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Saturday, September 9, 2017

With the element radium being so rare, only a few kilograms total being mined over time, how did it make it into so many different consumer products, from watch dials to health elixirs?

With the element radium being so rare, only a few kilograms total being mined over time, how did it make it into so many different consumer products, from watch dials to health elixirs?


With the element radium being so rare, only a few kilograms total being mined over time, how did it make it into so many different consumer products, from watch dials to health elixirs?

Posted: 09 Sep 2017 12:20 AM PDT

How does light affect our mood?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 08:58 PM PDT

Does detonating two nuclear bombs side by side have the same effect as detonating one doubly-large bomb?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 06:37 PM PDT

If quantum entanglement can't be used to transmit information, then how is this experiment (see description for link) possible?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 04:41 PM PDT

Been catching up on some reading, came across this experiment here. I've been told over and over again that entanglement can't be used to transmit information. So how the heck does this work? Aren't they extracting or inferring information about one photon's path from its entangled twin's behavior -- the exact sort of thing I've been told isn't possible?

submitted by /u/jon_stout
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Can someone please explain the science behind a snowball hitting a wall?

Posted: 09 Sep 2017 05:24 AM PDT

I watched a video a while ago explaining how when a snowball reaches a certain speed it will explode on impact no matter what angle you throw it at. That's why you end up with a perfect circle of snow left on a wall when the snowball hits it. But this is true for any substance I think. If you get something to a specific speed it will explode on impact. The video I watched related this to the rods from god project. I was trying to explain this to a friend and I couldn't remember the phenomenon or the science behind why this happens and I couldn't find the video I watched so if someone can help me out by explaining this that would be great.

submitted by /u/MerlynStar
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How are scattering cross-sections measured?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 08:19 PM PDT

The question itself is: I have seen on certain textbooks/study material that in order to measure the amount of particles scattered by an angle a, one must place a detector in such an angle with respect to the direction of the incident particles and pointing towards the target and simply count events. However, I can't see how it does not happen that the particles reaching the detector come from various impact parameters. To try and make it a little clear: If you put a detector far away and with a big scattering angle and count the amount of particles reaching it, you will get some counts belonging to particles with big impact parameter which were not scattered at all. On the other side, if you place the detector with no angle at all, you won't measure the amount of particles which were not deflected, because those (usually, I guess) have a big impact parameter.

Maybe I have a wrong understanding of what a scattering cross section is. From what I understand, in the case of a rigid potential such as a hard sphere, it is the area of interaction of the potential projected onto the plane of incidence. With continuous potentials, this generalizes to a measure of how strong/how much the incident beam is deflected by the target.

submitted by /u/Paul-Lubanski
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Maximum information density of photons?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 07:59 PM PDT

It impossible to transmit information faster than the speed of light (instantly), but is there a limit to the amount of information that can be transferred at the speed of light.

submitted by /u/Quantum_P
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Why does the intensity of all electromagnetic waves dissipate at the same rate, 1/r^2?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 02:00 PM PDT

I tried to find some answers about this fascinating property online, but all I got was the math behind it. Anyone have a more simple explanation as to why all electromagnetic waves behave this way? Thanks.

submitted by /u/agentbobR
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Why Dimensional Analysis / Buckingham Pi Theorem Works?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 04:58 PM PDT

I know that we can use dimensional analysis to experimentally correlate several variables and to reduce the amount of experiment that you need to do to determine those correlation. I also know that it can be used to scale things up.

Example: http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/aero/fprops/dimension/node6.html

In the example above, we want to study how drag (F) is effected by fluid velocity (v), viscosity (mu), density (rho) and diameter (D). Using dimensional analysis / Buckingham Pi Theorem, we can reduce the variables into Drag Coefficient and Reynold numbers. But why is this valid? Why does Buckingham Pi Theorem led to a conclusion that increasing fluid velocity and increasing fluid density will have the same effect on the drag coefficient because both conditions led to the same Reynolds Number? Buckingham Pi Theorem did not take into account any fundamental principles.

Every readings I encountered only explained why dimensional analysis is necessary and how to do it. I never found any resources that tried to explain why Buckingham Pi Theorem is justified.

submitted by /u/dkurniawan
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If space is expanding outwards, would part of the night sky eventually get darker?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 11:43 PM PDT

Mainly referring to stars that are getting farther away but also other factors if relevant. If everything is moving away from a point, would that point eventually be darker/emptier than the rest of the sky?

submitted by /u/cynber_mankei
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How do devices like cell phones and laptops determine the signal strength of wifi signals?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 10:52 AM PDT

How does the Hubble telescope position itself to observe different parts of the sky?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 02:14 PM PDT

What is the speed of kinetic energy?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 03:23 PM PDT

This might be an odd question but is there a speed of kinetic and potential energy?

I ask this because I'm sitting on a couch right now and there is a water bottle about a foot away from me. My movements and even my heartbeat is making the water in the bottle move. If I get up, the water is still. So I know it's me and not, say, air current from my fan or AC.

Now, I've been trying to figure out how fast it takes my heartbeat to transfer into the water. Is there a set limit or is it based on the force, in this example my heart, acting on the water? Or is it like sound or light where it only moves in one single speed?

submitted by /u/Onyx_Initiative
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What is the most probable physical distance between you and a random person on the internet?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 01:03 PM PDT

Is there a scientific approach to creating (and maintaining) a landfill other than covering trash with giant mounds of dirt?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 06:23 PM PDT

If so - what kind of things are taken into consideration?

submitted by /u/ima_rabbit_et_cetera
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[Physics] What is the difference between the sounds of different vowels?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 08:22 AM PDT

I'm not asking about how they're made or the physiology in any way. I mean, if you recorded two sustained vowel sounds, chopped off the beginnings and the ends, and compared the sustained sounds in the middle, what differentiates them? What differentiates a Long A from a Short A or an E? Is it pitch? Timbre?

submitted by /u/ArMcK
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Why is CMB in every direction?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 01:47 PM PDT

The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) is observable in every direction. It is the radiation emitted by the opaque plasma that existed after the big bang that is now reaching us 13 billion years later. if we are still moving away from the origin of the big bang, surely after 13 billion years we would have exited the bounds of the plasma cloud that sources the CMB. Is this true? If so, why is the CMB in every direction? Wouldn't it be like looking at the earth from above the surface, filling a little or a lot less than half the sky?

submitted by /u/pdeboer1987
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For a project like Breakthrough Starshot, how is it possible to take an image that is useful when it is moving 15-20% of C?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 02:11 PM PDT

Wouldn't any camera able to capture images at that speed be too large to be considered for starshot?

submitted by /u/mynameisalsomatthew
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How do your sinuses drain in outer space?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 07:06 AM PDT

Why does my water bottle sometimes expel gas when I open it? Is this due to the chemicals in the water?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 07:57 PM PDT

Friday, September 8, 2017

Is everything that we know about black holes theoretical?

Is everything that we know about black holes theoretical?


Is everything that we know about black holes theoretical?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 06:47 AM PDT

We know they exist and understand their effect on matter. But is everything else just a theory?

submitted by /u/tthatoneguyy
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What are p-values? What would it mean to go from a p-value of 0.05 to 0.005?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 05:19 PM PDT

A month ago, Nature made waves by publishing a commentary that the standard p-value should be changed from 0.05 to 0.005. If my intro to statistics covered p-values, I have completely forgotten, and the description in the commentary is abstract for me.

  • What are p-values? Is the last panel of this XKCD comic accurate?
  • Why is the standard 0.05? Is it related to the fact that 95% of a normal distribution is within two standard deviations from the mean?
  • What would the new standard mean in practical terms? Would it wreak havoc with the current social sciences?

(cross-poted to /r/explainlikeimfive/ and /r/askscience)

submitted by /u/comtedeRochambeau
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Earthquake/Tsunami Megathread

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 07:30 AM PDT

Hi everyone!

We're getting a lot of questions related to the recent earthquake and tsunami waves off the western coast of Mexico. Ask your questions about those here! Panel members will be in and out throughout the day so please do not expect an immediate answer. For hurricane questions, please direct them to our hurricane megathread instead.

Useful links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How do whitening strips affect your teeth chemically?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 02:53 PM PDT

I read recently that Jupiter itself is shrinking by 2cm per year. Does this mean it will eventually dissapear? How will this work?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 03:44 PM PDT

How do we know Pangaea existed? Do we have any hard proof or is an education guess/conclusion?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 05:28 AM PDT

Not much to say. I'm just genuinely curious.

submitted by /u/Wolvenfire86
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Blue stars burn hotter than yellow or red stars, if that's the case will that increase the habitable zone around those stars?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 01:05 PM PDT

What would the atmosphere be like on this planet and what could we theorize the day or night cycle would be like on a habitable planet with a different colored sun?

submitted by /u/son_of_noah
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Can tidally locked planets become untidily locked?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 01:01 AM PDT

What would the amount of force to spin it be? Obviously it would be very very hard to do but is it possible? And would spinning it throw its rotation off. Assuming you could get it to spin, would the planet continue to spin or would it eventually overtime slow back down and become relocked?

submitted by /u/I_am_Master_Cmander
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Does every liquid have a solid state?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 08:15 PM PDT

At what speeds to hydrogen atoms become deadly?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 10:46 PM PDT

I recently read this article about how traveling at light speed in science fiction would kill human travelers as the hydrogen atoms, when struck at these speeds, would give off an extremely fatal dose of radiation.

Pardon my ignorance here, but at what speeds does this occur? Say the hypothetical vehicle is moving at 75% light speed instead of 99% - is the dose of radiation less? Is it an all or nothing sort of thing or would it be the sort of thing that ramps up over time?

Say our hypothetical space ship is slowly gaining speed to approach 99% lightspeed. At what point do they start getting bombarded with this fatal radiation? Would it be like hitting a sudden radioactive brick wall or would it be more akin to a slow creep? How do they work out exactly when these reactions occur in these hydrogen atoms?

Thanks for your time!

submitted by /u/Krytenton
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Why are fires a major problem in the western United States but not so much in the forests of the east or midwest?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 09:56 AM PDT

At first I was thinking it may be related to moisture levels, but the PNW is obviously having serious fires right now, where it rains frequently. Is it the sheer expanse of forest present out west that raises the chances of serious fires?

submitted by /u/FoggyTitans
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How do we know the how old the universe is?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 08:28 PM PDT

Heard my prof mention it today in our lecture and it got me thinking as to how the hell we were able to measure that.

submitted by /u/youguesseditt
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Can solar flares affect the earths tectonic plates?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 05:56 AM PDT

I noticed there was a solar flare last night that hit earth and then a couple hours later a massive earthquake occured in mexico. could these events be related in any way and if so how?

submitted by /u/Structuresaurus
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Does underground nuclear testing have an effect on tectonic plates? Such as, North Korea testing a hydrogen bomb causing an earthquake in Mexico.

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 04:10 AM PDT

What if any effect would an underground nuclear test have on the tectonic plates? Could the recent hydrogen bomb test have any connection to the earthquake in Mexico?

submitted by /u/canyodaddypaymyrent2
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What are "Earthquake Lights" and what causes them?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 11:46 PM PDT

Video Example from last night's 8.0 magnitude earthquake in Mexico.

submitted by /u/boxheaddude
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[Seismology] Someone on twitter was claiming the earthquake in Mexico might be related to Houston, Tx sinking 2 cm, is there any truth in this?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 01:04 AM PDT

Obviously, I have no idea about seismology, so I need to ask the question in a number of phases

  1. Would City sized areas of the earth sink noticeably (a couple cm) under flood water? Does it happen?

  2. If that is possible, did Houston really sink 2 cm (or any other measurable value that we figured out)

  3. Would such a sinking possibly cause an earthquake?

  4. Bonus: If Houston did indeed sink, or if any other city sinks after flooding, does it ever rise back up?

Thanks

submitted by /u/c0d3M0nk3y
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How do distant neurons know to connect with each other to create new pathways?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 06:59 AM PDT

To be clear I'm talking about distant unconnected neurons, not just a change in dendrite strength or spine quantity.

Reading through various wikipedia articles, I understand that a neurons axiom sends out growth cones and that these cones are guided to a new neuron via chemical signalling.

But how does a neuron know to send out a growth cone, and how does the receiving neuron know to send out chemical signals to guide it?

Is it a case of luck? Something like: a neuron is receiving unusual stimulation due to a novel circumstance so it puts out signals to say come hither. Meanwhile another neuron is not generating the response it wants and sends out the growth cones. Thus if you are learning to kick a ball at the same time as speak mandarin you might find in future that you speak Mandarin better when kicking a ball because the connections got a bit mixed up.

If this is the case then what defines the difference between the neuron that sends the cone and the receiver? How does a neuron know that it is not generating the response that it needs and so sends out the cone or chemical signals?

submitted by /u/SystemicPlural
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If the sun emits white light and is extremely hot, why does light bulbs that emits white light not fry us?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 03:48 AM PDT

Why does it not fry me when I am just a few meters away like I would with the Sun?

Am I missing something in the equation that affects how much heat is produced?

submitted by /u/AoiMizune
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How are islands like the ABC islands formed?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 01:52 PM PDT

There are no volcano's anywhere around them so... How did they get there? Here is a picture

submitted by /u/frendion
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Is it possible for the frequency/severity of earthquakes to be affected by climate change?

Posted: 08 Sep 2017 01:26 AM PDT

I mean, I understand the basics - earthquakes are shifting tectonic plates rubbing against each other and that. I'm wondering if there's any connection at all to climate change though - for example, IF they're affected by volcanic activity and IF that is somehow affected by climate change, there could potentially be a link?

submitted by /u/Eggerslolol
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How do we know what comprises the insides of the Sun?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 08:29 PM PDT

so was watching this recent Kurzgesagt vid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0ldO87Pprc ... which got me thinking, how can we possibly know how the Sun is layered? obviously no human has gone to the Sun, much less bored thru to the center. no machine is capable of doing that either for obvious reasons. so what sort of a super xray telescope (if theres such a thing) do they use to see what's inside of any given star or planet or any other object moving thru space? are these are best guesses/estimates based on what we know of our own planet? are these guesses based on several stages dead stars/white dwarfs? I'd be very interested to know if someone could ELI5.

submitted by /u/redditor787
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Do any of the photons emitted from the Sun that reach Earth come directly from fusion reactions, or are all of them emitted by the outer plasma as thermal radiation?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 08:25 AM PDT

So, being that nuclear fusion only happens at the Sun's core, do the photons emitted from those reactions ever escape the sun, or do they all crash into something on the way out, and any light we get is from regular thermal radiation in the sun's outer plasma?

submitted by /u/Vidyabro
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Thursday, September 7, 2017

Megathread: 2017 Hurricane Season

Megathread: 2017 Hurricane Season


Megathread: 2017 Hurricane Season

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 04:29 PM PDT

The 2017 Atlantic Hurricane season has produced destructive storms.

Ask your hurricane related questions and read more about hurricanes here! Panel members will be in and out throughout the day so please do not expect an immediate answer.

Here are some helpful links related to hurricanes:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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After recently watching a Kurzgesagt video about bringing a piece of the sun to Earth: Are fusion reactors truly safe when they fail?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 06:16 AM PDT

Reference video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0ldO87Pprc

In the video, Kurzgesagt discusses the possible results of bringing a piece of the sun, gathering from different areas, to Earth and the effects of bringing the pieces. Most of the effects basically involved large, planet affecting explosions.

Fusion reactors are described as safe and don't 'melt down'. If we are recreating a process much much hotter than the sun in a fusion reactor, why would a containment fail still be considered safer than a fission reactor, other than the obvious radiation issue?

submitted by /u/Cryptonat
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Is spin a bulk property? Does it make sense to talk about the spin of a macro object by adding up spins of individual particles, the same way that we can talk about its charge by adding up the individual charges?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 02:45 AM PDT

[Chemistry] Are frozen vegetables any less healthy than fresh ones? Does anything happen at a molecular level when you freeze vegetables that makes them process differently in our bodies?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 05:57 PM PDT

Is it possible for black holes to lose their "black hole" status?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 07:22 AM PDT

If a black hole eventually radiates it's mass away through hawking radiation, can it get to the point where it does not meet it's schwarzchild radius, and loses it's "Nothing that passes it's event horizon, not even light, can return" property?

submitted by /u/Hawksource-
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Why is the impact from being hit while wearing a bulletproof vest so much worse than the recoil from a rifle?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 06:14 PM PDT

From my understanding, recoil is the force the bullet exerts on the mass of the gun, and the impact felt by the person being hit is the energy of the traveling projectile, spread through the mass of the vest. The force of the bullet is the same in both cases, so why is the reported damage so different?

submitted by /u/HelviusCinna
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How is the temperature of rogue planets measured?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 06:43 AM PDT

I came across this video Rogue Planets, Loners of the Universe and they mentioned infrared. I googled and came across answers that mentioned the "energy over waveband the waveband of interest", but I realize that is for planets that orbit a sun. Since rogue planets are defined as objects that have been ejected from the planetary system in which they formed, how does this apply? I've seen thermal and infrared cameras in commercial use - I wonder what type of tools or equipment are necessary to read these measurements in space.

submitted by /u/hedgehogflamingo
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Why does the Inverse Compton Effect prevent the atmosphere from lighting up from an atomic explosion?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 01:17 AM PDT

So Inverse Compton Effect is that a charged particle and give some of its energy to a photon, and somehow that prevents the atmosphere from lighting up in an atomic explosion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions

submitted by /u/yosimba2000
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Why are there designated unused positions in unicode blocks?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 07:23 PM PDT

For example U+0378 is not mapped to a character, why?

submitted by /u/READERmii
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What type of explosive is being used for the H-Bomb's explosive lenses (Fuse for the fission reaction)?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 03:37 AM PDT

Is RDX and TNT still used?

submitted by /u/monkeymonkeym
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At what point does the speed of air moving over a surface start heating from friction rather than cooling by carrying away heat?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 02:24 PM PDT

Is there a map of the human genome?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 02:26 AM PDT

Is there an accurate map of the human genome? That is maybe an interactive map and says what dna does what in theory. Like showing a giant full length dna sequence of examples and when you click on a certain section it shows eye color, circadian rhythm, and other fascinating theoretical sequences.

submitted by /u/ArmoredBattalion
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How are NOAA's storm chaser planes able to fly through hurricane Irma and not go down? I'd think the propellers and/or the windows would take a serious beating. How are they designed to handle the intense wind and rain and keep the crew safe?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 11:57 AM PDT

What would happen if you put separate ends of a "rope" into 2 different blackholes?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 10:26 PM PDT

Hypothetically, the rope is strong enough to not break.

submitted by /u/hopeless_poet
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How does the destructive force of an H-Bomb propagate?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 12:42 AM PDT

An atomic bomb keeps sending out particles that will break apart other particles to cause a chain reaction.

What about an H-Bomb? All I know is that you use an incredible amount of energy to force light atoms to fuse, resulting in a compound with lower potential energy that what it started with. And then everyone dies...? How?

submitted by /u/yosimba2000
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After an extended period of time, will a ceiling/floor fan actually make a room warmer because it is adding energy to the molecules around it?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 01:20 PM PDT

Do most animals fast when ill?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 10:41 AM PDT

Has anyone ever attempted to fuse heavy elements by artificial nucleosynthesis? What would make such a process difficult?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 08:55 AM PDT

How long would you need to survive to out live a zombie apocalypse?

Posted: 07 Sep 2017 02:23 AM PDT

Zombies are just decomposing bodies out in the elements, so how long would you need to survive before they reach a level of decomp that they no longer pose a threat of being able to chase you down and attack you?

submitted by /u/the_dying_punk
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Do plants die of old age?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 12:29 PM PDT

Aside from the obvious seasonal plants, do plants such as bushes and trees ever get "old" like people do? If so, are there old characteristics? Can a bush or tree die of old age if it is otherwise healthy?

submitted by /u/Alfrasco
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Is it possible for a nucleus to 'be' between two excited states?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 08:34 AM PDT

Hi everyone,

I am currently working on a thesis about radiation and specifically about gamma decay. As I was reading literature about ground state and excited state, I wondered wether it is possible for a nucleus to 'be' between two excited states or between excited state and ground state. I think this is not possible because a emited gammaphoton will include all the energy that is between two states so a gammaphoton can't include half the energy there is between two states.

Is my way of thinking correct or am I missing the point horribly here?

Thanks in regard!

submitted by /u/Dr_Oetlul
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Do all solids have a triple point?

Posted: 06 Sep 2017 08:29 AM PDT

Is it merely a question of getting the temp low enough and pulling a large enough vacuum?

I'm trying to determine if I can use sublimation for crystal formation.

submitted by /u/thecasey1981
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