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Tuesday, July 11, 2017

Can there be particle accelerators for chargeless particles?

Can there be particle accelerators for chargeless particles?


Can there be particle accelerators for chargeless particles?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 05:16 AM PDT

Can particle accelerators be built, in theory, to accelerate particles on the basis of color or spin, instead of their electric charge, if a particle has no components that carry charge? E.g. would it be possible to draw gluons out of a G/Q plasma and move them around in one way or another by the means of fields?

submitted by /u/Hoppetar
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Why do the muscles hurt when I cross my eyes but not when i look left and right normally?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 08:44 AM PDT

Why isn't there muscle cancer?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 08:37 AM PDT

We hear all the time about brain cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, etc., but why do we never hear of malignant, cancerous tumors from developing in muscle tissue? Is there something unique about the makeup of muscle fibers that prevents abnormal growth?

EDIT: I'm specifically referring to skeletal muscle and why rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is rarer than other types of cancer. (Thanks /u/seanbrockest)

submitted by /u/flamefoxx99
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How are electronics cooled in space?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 12:34 AM PDT

Hi guys,

I just saw some youtube videos of some fancy tech in space. During the video I started to wonder how you keep things in space cool enough to operate properly.

If i think of my pc here on earth, heat is transmitted from my CPU to the air. In space however, there is no air. So how do people keep electronics in space from dying from overheating?

My first thought was, maybe they use some sort of water cooling tech, but that still wouldn't be enough for CPUs to be cooled for long periods of time, since the water still would rise in temperature and maybe even burst the pipes when getting too hot.

Does anyone know how electronics are kept cool in space?

Thank you :)

submitted by /u/Alusion
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What are these straight line formations in the middle of Australia and what caused them?

Posted: 11 Jul 2017 06:04 AM PDT

This is the phenomenon I'm referring to.

The very weird straight drainage patterns it results in can clearly be seen on the beautiful map of the continent's river basins seen on this reddit post, which led me to ask the question.

Is this natural? How did it occur? Why is it unique to that area in Australia? Does a similar phenomenon occur elsewhere on Earth?

submitted by /u/circle_square_leaf
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What actually happens when we "get used to something"?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 08:29 PM PDT

Say after you spend some time at the landfill, you stop smelling the foul odor, or you live next to a busy street and stop hearing the traffic, or you live in an area with higher metal contents in the water and stop tasting it. What is actually occurring when we stop smelling/hearing/tasting a frequent sensation?

submitted by /u/zrockstar
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Why do spinning objects appear to switch directions as they slow down?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 09:25 PM PDT

Would it be possible to measure the rise in sea level due to a single aircraft carrier entering the water?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 07:43 PM PDT

Any object entering a body of water will cause displacement thus making the water rise, but an aircraft carrier compared with the world oceans? I can't imagine the number being remotely significant

submitted by /u/MatticusXII
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How do we know what temperature absolute zero is? Could we reach that temperature and find that the true absolute zero is 0.1K cooler?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 04:21 PM PDT

What progress is currently being taken towards the 2038 problem?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 06:10 PM PDT

How do astronomers determine masses of planets and other celestial objects? It's not hard to scale their volume, but it's not enough to find mass out. Do they define prevailing materials and substances and speculate on the density to calculate mass using volume or what?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 03:34 PM PDT

What is the difference between absorbing and capturing a neutron with regards to the Tritium bonus?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 07:41 PM PDT

I'm looking at the Tritium Bonus of the Castle Bravo detonation. The scientists only enriched 40% of the lithium to 6Li, thinking that the 7Li was inert. It was thought that the 6Li would absorb a neutron from the 239Pu and emit an alpha particle and 3H, the latter fusing with the 2H, whereas the 7Li would absorb a neutron to become 8Li and decay to 8Be and eventually 2 alpha particles. But what happened was the 7Li captured the high energy neutron instead of absorbing it and immediately decayed into an alpha particle, a 3H nucleus, and another neutron, so a lot more of the 238U fissioned and the yield was much higher than expected causing radiation and fallout problems. I'm not understanding what the difference of the 7Li absorbing a neutron to decay through 8Be and capturing a neutron to produce more 3H nucleus and another N. this wasn't something that was known at the time I take it.

submitted by /u/Funkit
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What minerals were present in Earth's crust when tectonics began?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 06:22 PM PDT

I'm wondering what minerals would have been found in the earth's crust when plate tectonics began.

A good reference to read would be fantastic.

I know that many of the minerals we have today formed over time due to interactions with water, chemistry, and life. Curious what was around back then.

submitted by /u/PSGWSP
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Why is Lithium carbonate okay but Lithium chloride is toxic? Both anions are pretty safe on their own.

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 08:57 AM PDT

Lithium carbonate is an antidepresant, I was wondering why there was no LiCl for medical use and found that it was toxic. Why is that?

submitted by /u/nemodot
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Does the time at which we sleep affect or bodies?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 08:17 AM PDT

Does the time at which we sleep affect our brain and body? its common knowledge that you need around 8 hours of sleep but i was wondering if WHEN you slept mattered. say i sleep every single day at 2 am and get atleast 8 hours of sleep as compared to sleeping at lets say 10 pm and also getting atleast 8 hours of sleep. would there be a difference as to how our brains and bodies develop?

ive looked for awhile and couldnt really find much. most people and articles say sleeping late is bad but what if you do it regularly? would your body even consider it "late"?

submitted by /u/DarkRetribution_7
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If I launched a sort of javelin into space from a space ship, what are the odds it eventually hits a planet vs hitting a sun vs other celestial objects? What about hitting nothing?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 04:45 PM PDT

Since it is travelling in a vacuum, it will travel forever until it hits something, right? What are the odds it hits something vs hit nothing? What are the odds that the thing that it hits a star vs a planet vs a black hole, or whatever else?

submitted by /u/nickrenfo2
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Why are drugs out of our system after five half lives?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 08:08 AM PDT

Why not 4 or 6?

submitted by /u/lunaticlunatic
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How long did NASA truly expect the Mars Rovers to function?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 04:09 PM PDT

NASA said they would survive 90 days. Spirt operated for 2269 days. It's always best to over deliver. Are there true predictions and likely ways they would fail?

submitted by /u/manbra
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Can a binary star system have a small (Jupiter size) star orbiting a larger (Sol size) star?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 06:52 AM PDT

In Arthur C. Clarke turned Jupiter into a star (in his book "2010") in order to provide warmth/light to one of its moons. Can a solar system like this actually form? That is: one small star very much in orbit around a larger star similar to our own.

submitted by /u/photolouis
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Is the process that created oil and gas continuing today?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 08:11 AM PDT

Or was that process only present during a particular time of our planet's development?

submitted by /u/BearFan34
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Why don't they make spacesuit helmets that fit tightly on your face?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 05:53 PM PDT

Kinda like mass effect... or even Iron Man. The neck could be made out of fabric just like the whole suit, but the face plate would contain the metal ring and seal, which means that the neck would be flexible.

submitted by /u/Ankhrodium
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What would the perspective an observer going near-light speed look like?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 01:23 PM PDT

I understand that, according to Einstein's Relativity, the closer one gets to the speed of light, the slower time moves for them (relative to our perspective here on Earth, for example). If we were to theoretically look at them, we would see them move extremely slowly because they experience time at a much different rate than us.

But let's say we were the travelers. What would we see if we were theoretically able to stably observe the world moving past us? If we were able to observe Earth? Would it look like Earth, and everything on it, was moving in fast motion?

submitted by /u/Calif0rnia_Soul
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Monday, July 10, 2017

Why do you not feel hungry after not eating for a long time?

Why do you not feel hungry after not eating for a long time?


Why do you not feel hungry after not eating for a long time?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 06:18 PM PDT

Why does wetting hair allow us to easily "shape" it?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 08:30 AM PDT

i just had this random thought while i showered and was curious why wetting hair would allow it to easily be "molded". isnt each hair coated in oil which is hydrophobic. also, why is hair sometimes so hard to fix? for example that stray hair standing up on your head.

submitted by /u/DarkRetribution_7
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Are the molecules in a soft solid, like styrofoam, farther apart than the molecules in a hard solid, like iron?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 10:15 PM PDT

Why do scars never heal?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 07:40 AM PDT

I have a few scars and stitches on my forehead since i was a child and they look the same year after year! :(

submitted by /u/zenif_
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(Physics) entangled particles: when are the states undetermined, when just unknown?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 10:10 PM PDT

(noobie question, apologies if formatting is bad...)

Concerning entangled particles. How do we know they are in really in 'superposition', how do we know the states are really indeterminate and not just simply unknown?

E.g. take a matching shoe pair, randomly (eyes closed...) put each shoe in separate identical boxes and send one box to the moon. When a colleague on the moon opens his box, he immediately knows what is in the other box. The complementary shoes though were never in superposition. Which shoe was where, was simply unknown.

Somehow in QM "unknown states of a complementary particle pair" is not enough to model an entanglement experiment. It is necessary for the states to actually be undetermined to best explain the experiment.

If one had both separate unopened shoeboxes again, how does one decide if the shoe states are in superposition or "simply unknown"? If anyone peeks in the box the states "collapse" ... to experimentally determine non-superposition would it be necessary to create a steady stream of "randomized complementary shoe box pairs" and do a statistical analysis?

somehow I think Bell's Inequality fits in here, but I do not know how (and don't understand it yet...)

(of course I do not believe that shoes can be in superposition)

submitted by /u/physicsschmysics22
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Is Tesla's theory of aether accepted as science? Or is it still theory?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 07:43 PM PDT

Is it theoretically possible to make a hollow magnet where the north pole is on the outside and the south pole is on the inside?

Posted: 10 Jul 2017 01:27 AM PDT

Can smoke detectors detect things other than smoke?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 07:49 AM PDT

Are modern smoke detectors (2000s and onwards) able to detect other gases? Would it be able to detect tear gas?

submitted by /u/Kenneniko
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Have all the manuscripts saved from Antiquity been read?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 07:55 AM PDT

Would DNA taken as a kid say 11, be comparable to when that kid is 40?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 04:42 AM PDT

I was talking with a buddy about the conspiracy theories regarding the government building illegal tracking databases of school kids or babies for some scifi police state. But with my very simple understanding of DNA, wouldn't it significantly change. So basically my question is, if you had your DNA taken and stored when you were like 13. Would the CIA even be able to compare a DNA sample given by 40 year old you to elementary school you and confidently say you are the same person?

I hope the flair under chemistry is fine. I can change it if it falls under a different category.

submitted by /u/ToxinNormie
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How do we give lab animals cancer for testing?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 08:39 AM PDT

Can someone explain what is going on with the light in the clouds in this video?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 08:57 PM PDT

I took this video on the way home this evening as I noticed two rainbow like lights in specific spots on either side of the sun. It hasn't rained here for a few week (not sure if that matters), but I'd love to understand what is going on here?

Link to video: https://vimeo.com/224888166

submitted by /u/anamun
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How are large packs of lithium ion batteries, specifically 18650s, charged at once?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 12:11 PM PDT

For smaller lacks I often see balanced charging for each individual cell, but that can't work for a large pack, like in a electric bicycle, or in a Tesla, right?

submitted by /u/RoloFresh
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How come Foucault's pendulum explain the rotation of earth while a simple pendulum doesn't?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 06:58 PM PDT

Foucault's pendulum is on earth, right?. Then how come it explain the rotation of earth?

submitted by /u/StonedRiverBridge
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How do power companies know how much electricity is being used for public street lighting and traffic lights?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 06:58 AM PDT

What happens if a normal non-epyleptic person take seizure medicine?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 07:58 AM PDT

Does the analytic continuation of the Riemann zeta function also work with other funtions?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 04:51 AM PDT

After watching this wonderful explanation video about the Riemann zeta function, I (kind of) understand what's it all about and where such bold statements like "Infinity = - 1/12" origin from.

This technic of expanding a function in areas, which are undefined for non-complex numbers, should also work for other functions than the Riemann zeta function, I guess. And I suppose mathematicans are doing that. But I am wondering, if other functions are also "mapping" an otherwise divergent series to a finite number.

So if there is a function which also represents a series like "1 + 2 + 3 + ...", will the result also be - 1/12? Or if we had a series "-2 + -4 + -6 + ..." the result will 0 in any of this kind of functions?

Or does this "magic" really just work with the Riemann zeta function?

submitted by /u/hash0
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Sunday, July 9, 2017

Why isn't the human body comfortable at 98.6 degrees if that's our internal temperature?

Why isn't the human body comfortable at 98.6 degrees if that's our internal temperature?


Why isn't the human body comfortable at 98.6 degrees if that's our internal temperature?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 08:05 AM PDT

It's been hot as hell lately and got up to 100 yesterday. I started to wonder why I was sweating and feeling like I'm dying when my body is 98.6 degrees on the inside all the time? Why isn't a 98 degree temp super comfortable? I would think the body would equalize and your body wouldn't have to expend energy to heat itself or cool itself.

And is there a temperature in which the body is equalized? I.e. Where you don't have to expend energy to heat or cool. An ideal temperature.

Edit: thanks for all the replies and wealth of knowledge. After reading a few I remembered most of high school biology and had a big duh moment. Thanks Reddit!

Edit: front page! Cool! Thanks again!

submitted by /u/Cornato
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Why is a moving point charge also producing a magnetic field in a vacuum?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 02:30 AM PDT

Hello /r/askscience

I had a really long night trying to understand any explaination, but I couldn't jump to any conclusion.

A common explaination to why an e.g. electron has a magnetic field when moving is the experiment with a wire with protons and electrons and an electron outside the wire. Because of special relativity, the Coulomb's law experienced from the electrons point of view (the wire is moving, density of protons increases from their point of view), it must translate to a magnetic field from our point of view.

What I don't understand is: How can you explain it in a case that I've drawn here: http://i.imgur.com/D3d7r64.jpg

The moving electron with a constant velocity is in a vacuum (PART A), there is no other charge or anything, so relative to the current point of view, with what is it interacting to produce a magnetic field? Or is there no magnetic field of the electron in Part A? If so, why does it have one in Part B?

//EDIT: To clarify, my question is why there is a magnetic field produced by the electron around itself. The big square (magnetic field) in the image is just to show that the electron must have one because it is deflected.

I hope that most of my question is correct.

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/Zazama
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Is it possible to optically observe individual atoms?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 01:02 AM PDT

I know atoms can be detected through electron microscopes (most people have seen images of structures made of carbon atoms, for example), but I've never really thought about how one would optically view one. Obviously, in practice, it would be impossible to manufacture a lens anywhere near that powerful / perfect, but in a theoretical sense, could one actually see an atom?

submitted by /u/Nyroc_
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In natural history, we often learn about ancient fauna, but what does ancient flora look like? When did Trees evolve? and what major evolution's in plants happened and when?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 06:53 PM PDT

What type of radiation is produced by the annihilation of interacting matter and antimatter particles?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 11:27 AM PDT

It is said that when an particle of matter and antimatter interact they annihilate releasing all of their energy.

What is the frequency of the radiation energy that results? What determines this?

submitted by /u/NahAnyway
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Do a Rhino's eyes ignore its horn the same way a person's eyes will ignore the nose because it's always there?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 02:04 PM PDT

Can you explain how forces such as the strong nuclear force to gravity is mediated through particles?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 02:15 AM PDT

E.g. gluons mediating the strong force between quarks. Gravitons (I know they have not been detected yet) etc.

EDIT: 'ARE mediated through particles' :(

submitted by /u/reddiuniquefool
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When we hear about small populations of animals making a comeback or growing wildly in a new habitat, isn't there a huge problem with their limited genetics, similar to the problem of mutations in offspring from incest?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 03:44 PM PDT

For example, a recent post "TIL that 24 rabbits introduced to Australia in 1859 led to a population of 10 BILLION by 1920". Or populations that are severely endangered that make a comeback.

submitted by /u/xpastfact
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If I'm near-sighted, why can't I hold a mirror in front of my face to look at something in the distance behind me and see it clearly?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 05:12 PM PDT

[Biology] What is it about the peanut that makes them so cheap to grow and sell?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 02:10 PM PDT

I know this is also an economics question, but peanuts seem to have a historical "cheapness" about them, and I wonder if there are biological reasons as to how well they grow in various climates, yield, or soil nutrient uptake that's behind it.

submitted by /u/DigbyChickenZone
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Why do direct dopamine agonists like apomorphine or bromocriptine not have the abuse potential of indirect agonists like cocaine or amphetamine?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 04:57 PM PDT

I've always thought the reason drugs like amphetamine and cocaine were addictive was not necessarily because of their stimulating effects but rather the intense euphoria they induce due to their dopaminergic properties.

But when reviewing the effects of apomorphine and bromocriptine, there is no mention of euphoria being reported. Additionally, the drugs neither have documentation on abuse potential, nor are they scheduled as controlled substances.

Does this suggest that there's more to a drug's addictiveness than its dopaminergic properties?

submitted by /u/pepperoni_pizzazz
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What causes the release of dopamine and other "feel good" chemicals after exposure to drugs like opiods?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 07:00 PM PDT

Is this just an evolutionary accident or did it serve a purpose earlier in our history? I understand that some foods that taste good may have rare chemicals that would make them desirable for our predecessors to have in their diets, but why does this same reaction happen with drugs?

submitted by /u/Goyf4Prez2020
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What happens in the brain that makes someone black out from blunt force trauma to the head?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 12:22 PM PDT

Sorry if this has a very simple answer but I'm genuinely curious about the specifics.

submitted by /u/TheSaddestBoi
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Are there diseases that can pass from Yaks to humans?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 12:09 PM PDT

My wife and I went to a touring/petting zoo with some kinda unusual animals, including some Yaks. One of the Yaks sneezed on her and at the time it was pretty gross and kinda funny. While I am not concerned for her, it just got me wondering if there is any type of disease can be pasted from Yaks, becuase if so, I wonder how parks like that can stay in business.

submitted by /u/FoxDie29
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Why does wood change colour when it burns?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 03:31 PM PDT

Why does some mammals' fur turn grey in their old age and not others?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 05:31 PM PDT

Is there "wider" and "narrower" focus of conscious attention? Is one necessarily better? Is it state- or trait-specific? What can change the scope of focus?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 01:43 PM PDT

Why does milk help with hot peppers but water does not?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 01:28 PM PDT

Can sperm/eggs be harvested from a recently deceased animal? If so, how long would the genetic material remain viable?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 05:11 PM PDT

Today there was another thylacine 'sighting' in South Australia and during the coverage one of the scientists said we really needed to find a body to confirm their existence. This got me thinking, assuming they found a body, presumably they would preserve it (freeze?) ASAP in order to study it further.

Could the sperm or eggs of such an animal be viable for breeding? If a male and a female were both found recently deceased, could we not bring back the species? Has this been tried before on other extinct and near extinct species?

Cheers! (edit - formatting)

submitted by /u/Loc72
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When you hear metal cooling down, what's actually going on?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 09:45 AM PDT

After you drive a car for a while and turn the engine off, you hear a "tink tink" sound as the metal is cooling down. I imagine it's sort of a micro version of the sound those snap bracelets make - going from concave to convex, but on a tiny scale. But what's actually going on?

submitted by /u/greenistheneworange
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Why do batteries explode?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 07:31 PM PDT

Parasymp nerves stimulate excitatory neurons in the ENS causing contractions of smooth muscle in the GI my txtbook says. If that is true, why does the vagovagal reflex cause relaxation by doing the complete opposite. Isn't that contradictory?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 12:43 PM PDT