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Friday, September 1, 2017

How much does drinking a cold drink really affect your body temperature?

How much does drinking a cold drink really affect your body temperature?


How much does drinking a cold drink really affect your body temperature?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 07:24 AM PDT

Just as "red" in hundred meant "count", does the "ter" in close relatives (like father, mother, brother, sister) mean anything in Old(er) English?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 07:48 AM PDT

Is the gas in your joints that gets popped when cracking your knuckles the same one that you have to worry about when diving?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 07:40 AM PDT

Why do female lions kill the cubs of a pride mate?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 06:25 AM PDT

Hello! I was re-watching the Savage Kingdom, a documentary which shows what you might expect from an African wildlife program but is narrated as though it's some epic drama. Most of the scenes however are what you usually see. Predators hunt prey, drink water, establish territories, etc.

However, in the first episode the supposed dominant female in a pride mates with the male and gives birth to cubs. Two weeks after birth, the other lions find them and start to violently thrash them and then eat them. All the time, the mother is clearly distressed but makes no attempt to stop the others.

The show never attempts to explain it other than 'This is not cruelty on the lions part, this is simply how lions behave'. However, I found it hard to understand the logic of it.

I 100% understand when in the same episode a lion kills a leopard cub. They perceive leopards as competition or a threat to their young, so they kill them whenever possible and the cubs cannot defend themselves. I also understand if a new male comes in and kills the female's offspring so they go back into heat and are ready to mate with him. I could even rationalize if it was a rival female seeing new cubs as a threat to her own pride.

However, I do not understand why they would kill the offspring of their own pride-mate and supposed superior. My friend and I came up with the following theories regarding it, but none seem to stack up.

  • Our first thought was that the female in the documentary is not actually the highest ranking, and that by mating with the male and producing cubs she was seen as defying some higher ranking female. However, even if she isn't technically in the highest standing she is the mother of the newer lionesses, making her a lot older and physically bigger. The fact that she never tries to defend her cubs from younger/weaker assailants made me question this viewpoint.

  • Our second thought was that because the cubs were young they didn't yet smell like lions, and the pride-mates mistook them for leopards, rival lion cubs, or simply just perceived them as food. However, they had been alive for two weeks already and the mother clearly understood what they were.

  • Out last thought is the pride members never meant any harm but were being too rough in their play, and at some point they got so excited they started feeding on them instead of trying to play with them.

So tl;dr, a female lioness who is supposedly the highest ranking female gives birth to cubs away from the pride. Two weeks later the pride finds her, takes the cubs and violently thrashes them, then begins to eat them as they kick and cry out. All along the mother, while clearly distressed, does not attempt to stop her comrades.

submitted by /u/DeneralGegenerate
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What happens to the Intensity Pattern of the Young's Double Slit experiment when the 2 sources (beams of light) are polarized in mutually perpendicular planes?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 07:55 AM PDT

Amplitude of S1 = A, Intensity = I

Amplitude of S2 = 2A, Intensity = 4I

I know when the 2 beams are polarized in the same plane, the intensity varies sinusoidally between I (destructive interference) and 9I (constructive interference). But what if the beams are polarized in mutually perpendicular planes? A constant 5I?

If the intensity is not constant, then that is the resultant intensity when they meet in phase and out of phase?

submitted by /u/STorrible
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If a human being were crushed down past their Schwarzschild radius, would the resulting black hole pull in enough surrounding matter to sustain itself or would it shortly evaporate in a devastating explosion?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 11:41 PM PDT

How do we calculate current world population? Also, how accurate is that count?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 02:56 PM PDT

Burning question on my mind for awhile now. How do scientists calculate the current number of people on the planet? Is it some massive database, clever guesstimation, or something else?

submitted by /u/TwitchFunnyguy77
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When a subsea cable is damaged, how do internet companies know the location where the fault occured?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 01:43 AM PDT

Intriqued by this article: https://www.itnews.com.au/news/aussie-internet-pain-after-asian-subsea-cables-cut-472070 I asked myself how can they possibly know where the damage is? I mean, with a "normal" cable/wire you can just know if the cable is cut or not, not where it's cut. Do subsea cables have some kind of transmitters installed in them at interval lengths to help narrow down any faults?

submitted by /u/anzezaf
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How does being in space for months affect an astronaut's circadian rythm?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 03:11 PM PDT

Why are trees in the Sahara flat and wide?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 08:18 PM PDT

I understand it is a certain species that grow like this, but how is it beneficial to the tree? It seems like it is very important to the animals because of how much shade is provides, but wouldn't the increased surface area on top create issues with more of the tree being exposed to direct sunlight?

submitted by /u/imtakingapooprn
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How do we consistently measure air pressure at sea for the weather charts?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 05:07 AM PDT

Why do some seagulls have messy feathers small necks and are very aggressive?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 07:39 AM PDT

Sorry if the title is confusing it's just I always see the occasional 'alpha' looking seagulls. That's wider than others shorter with small necks and have messy feathers. Also they always sqwuack at the innocent ones trying to get a piece of the pie.

submitted by /u/Spoodaman
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Does the human ear have a flat frequency response? Or do we perceive certain frequencies louder than others?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 04:08 PM PDT

When a boat travels over a water bridge, how does the weight on that bridge change?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 04:21 PM PDT

Inspired by this picture, I wanted to know if the weight on the bridge would be lighter or heavier while a boat was traversing. My assumption was that it would be lighter, from displacement.

Furthermore, how heavy (as a percentage of the weight of the existing water) could a ship be before it sank or high-centered on the bridge?

https://i.redd.it/42cw78hjq3jz.jpg

submitted by /u/submax
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How do animals that consume venomous creatures metabolize the venom glands?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 11:09 AM PDT

I just watched this video that National Geographic posted: https://tinyurl.com/ybosw7pg It depicts a rooster attacking and consuming a cobra. I'm curious about how the bird metabolizes the venom. Even if it hasn't been bitten, wouldn't eating the entire animal (specifically the venom gland) be deadly?

submitted by /u/mibergeron
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Is there a front side to a spiderweb?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 03:15 PM PDT

For several days I've been watching a big ol' spider that has spun a large web on my back porch. Every time I go out to check on the spider it's on the side of the web facing away from the house. Do spiders naturally favor one side of their web over the other side? Is there a front side and a back side?

submitted by /u/thepixelpaint
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How do we determine the half-life of U-238?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 08:20 PM PDT

From the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research's website:

"Uranium-238, the most prevalent isotope in uranium ore, has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years; that is, half the atoms in any sample will decay in that amount of time."

The key word I'm looking at here is 'any'.

So if you had a sample of two U-238 atoms and wanted to watch it decay, how would you know its half-life if it would take 4.5 billion years?

If one watches the neutrons decay individually over time from one atom of U-238, how long would it take before you see the first neutron decay, allowing you to extrapolate the half-life?

Can you please show your math and how you got to that conclusion?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Yewnique_Yousurname
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What is the consensus on creatine and its impact on baldness?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 05:45 PM PDT

I've seen ants huddle together on water to be able to float. How do the ants on the bottom level not drown and die? Or do they?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 12:12 PM PDT

Is it possible to make a 100kW nuclear reactor that's not an RTG?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 11:51 AM PDT

I'm looking up "small nuclear reactor" and mostly finding that "small" means "enough to power 50,000 homes". Outside of an RTG, is it possible to go small enough to make a nuclear powered range extender for an electric vehicle? Or are there constraints on the minimum size of nuclear power?

submitted by /u/mutatron
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If Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a medium, is there something that measures standard deviation?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 10:39 AM PDT

And if there is a way of measuring the standard deviation, what are the implications of it? My understanding of evaporation is that the higher energy molecules escape the liquid even though the overall temperature is below the boiling point. If the standard deviation of the temperature is lower, would that imply that evaporation would occur at a slower pace?

submitted by /u/sacrelicious2
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London is on a higher latitude than Montreal, why does it snow so rarely in comparison?

Posted: 01 Sep 2017 12:44 AM PDT

Would we be able to see geological evidence of a Harvey-like event from 1,000 years ago?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 06:18 PM PDT

Given that Hurricane Harvey is being described as a "1,000 year event", do we have any way of seeing if there was a hurricane with flooding of a similar magnitude in the past 1,000 years based upon geological or ecological evidence?

submitted by /u/sacrelicious2
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Thursday, August 31, 2017

How will the waters actually recede from Harvey, and how do storms like these change the landscape? Will permanent rivers or lakes be made?

How will the waters actually recede from Harvey, and how do storms like these change the landscape? Will permanent rivers or lakes be made?


How will the waters actually recede from Harvey, and how do storms like these change the landscape? Will permanent rivers or lakes be made?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 08:36 AM PDT

Does the Doppler effect have any noticeable consequences on wireless Internet connection?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 07:22 AM PDT

Let's say I'm downloading a file and run towards my router at significant speed, will that make the file download faster, or cause errors? Does it matter whether the signal is AM or FM?

submitted by /u/sam007961
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Are there any natural instances of more than one species traveling together as a herd or pack?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 07:46 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What happens when you compress water?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 08:34 PM PDT

Since water is (one of?) the only substances that is most dense in its liquid phase, what happens when you compress water? Does it stay liquid? Turn into another, more obscure state of matter? Also related - since compression generally increases temperature, how would the temperature of compressed water change?

submitted by /u/danceswithlesbians
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A question about centrifugal force in a weightless environment?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 03:30 AM PDT

After reading 'Rendezvous with Rama' by Arthur C Clarke, I have been stumped by a thought about centrifugal force in a weightless environment. In the book a character attempts to fly in a winged craft along the central axis of a massive closed spinning cylinder with a gaseous environment. As they go along (If I am remembering correctly) they lose power and end up being pulled down to the inside surface. So I have been thinking about what particular set of circumstances are required for the centrifugal force to act on a body.

Say for example, if I am floating in space and a completely open-ended massive spinning cylinder were to pass around me i.e., I pass through the cylinder, however I am not on the central axis but closer to the inside surface. Would I be pulled down to the surface by the centrifugal force? I am deliberately excluding the gravitational force from this thought experiment.

submitted by /u/ProblemShared
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Why does the standard deviation formula have an (n-1) instead of n?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 04:20 PM PDT

The formula to calculate standard deviation involves adding the squares of differences between the point and mean for each data point, then dividing it by (n-1). Since standard deviation is a way to calculate spread that corresponds with mean, why isn't the sum divided by n?

submitted by /u/existentialepicure
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How does Icy-hot work?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 08:55 PM PDT

How does icy work and why does it affect some areas when applied more than others? Also, can some areas sensitive to icy-hot become desensitized?

submitted by /u/theSpudnik
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When we pop a joint like a knuckle or our back, its a realeases air. Where does that air go?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 03:21 PM PDT

Why shouldn't I control a parallel load register using an AND gate?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 11:31 PM PDT

I have been taught to use a mux to control whether you load a new data value into the D-Flop or load the Flop's current output back in to the flop.

  • Why is it not better to remove the multiplexers and just have a control input ANDed with the clock and use the output signal as the clock for the flops?
  • Wouldn't doing this remove the constant reassigning of the flop's output back through the design?
submitted by /u/AsaJack
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What happens to fresh-water aquatic life during and after hurricane flooding?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 08:17 AM PDT

Do they think "gee, this pond didn't have a house in it last I remember" or are there adaptations to survive/take advantage of the situation?

Thanks in advance

submitted by /u/iki_balam
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How do scientists fire subatomic particles at materials in their experiments?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 06:13 PM PDT

The two that I'm thinking about right now are the Davisson-Germer experiment, where electrons were fired as I've been told, and the Rutherford Gold foil experiment, where helium nuclei were fired at gold foil.

How do scientists isolate these particles and how do they store them, and how do they manipulate these particles to "fire" them at a substance? Is the way these are fired the same as just atoms of an element?

submitted by /u/ShammaLamaMu
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In a given season, do hurricanes (typhoons, etc) tend to follow a similar trajectory?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 06:12 PM PDT

What is the average chemical composition of fossil fuels?

Posted: 31 Aug 2017 03:27 AM PDT

'Chemistry' I like to do back-of-an-envelope calculations of things related to climate science. I'm trying to estimate the amount of water produced by fossil fuel consumption, and so I'd like to see some estimate on the chemical/elemental composition of fossil fuels. For petroleum, I've found the figure 10-14% (weight) hydrogen, and for coal some 1-5%. What I am after is more of a total average over all fossil fuels, for some recent year, say after 2005.

submitted by /u/Gelnef
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In cases of broken bones, how do animals heal in the wild?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 02:37 PM PDT

I was watching a video here in reddit earlier (link) where a Wildebeest looks like it gets its leg broken from a crocodile bite and it got me wondering: How do animals heal broken bones in the wild?

Would a case such as this result in the animal unable to walk or would it somehow naturally heal back to its original form?

submitted by /u/599080
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Do our skin cells, or liver cells, contain the genetic data for EVERYTHING in our bodies?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 08:07 PM PDT

Do the DNA residing in the cells that live in our eyes, have genetic data that codes for how our feet should develop in humans?

submitted by /u/habibitee
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Some particularly social animals, such as whales, are known to sometimes come to humans when they need help. Do they go to animals other than humans for help? Does this get them into trouble?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 05:34 AM PDT

How is it that, during an eclipse, the moon perfectly blocks out the sun?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 09:56 PM PDT

The moon is considerably smaller and closer than the sun, wouldn't it kind of just be like a small speck we would see in front of the sun?

submitted by /u/Super47_
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How do they protect chemistry equipment from being eaten by whatever reaction is taking place inside?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 09:16 PM PDT

At school I've seen my professors just pour strong acids and bases into what seem to be glass containers for experiments. Why doesn't the acid dissolve the container right away or at least start to eat away at it?

submitted by /u/its_ya_boi_dazed
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Is there 2 longest and 2 shortest days at the equator or do they differ?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 12:24 PM PDT

How did Edwin Hubble determine Andromeda's distance from Earth?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 10:38 AM PDT

Wednesday, August 30, 2017

How many generations does it takes before medical history becomes irrelevant?

How many generations does it takes before medical history becomes irrelevant?


How many generations does it takes before medical history becomes irrelevant?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 04:02 PM PDT

Why does being infected with vaccinia virus vaccine protect you from Smallpox but doesn't protect you from other "pox" such as chicken pox?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 08:18 PM PDT

Due to my career field I was recently given the vaccinia virus because I was told it's a more "mild" form of small pox, this peaked my interest and I learned the difference between vaccinia and variola virus(small pox) but could not find an answer to my question in regards to the varicella virus (chicken pox). I probably have a misinterpretation on the correlation of the word "pox" but I'd like to know, thank you!

submitted by /u/KannonTheKid
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Why cant we use nuclear fuel until it's spent?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 03:48 AM PDT

We use plutonium and uranium to fuel our nuclear plants. In hospitals, they're used in xray machines. At a certain point, they are considered "spent", but still contain enough energy to be considered a problem. Why can't we use them until they're gone, just like a log would be just carbon and water vapor when it's burnt out?

submitted by /u/Dringringringringrin
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How does polarization matter in Sisyphus cooling to millionths of a degree above Zero?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 05:55 PM PDT

I was just reading about a molecule being cooled to 50/106 degrees above zero. The article referenced a higher temperature which could be obtained through Doppler cooling, but that this technique had limitations. The mechanism for Doppler cooling and it's limit makes intuitive sense to me, to the extent that I could probably calculate the limit for simple cases.

However this new record required a technique called Sisyphus cooling which I do not really understand. The wikipedia article on it wasn't terribly informative for me either. Can circularly polarized light be effective in cooling by this mechanism, or does it have to be linear?

How does light polarization effect orbital interaction? I've always assumed it was just a scalar energy involved in electron absorption of a photon.

Any direction towards further reading that would help me understand this would be appreciated.

Original article which piqued my interest: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/molecules-face-big-chill

submitted by /u/lichlord
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How Do Aircraft Rudders Work?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 08:10 PM PDT

How does a rudder work in an aircraft as opposed to a boat? I've read aviation sites and everything is hard to understand. Wings and lift - I think I finally JUST have it. Rudders not so much. Everything in aviation slides around, the fluid friction is so low compared to water. Even a basic turn only barely makes sense.

submitted by /u/OneTimeIDidThatOnce
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Can we attach a sail of some sought to an asteroid to redirect it?

Posted: 30 Aug 2017 01:02 AM PDT

Edit: My Science teacher told me this. Apparently he has an IQ of 185, and most of the things he says make total sense, but this seems preposterous.

submitted by /u/InspireMee_
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What determines the length of the unburned wick remaining above the candlewax?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 01:12 PM PDT

Say you're burning a candle, why is the sticking out bit of wick that specific size? Is it related to the temperature of the flame or viscosity of the molten wax or something else unrelated?

submitted by /u/L1qu1dN1trog3n
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How do we know the exact age of the earth?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 10:24 PM PDT

When i searched online i found that the method used to calculate the age was radiometric-dating, but then we should only know that the earth is as AT LEAST as old as the oldest rock that was dated. where did the upper bound on Earth's age come from?

submitted by /u/TomiSPK
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what breakthrough has Cassini provided us with?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 03:52 PM PDT

Could we slingshot an object around planets or the sun to get close to the speed of light?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 07:48 PM PDT

NASA used slingshotting around earth and the moon and other planets to gain speed. If you slingshot enough times around the right planet, could an object get close to the speed of light? Or is there a limit?

submitted by /u/denmark219
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When it comes to massive projects like designing a rocket from the ground up (as SpaceX has done, for example), where does one even start?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 04:09 PM PDT

I was just thinking about this as a recent college graduate. There are quite a few things that just completely blow my mind when it comes to the scope of a project. There are so many factors to consider, how are people able to come together to make large projects happen knowing how many things must be done, and what will happen if something is missed?

submitted by /u/TheAero1221
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How do we determine sea level?

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 09:13 AM PDT

Do we base it off of some point on land, and then depending on if it raises or lowers from that point we know if the sea is rising? And if that is how we do it, do we measure that point at high or low tide? Also, how often do we change topography maps with the new sea level?

submitted by /u/PApauper
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Why don't we drop atomic waste packaged in lead spheres into the Mariana Trench? (Or the remainders of Fukushima for example)

Posted: 29 Aug 2017 04:50 AM PDT