilt because of an impact with a proto-planet that also created the moon. While Mars also has two moons, they are 106 and 107 times smaller than our own moon. Why doesn't Mars posses a similarly proportional sized moon? submitted by /u/hitchano [link] [comments]

How did we discover the shape of our galaxy? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 03:08 PM PDT Since nothing man made (that I know of) has left the galaxy how did we figure out it was spiral and not something else? submitted by /u/epichippo512 [link] [comments]

What stops micro chips in humans from being rejected by the body similar to splinters or other foreign bodies? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 08:23 AM PDT Title basically explains it all. Recently had stitches that were in for too long which caused the skin too swell and become irritated and was thinking what sort of effects it has on microchips or any other sort of technology that involves planting something under the skin(not organs or living material). submitted by /u/Roy6651 [link] [comments]

What is the evidence supporting the effect of "leadership" or "team-building" courses in business? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 04:56 PM PDT I know that these courses are often ridiculed in popular culture but they seem to be fairly widespread. Is there any good evidence supporting their use? Do we know how long the effects last? submitted by /u/Criticalist [link] [comments]

Could an creature have both an endo and exoskeleton? Do any? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 03:22 PM PDT submitted by /u/Xbxbxb123 [link] [comments]

Why aren't we using gravitational potential batteries instead of electro-chemical ones for large scale power storage? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 12:58 AM PDT I have heard of an idea that we could dig holes and put weights on vertically moving platforms. When there is excess power generation motors lift the weights. When the power is needed we simply let the weights descend turning electric generators. It seems to me that this way of power storage can be build on a huge scale and would be much simpler to make than enormous batteries. With power storage for cities solar panels and wind turbines can store power for cloudy windless days. Why aren't we using this technology? Is it even possible? submitted by /u/Captain_Fatbeard [link] [comments]

In hormonal birth control, why don't the placebo pills cause a woman's natural cycle to start? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 10:16 AM PDT I understand that hormonal birth control pills work by preventing your body from producing it's own hormones (and therefor preventing the 28 day female menstrual cycle from beginning). However, when you take hormonal birth control pills the last week or so is always placebo pills. Why doesn't this withdrawal from hormone ingestion start the 28 day menstrual cycle and cause the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to begin secreting the necessary hormones? Additionally, how come if you miss one active pill it is said that your body can start it's natural cycle but taking 7 consecutive placebo pills does not? submitted by /u/12marshmallows [link] [comments]

Why do Lithium Ion batteries, like in a smartphone, lose their capacity over time? Can it be remedied? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 10:14 PM PDT For instance, my ~3 year old phone has a noticeable drop in capacity over the years. What causes this? Is there any way to slow its "degradation" down, to make it last even longer? submitted by /u/alexthemetalhead [link] [comments]

How accurate are DNA tests in determining ancestry? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 03:13 PM PDT Particularly things like 23andMe and ancestry.com. Can they really determine your ancestors' ethnicities, or is it all a scam? submitted by /u/Al5at [link] [comments]

Why two electrons with same spin cannot co-exist but protons can? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 04:17 AM PDT I dont have proper knowledge about particle physics and Quantum mechanics but from what i know I would like to ask that if 2 electrons of same spin cannot exist in the same orbital (pauli exclusion) then how can several protons exist in the nucleus together (and neutrons too)? Please do provide some links from where I can get more knowledge of this field. Im 16 btw. submitted by /u/devanshh [link] [comments]

This graph appears to show a decline in measles cases prior to the introduction of the measles vaccine. Why is that? Posted: 14 Sep 2017 08:36 AM PDT Graph in question submitted by /u/InteriorEmotion [link] [comments]

What is the likelihood of the LIGO Gravity Wave Detection Results being errant? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 11:03 PM PDT I have been lightly paying attention to the LIGO events the last couple of years and I understood that their original detection and publication and subsequent detections to have all been published and vetted with a high degree of significance. However when I brought up the LIGO detection tonight at a local astronomy club meeting as observational evidence of BH merger, the physics teacher in the club adamantly denied the papers/detectors validity, saying that the amount of error in the study was too high and the initial paper had been widely discredited. I'd never heard of that, and I thought the studies were still being celebrated for their success. Is there a problem with the detection or their publications? submitted by /u/jorshrod [link] [comments]

What liquid is the wettest? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 10:15 PM PDT I'm sure wettest is the wrong word. I'm trying to ask what liquid would soak through the most layers of say paper towels or whatever. Like per tablespoon which liquid soaks the most. submitted by /u/laptopquesting [link] [comments]

What was the first empirical evidence of the existence of black holes? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 10:05 PM PDT submitted by /u/screen317 [link] [comments]

Why does hyperkalamia depolarize a cardiac muscle cell? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 09:05 PM PDT I learned recently that hyperkalamia inhibits cardiac muscle function because the excess K+ ions outside the cell keep the K+ ions inside the cell from diffusing out during the repolarization phase. What I can't figure out is this: given that the membrane potential is the difference between the charge outside and inside the cell membrane, and that in hyperkalamia, there is an unusually high concentration of K+ ions outside the cell AND inside the cell, why doesn't the membrane potential stay about the same (allowing the cell to keep working normally)? Thanks! submitted by /u/maturoblast [link] [comments]

Why are the different gas giants different colors? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 06:26 PM PDT Presumably the material they were made of was all the same gas cloud. Why do the different planets then have such dramatically different colors? submitted by /u/samcobra [link] [comments]

Is there a giant rocky planet ? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 06:11 PM PDT Why almost every giant planet ( Jovian ones ) are gas planet ? Is there a possibility of a rocky giant planet with the size of Jupiter ? submitted by /u/CreativeThienohazard [link] [comments]

What is dust and where does it come from? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 05:31 PM PDT submitted by /u/peterthefatman [link] [comments]

Are humans born with all the veins and arteries they'll ever have or do more grow as the older? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 02:56 PM PDT If they gain more how does this growth process take place with disrupting blood flow? submitted by /u/READERmii [link] [comments]

Why don't positrons appear in the standard model but electrons do? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 07:39 PM PDT Positrons are just electrons with the same mass but positive charge right? So why are they not as "fundamental" as electrons? I understand that other anti-matter particles are just different combinations of particles on the standard model, but how can that be the case for positrons? submitted by /u/Mad_Max_The_Axe [link] [comments]

When did the habit of writing st, nd, rd and th in superscript after numerals become a thing in English, and is writing "10th", for example, actually correct (especially in typed documents or on the Internet), or should it also be superscripted, strictly speaking? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 08:43 PM PDT submitted by /u/NBerthiaume [link] [comments]

Why does all visible light travel at the same speed through a vacuum, but not through a medium? Posted: 13 Sep 2017 05:49 PM PDT Additionally, does this apply for all other types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum? E.g. radio waves travel slower through a medium than UV waves? submitted by /u/Cassiopeia_June [link] [comments]

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