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Friday, July 14, 2017

The Pascal-B test during Operation Plumbbob famously launched a 2000 lb steel plate at such velocity that it was only visible for a single frame on the high-speed camera. Is this footage available to the public?

The Pascal-B test during Operation Plumbbob famously launched a 2000 lb steel plate at such velocity that it was only visible for a single frame on the high-speed camera. Is this footage available to the public?


The Pascal-B test during Operation Plumbbob famously launched a 2000 lb steel plate at such velocity that it was only visible for a single frame on the high-speed camera. Is this footage available to the public?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 06:17 PM PDT

This event was mentioned in an AskReddit thread and people are asking for the footage, or at least a still image of the "single frame" in question. I thought I had seen it before, but now I can't find it. Maybe I imagined it?

submitted by /u/Siarles
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How did it come to be that the botanical definition of a berry is so vastly different from the culinary one?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 08:31 PM PDT

At what point does the atmosphere get so thin that describing speeds in terms of 'mach' or relative to the speed of sound becomes pointless?

Posted: 14 Jul 2017 03:24 AM PDT

If matter can neither be created nor destroyed, does this mean that every subatomic particle that comprises our bodies was around since the beginning of time? (Protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, etc)

Posted: 14 Jul 2017 12:00 AM PDT

Furthermore, is it fair to say that these same subatomic particles could have been part of a previous human, animal, or environmental object (tree, dirt, etc.)?

submitted by /u/levelvolcano852
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Suppose I am using a laptop 24/7. Is it more power efficient to leave the laptop plugged in to power all the time, or to let it charge fully, drain the battery, recharge it and then repeat?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 10:28 AM PDT

Is there anything hotter than the sun?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 06:50 PM PDT

How do we know that earth is ~5 billion / universe is ~13.5 billion years old?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 12:31 PM PDT

Why is a sponge soft when wet but hard when dry?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 08:56 PM PDT

Came to my mind when washing dishes and the more I think about it the more it seems like magic to me.

submitted by /u/Sidiabdulassar
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How do attractive forces work?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 09:12 AM PDT

I understand (at least I think I do) how repulsive forces function at the quantum level, but I cannot find any explanation for attractive forces. Let's take the electromagnetic force, mediated by the photon. When two similarly charged particles come near each other, they exchange photons with each other and repel because of the change in momentum. How does this work for attractive forces? For oppositely charged particles the light cannot impart a negative momentum on them so what is happening here?

submitted by /u/ChainsawsForNipples
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How can a scanning tunneling microscope move the tip so precisely it is able to measure individual atoms?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 06:10 AM PDT

The detector tip would have to move with subatomic precision and that seems impossible.

submitted by /u/bigbobgotu
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(Electricity) How does BlueTooth Technology work?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 03:15 PM PDT

It isn't IR. Is it Wifi? How does it work?

submitted by /u/Hadou_Jericho
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Thursday, July 13, 2017

[Physics] Is the reason why particles of different gases will sort themselves heaviest/lightest the same mechanism that causes (eg) sugar grains and the larger coffee granules to separate themselves in a cup?

[Physics] Is the reason why particles of different gases will sort themselves heaviest/lightest the same mechanism that causes (eg) sugar grains and the larger coffee granules to separate themselves in a cup?


[Physics] Is the reason why particles of different gases will sort themselves heaviest/lightest the same mechanism that causes (eg) sugar grains and the larger coffee granules to separate themselves in a cup?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 05:03 AM PDT

Can someone explain why the larger particles and smaller ones will sort themselves apart and is that the same reason why it happens at a larger scale with different sized bits of matter eg if you put sugar grains and coffee granules in a cup and shake it they will separate themselves. Are these two situations connected at all? By what mechanism do they happen?

submitted by /u/DoctorJinxx
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Why is ω+1 not the same as 1+ω?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 10:44 PM PDT

When and why did the English accent in early America fade away, and the American accents come about?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 05:54 AM PDT

Why can noise cancelling headphones only cancel at low freqs?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 04:05 AM PDT

Can anyone explain why exactly noise cancelling headphones are only able to cancel reasonably low frequency sounds? Is it more of a practical limitation or a scientific limitation?

Bonus: Is it at all related to why low frequencies tend to travel through walls, while higher frequencies do not?

submitted by /u/iamcommando
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Microwaves and radiowaves, how do they penetrate different material?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 05:45 AM PDT

I was curious at how microwaves dont pass through the metal mesh on the window, I understood this was due to wavelength but it didnt make sense how the waves just can just slide throughthe holes until I read that one should imagine the wavelength doesnt form in one direction but in all like a blob, so the long wavelength disallows it from passing through. That is until I was curious how radiowaves can pass through walls and small bits of earth when they have wavelengths much longer than that of microwaves.

Also how would microwaves penetrate food? Or do they simply heat from the outside?

I did slme reading but nothing seems to click or make sense, is there some kind of sweet spot between wave speed and wavelength?

I havw no background in optics or whatever physics concentration this is, I am simply curious.

submitted by /u/Hotdogduckie
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How does the blood test for food allergies work?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 05:39 AM PDT

Why can green, red, and blue alone be used and combined to make every visible color, like on screens? Are there other combinations of colors that can do this?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 04:32 PM PDT

Is there a way to shift EM signal frequencies?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 03:41 AM PDT

Say can we shift IR to visible frequencies without receiving it on an IR sensor, reading it and reemitting it?

submitted by /u/miminor
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How do blood/plasma recipients not get serious viral infections?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 06:52 AM PDT

If a patient receives whole blood or plasma from a donor, wouldn't viruses like chicken pox, influenza, or even HSV be transmissible via the serum? Even if the original donor has acquired immunity, the recipient's adaptive immune system is not producing T-Cells with the proper antigen receptors. Since many blood/plasma recipients are already immunocompromised, how do they avoid getting horribly sick from latent or active viral infections from the blood they receive?

submitted by /u/cymicro
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When human waste is dumped into the ocean (from ships or drainage) does it not just get diluted and diffused?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 02:07 AM PDT

Currently revisiting oceanography and global governance as part of Geography subject knowledge, and just interested in how significant human waste in the ocean is and whether or not it is simply diffused and diluted through the sheer volume of water or salinity

submitted by /u/MDMCG13
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[Physics] Do fields actually exist?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 08:08 PM PDT

Take the electromagnetic field, for instance. Photons are quantized, meaning that it takes a threshold energy level for the photon to even exist. On the other hand, photons are excitations of the electromagnetic field.

Putting these two ideas crudely together: if there's no photon, then that means there's no excitation in the field. So if that is true, then how could you distinguish the field from nothingness?

To put it differently, do fields exist independently from their particles?

submitted by /u/123123x
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Is the "observable universe" limited by our current telescopic technology, or can we see that far and there's nothing behind it?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 12:59 PM PDT

Is baby babbling a component in word origins and etymology?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 04:59 AM PDT

Ok, the premise of this questions gonna sound weird (really weird) but my question is genuine.

Tonight I dreamed about a late night academic presentation about a study where the researchers were able to record some vocalisations of unborn pandas(!?!) (I don't even know if they make noise). One of this sound was really similar to "mama". So they theorised that we use a sound similar to "mama" and "papa" for mom and dad in many languages because it's actually one of the youngest and easiest sound human could make... Then I dreamed that to find more info on the study I had to go in a library/dungeon and battle some goblins... But that's a dream for another time.

So, is my subconscious actually onto something? Could have the baby babbling (the various "dadada" and "bababa"), which is most probably done in front of parents, influenced the way we say mom and dad (if not etymologically, at least phonetically) and not the other way around?

Also, is the babbling the baby makes more influenced by biological factors or is more embedded in the cultural environment the baby is born to?

I don't know for other branches, but in almosts all Indo-European languages there are expressions very similar to refer, in a "childish" way to the parents, namely "mama" or "papa"/"dada".

Do I dream in academic research or just random weird stuff???

submitted by /u/santiguana
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What's the deal with converting between Gibbs free energy changes and equilibrium constants?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 04:49 AM PDT

I'm familiar with the equation deltaG = -RTln(K), but I have never really seen it specified whether this is a K_c or a K_p value. This is kinda important... since they're different numbers and both are unitless.

What one is it??! And why does nobody specify this?

submitted by /u/usernumber36
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Why are some gases, such as CO2, highly lipid soluble, while some others, such as N2 or Argon are less?

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 03:40 AM PDT

If addition an subtraction, as well as division and multiplication, are related to each other as inverse operations, are there names for each "group" of operations?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 04:05 PM PDT

Example: (exponent/root operations are called "..." operations).

submitted by /u/codythewolf
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[physics]?If I was standing on the surface of the sun and looked up what would I see in the sky? Would it be different if I was in an Earth sized sun spot?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 03:11 PM PDT

Are blood transfusions between species possible?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 09:49 AM PDT

How fast can the human eye move?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 12:02 PM PDT

What happens if you repeatedly melt glass?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 10:03 AM PDT

If you have glass and you melt it, then allow it to cool and harden, then melt it again and repeat a few times, will the glass become brittle? What change will happen to the glass?

submitted by /u/That_Nonstop_Reader
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Does light slow down when traveling through a medium?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 03:59 PM PDT

I was under the impression that light can only ever travel at the speed of light. How does index of refraction factor into this?

submitted by /u/lolsel
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Physicists have transmitted data via quantum entanglement. Shouldn't this be huge news?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 10:28 AM PDT

https://phys.org/news/2017-07-physicists-transmit-earth-to-space-quantum-entanglement.html

This seems like a monumental achievement. This potentially opens the door for instantaneous communication and data transfer with no spacial limitations, wires, etc. Data transfer via quantum entanglement could have incredible implications for computation as well. My mind is racing, why is there so little buzz surrounding this achievement?

submitted by /u/EupraxiaCM
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Wednesday, July 12, 2017

Do animals have blood types like we do?

Do animals have blood types like we do?


Do animals have blood types like we do?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 06:04 AM PDT

We have blood types, O, A, B, and AB. Do animals of the same species have different blood types? If not, what makes us so different?

submitted by /u/Pepsi_Cola64
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Are all members of Feliforma (hyaenas, meerkats, et al.) affected by catnip?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 05:40 AM PDT

What is the visual aspect of fire?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 04:56 PM PDT

I understand the heat is from radiation, but what is the actual flickering, flapping, wispy glow we see? How is it produced? And why does its intensity change its color?

submitted by /u/baroncalico
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How Long Is Titan In Saturn's Shadow During Each Orbit?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 05:53 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Do stator windings have to be angled?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 08:06 AM PDT

This image from the link and many others show stator windings that are angles and not just tangential to the circle. Do they have to be this way or not? And why? Would a magnetic field not be created if they didn't have this skewed angle?

http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/power/elect_phy/images/plant_generator.gif

submitted by /u/clang6
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Can you do RNAseq without an expensive sequencer?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 08:04 AM PDT

Hi!

I'm a grad student with some research questions for which I want to use RNAseq, but I can't afford to send samples to a core facility, nor can the lab afford a sequencer. Can you do RNAseq in the lab with other technology? How was RNAseq done before these $250k high-throughput instruments were marketed?

Thank you very much!

submitted by /u/mrlamp1892
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What exactly is happening when a computer or other digital device "freezes," and what is taking place once it finally catches up?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 05:34 PM PDT

I work at a distribution center, so I essentially spend my entire shift using an RF scanner. The devices freeze up quite often, and once they unfreeze, they cycle through all the inputs you made during its downtime. What all is taking place while it's having its little digital crisis?

submitted by /u/In7erted
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Is the reciprocal lattice of a crystal all points in space, that may have constructive interference, assuming the asymetric unit of the crystal is a single atom?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 02:41 AM PDT

I'm a graduate biology student in the x-ray-crystallography field and I'm still trying to wrap my head around reciprocal/momentum space and lattices, even after reading (and not understanding too well) several source via google and books like "Introduction to Macromolecular Crystallography".

I understand how to construct a reciprocal lattice (Get all families of planes with different miller indices, get their normal vector, draw the normal vector from the arbitrarily chosen origin of the reciprocal space - at the end of it is a reciprocal lattice point associated with this family of planes). I understand that reciprocal lattices are not part of real space, but are the Fourier transformation of the crystal lattice which brings it into reciprocal/momentum space (which I still can't wrap my head around after reading several sources about it, but currently just accept as being not-real-space but am not sure how to best imagine how real and momentum space interact with each other) - and of course that the reciprocal lattice in reciprocal space is the Fourier transformation of the crystal lattice.

A short time ago I stumbled over this 2D visualization youtube video which made me ask myself:

If reciprocal lattice points can be visualized in real space using a film of sorts - are they then diffraction maxima of the crystal lattice in real space ? Is thus the reciprocal lattice of a crystal all points in real space (not reciprocal space), that have constructive interference assuming the asymmetric unit of the crystal is a single atom? Or did I get the wrong impression based on the animation?

submitted by /u/Isofruit
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How endangered spieces such as Vaquita survive? Wouldn't they die out due to inbreeding ?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 01:44 AM PDT

How does one sided kidney failure work?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 02:20 PM PDT

Let's say only one kidney acutely failed in the body due to damage/blockage of its artery or vein. Overtime, how would you be able to tell that this is occurring? Would blood/urine tests still be normal if the other kidney remained functional?

submitted by /u/jaycedog
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Is it possible to change the way a computer handles bits?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 05:19 AM PDT

So at the very base, computers work by reading and processing binary code which is done sending electrical signals though billions of transistors which in turn gives us our 1's and 0's.

This in itself is amazing but I've been thinking of a way for a computer to be even faster at processing data. Instead of sending electrical signals and using transistors to represent bits, wouldn't it be better if we used light and photodiodes (I hope that's the correct component). This thought came after seeing the evolution of the way we send data, from sending data over copper wires to sending them as light pulses through optical fibres. Can the same thing be implemented with the way computers run? Given that, is it possible to store data as light? We've seen how light has been used in telecommunications but rather than using it as a way to communicate, could we use it for storage?

Please correct any misunderstandings or misleading information that I may have said.

submitted by /u/HazzyDevil
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The first Earth-Orbit teleportation was completed today using tangled Photon observations, can someone explain how this works and how it could potentially be transitioned to matter?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 08:38 AM PDT

From the article I read:

One of the most difficult to grasp aspects of quantum physics is how observing a quantum particle forces the particle's state to change.

This is known as the observer effect, and it is the result of the instruments necessary to measure the state of very small objects.

When quantum objects, such as photons, are "entangled" it means that they were formed at the same instant in space and so share the same existence.

The state of entangled particles are linked, so that if you measure the state of one particle it instantaneously affects the state of the other.

Questions arise about how long it takes, if observation of one of the entangled objects can change the state of the other object, for the other object's state to change.

Current research describes entangled particles as being part of the same wave function, which means that regardless of the distance between the entangled objects, the quantum state change will take place immediately.

This form of immediate change is what is being described when the scientists talk about teleportation.

By tangling two photons together and observing one, the scientists are instantaneously transmitting information in a potentially unlimited way.

While this has been performed many times in a laboratory setting, the Chinese researcher's experiments show it to be possible to teleport an object from Earth to orbit, and breaks the record for the longest distance for entanglement.

submitted by /u/SunStarSight
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Can plasma be enclosed in an electromagnetic field and then launched as a packet in a controlled manner?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 12:12 PM PDT

In science fiction there are a number of instances of weapons based on using small bursts of plasma encased in electromagnetic packets and fired at the enemy. Most notably in my mind are the PPGs from Babylon 5, and the Tau Pulse weapons in Warhammer 40,000.

I am curious if this has any basis in actual science, or if it is complete BS.

Followup question:

-If the concept is sound what scale do we have the technology to do it at? I am assuming no small arms, and my imagination has me thinking it would be particle accelerator-esque.

-If it is complete BS, do we have anything similar? The closest I can think of is my very basic understanding of the Huge particle accelerators.

submitted by /u/Cryhavok101
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Does LSD/other psychoactive drug usage in pregnant women have an effect on the child?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 11:22 AM PDT

Why do identical twins have different fingerprints?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 10:08 PM PDT

Why is good quality vision called '20/20' vision, and not 100% vision?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 03:01 AM PDT

What effect does rain have on how sound travels?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 10:41 AM PDT

Do species with Tetrachromacy experience several colors we can't see, or just a more violet world?

Posted: 12 Jul 2017 12:52 AM PDT

So, I know that humans have three cones in our eyes, that can perceive red, blue, and green light. I was also reading that several species of bird have a fourth cone, that can pick up some ultraviolet light. What I'm trying to wrap my head around is just how differently they would perceive colors. Now, I know for example that we see yellow because our cones for green and red become activated in just the right amounts. But is this just finding the average of the colors based on the cone activation? If so - does that mean that if the UV cone was activated as well, the person would just see a blueish green instead, finding the average of all three activated cones? Or would this be seen as some color we can't conceive of?

I suppose the TLDR is as the title says: do species with tetrachromacy see a whole ton of colors we can't even comprehend, or do they just see one extra new color, and everything else is shifted more toward violet when UV reflecting pigment is present?

submitted by /u/creepyeyes
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Why is it that chlorine gas is toxic, but chloride ions are safe to consume?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 11:22 AM PDT

Is there a theoretical limit to the maximum size of a body of fresh water?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 11:32 AM PDT

Is there a size where it would inevitably become salty? Why?

EDIT: This question is about earth specifically, not just any rocky planet with water.

submitted by /u/MercifulWombat
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