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Sunday, July 9, 2017

Why isn't the human body comfortable at 98.6 degrees if that's our internal temperature?

Why isn't the human body comfortable at 98.6 degrees if that's our internal temperature?


Why isn't the human body comfortable at 98.6 degrees if that's our internal temperature?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 08:05 AM PDT

It's been hot as hell lately and got up to 100 yesterday. I started to wonder why I was sweating and feeling like I'm dying when my body is 98.6 degrees on the inside all the time? Why isn't a 98 degree temp super comfortable? I would think the body would equalize and your body wouldn't have to expend energy to heat itself or cool itself.

And is there a temperature in which the body is equalized? I.e. Where you don't have to expend energy to heat or cool. An ideal temperature.

Edit: thanks for all the replies and wealth of knowledge. After reading a few I remembered most of high school biology and had a big duh moment. Thanks Reddit!

Edit: front page! Cool! Thanks again!

submitted by /u/Cornato
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Why is a moving point charge also producing a magnetic field in a vacuum?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 02:30 AM PDT

Hello /r/askscience

I had a really long night trying to understand any explaination, but I couldn't jump to any conclusion.

A common explaination to why an e.g. electron has a magnetic field when moving is the experiment with a wire with protons and electrons and an electron outside the wire. Because of special relativity, the Coulomb's law experienced from the electrons point of view (the wire is moving, density of protons increases from their point of view), it must translate to a magnetic field from our point of view.

What I don't understand is: How can you explain it in a case that I've drawn here: http://i.imgur.com/D3d7r64.jpg

The moving electron with a constant velocity is in a vacuum (PART A), there is no other charge or anything, so relative to the current point of view, with what is it interacting to produce a magnetic field? Or is there no magnetic field of the electron in Part A? If so, why does it have one in Part B?

//EDIT: To clarify, my question is why there is a magnetic field produced by the electron around itself. The big square (magnetic field) in the image is just to show that the electron must have one because it is deflected.

I hope that most of my question is correct.

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/Zazama
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Is it possible to optically observe individual atoms?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 01:02 AM PDT

I know atoms can be detected through electron microscopes (most people have seen images of structures made of carbon atoms, for example), but I've never really thought about how one would optically view one. Obviously, in practice, it would be impossible to manufacture a lens anywhere near that powerful / perfect, but in a theoretical sense, could one actually see an atom?

submitted by /u/Nyroc_
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In natural history, we often learn about ancient fauna, but what does ancient flora look like? When did Trees evolve? and what major evolution's in plants happened and when?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 06:53 PM PDT

What type of radiation is produced by the annihilation of interacting matter and antimatter particles?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 11:27 AM PDT

It is said that when an particle of matter and antimatter interact they annihilate releasing all of their energy.

What is the frequency of the radiation energy that results? What determines this?

submitted by /u/NahAnyway
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Do a Rhino's eyes ignore its horn the same way a person's eyes will ignore the nose because it's always there?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 02:04 PM PDT

Can you explain how forces such as the strong nuclear force to gravity is mediated through particles?

Posted: 09 Jul 2017 02:15 AM PDT

E.g. gluons mediating the strong force between quarks. Gravitons (I know they have not been detected yet) etc.

EDIT: 'ARE mediated through particles' :(

submitted by /u/reddiuniquefool
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When we hear about small populations of animals making a comeback or growing wildly in a new habitat, isn't there a huge problem with their limited genetics, similar to the problem of mutations in offspring from incest?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 03:44 PM PDT

For example, a recent post "TIL that 24 rabbits introduced to Australia in 1859 led to a population of 10 BILLION by 1920". Or populations that are severely endangered that make a comeback.

submitted by /u/xpastfact
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If I'm near-sighted, why can't I hold a mirror in front of my face to look at something in the distance behind me and see it clearly?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 05:12 PM PDT

[Biology] What is it about the peanut that makes them so cheap to grow and sell?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 02:10 PM PDT

I know this is also an economics question, but peanuts seem to have a historical "cheapness" about them, and I wonder if there are biological reasons as to how well they grow in various climates, yield, or soil nutrient uptake that's behind it.

submitted by /u/DigbyChickenZone
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Why do direct dopamine agonists like apomorphine or bromocriptine not have the abuse potential of indirect agonists like cocaine or amphetamine?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 04:57 PM PDT

I've always thought the reason drugs like amphetamine and cocaine were addictive was not necessarily because of their stimulating effects but rather the intense euphoria they induce due to their dopaminergic properties.

But when reviewing the effects of apomorphine and bromocriptine, there is no mention of euphoria being reported. Additionally, the drugs neither have documentation on abuse potential, nor are they scheduled as controlled substances.

Does this suggest that there's more to a drug's addictiveness than its dopaminergic properties?

submitted by /u/pepperoni_pizzazz
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What causes the release of dopamine and other "feel good" chemicals after exposure to drugs like opiods?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 07:00 PM PDT

Is this just an evolutionary accident or did it serve a purpose earlier in our history? I understand that some foods that taste good may have rare chemicals that would make them desirable for our predecessors to have in their diets, but why does this same reaction happen with drugs?

submitted by /u/Goyf4Prez2020
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What happens in the brain that makes someone black out from blunt force trauma to the head?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 12:22 PM PDT

Sorry if this has a very simple answer but I'm genuinely curious about the specifics.

submitted by /u/TheSaddestBoi
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Are there diseases that can pass from Yaks to humans?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 12:09 PM PDT

My wife and I went to a touring/petting zoo with some kinda unusual animals, including some Yaks. One of the Yaks sneezed on her and at the time it was pretty gross and kinda funny. While I am not concerned for her, it just got me wondering if there is any type of disease can be pasted from Yaks, becuase if so, I wonder how parks like that can stay in business.

submitted by /u/FoxDie29
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Why does wood change colour when it burns?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 03:31 PM PDT

Why does some mammals' fur turn grey in their old age and not others?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 05:31 PM PDT

Is there "wider" and "narrower" focus of conscious attention? Is one necessarily better? Is it state- or trait-specific? What can change the scope of focus?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 01:43 PM PDT

Why does milk help with hot peppers but water does not?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 01:28 PM PDT

Can sperm/eggs be harvested from a recently deceased animal? If so, how long would the genetic material remain viable?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 05:11 PM PDT

Today there was another thylacine 'sighting' in South Australia and during the coverage one of the scientists said we really needed to find a body to confirm their existence. This got me thinking, assuming they found a body, presumably they would preserve it (freeze?) ASAP in order to study it further.

Could the sperm or eggs of such an animal be viable for breeding? If a male and a female were both found recently deceased, could we not bring back the species? Has this been tried before on other extinct and near extinct species?

Cheers! (edit - formatting)

submitted by /u/Loc72
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When you hear metal cooling down, what's actually going on?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 09:45 AM PDT

After you drive a car for a while and turn the engine off, you hear a "tink tink" sound as the metal is cooling down. I imagine it's sort of a micro version of the sound those snap bracelets make - going from concave to convex, but on a tiny scale. But what's actually going on?

submitted by /u/greenistheneworange
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Why do batteries explode?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 07:31 PM PDT

Parasymp nerves stimulate excitatory neurons in the ENS causing contractions of smooth muscle in the GI my txtbook says. If that is true, why does the vagovagal reflex cause relaxation by doing the complete opposite. Isn't that contradictory?

Posted: 08 Jul 2017 12:43 PM PDT

Saturday, July 8, 2017

During the winter, humans are known to track animals via their footprints in the snow, as we do not posses the same olfactory capabilities as say a wolf. Are there any other animals which have been observed tracking animals by means of visual cues?

During the winter, humans are known to track animals via their footprints in the snow, as we do not posses the same olfactory capabilities as say a wolf. Are there any other animals which have been observed tracking animals by means of visual cues?


During the winter, humans are known to track animals via their footprints in the snow, as we do not posses the same olfactory capabilities as say a wolf. Are there any other animals which have been observed tracking animals by means of visual cues?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 11:49 AM PDT

If I have two blankets of different materials, does the total insulation change depending on how I layer them?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 09:07 PM PDT

for instance, I have a cotton sheet and a polyester blanket.

Would having one on top trap heat more effectively than the other way around?

submitted by /u/High_king_of_Numenor
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Were there any islands on the "back" side of earth during the time of Panthalassa and Pangaea?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 03:56 PM PDT

The Pacific have have quite many islands in the middle of nowhere, and I assume that remote islands were not impossible during the time of Pangaea. Are there any known Hawaiis of Panthalassa back in the day? If so, is anything known about the plant and animal life there?

submitted by /u/Cavalry262
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When you grow and your birthmark stretches, how do the new skin cells know to be discolored?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 03:57 PM PDT

As you grow or get fat, your birthmark stretches. As it stretches, the boundary of the birthmark grows, and it gets filled in with new discolored skin. This doesn't seem to happen with moles for example. How exactly do discolored birthmarks expand?

submitted by /u/curdricelife
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Why does light travel a longer distance through different medium?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 12:25 PM PDT

I learnt that light doesn't actually change its speed in a medium that makes it seem like it slows down, instead it only makes it travel a longer route? How does it do that? and why?

submitted by /u/alexbatman
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What causes medication stored outside its ideal temperature range to go bad?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 10:44 PM PDT

Given sufficient computing power, how accurately could we theoretically predict how an organism would look and act based solely on a genome?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 09:08 PM PDT

Why are particle accelerators like the Large Hadron Collider in Europe built underground?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 04:16 PM PDT

I imagine that particle accelerators would be a lot cheaper and easier to build if they were above ground.

submitted by /u/esmivida
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How has the understanding of exoplanets changed since the first were detected in 1988?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 11:56 AM PDT

How strong are the magnetic fields of stars?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 08:30 PM PDT

In terms of Tesla (I think that's the correct measurement), how strong are the magnetic fields of stars? Neutron stars tend to have very strong magnetic fields, but what about other star types such as main sequence stars of varying masses?

submitted by /u/SyzygySoldier
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How much energy does a surge protector take up, considering that it's not technically an appliance but still draws power? Also, if I push the switch to off, will it still consume energy and show up on my electric bill?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 02:29 PM PDT

Are there actually any benefits to using a surge protector other than having more outlets and protecting against a blackout?

Also, if I leave my surge protector plugged in with my PC plugged into it but the PC is powered off, will energy consumption be the same or more as opposed to not using the surge protector at all and opting to having a turned off PC in a wall outlet instead?

submitted by /u/ejayshun
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While forging metal, what would happen to the metal if you introduced high frequency vibrations to the metal while it's still in its liquid form, all the way until its cooled off? Would the characteristics of said metal change?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 05:32 PM PDT

Any feedback would be much appreciated

submitted by /u/WHdrazzineddi
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Is it possible for humans to undergo a slower rate of development in puberty?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 08:56 PM PDT

Sorry not sure if right place to post. Just to be clear I'm not talking about being a 'late bloomer' where an individual hits puberty at a later age but instead an individual who may hit puberty at a similar time to others but undergo changes associated with puberty at a slower rate.

submitted by /u/Asdfghjkl12345qw
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I have heard that CO2 is a green house gas as it locks heat in. How does it lock heat in on the atomic level?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 10:51 AM PDT

How come we aren't effected by how fast the earth is spinning?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 07:44 PM PDT

It seems like if a ball is spinning, something aboard it would fly off of it. Is the gravity of Earth strong enough to pull us back? So if the earth were to stop spinning gravity would get stronger?

submitted by /u/Parkachu0
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Why are some SI units like the ampere, sievert and farad so large?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 01:38 PM PDT

Sorry if this is a silly question. It seems like some of the SI units are incredibly large.

submitted by /u/Jagar0th
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Why is it so hard to develop new antibiotics?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 07:23 PM PDT

News about a gonorrhea superbug kind of freaked me out. And as far as I know humanity hasn't developed new antibiotics in over 25 years.

submitted by /u/Chuckknock
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When it's said that "a photon can be both a wave and particle at the same time", are the waves in the photon field from QFT?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 02:35 PM PDT

So in QFT, a photon would be a disturbance in the photon field. Would these disturbances create the interference patterns that create the quantum-mechanic effects that we attribute to "the wave-like nature" of things like photons in e.g. the Double-Slit experiment? How sure are we that QFT is actually correct, and wouldn't it contradict the idea of the String Theories of each particle being the same basic object but vibrating in different ways (I may be chatting shit with that description, or in total)?

submitted by /u/BaconWraith
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Can stable baryonic matter other than protons and neutrons exist?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 12:26 PM PDT

The recent CERN announcement where they verified the existence of yet another composite particle as predicted by the standard model had me thinking. Is there any possible configuration of quarks, other than the combination that results in protons and neutrons, that gives you stable (lets say half life > 1 second) matter under standard conditions (Earth-like temperatures/pressures)? If not, why not?

Another question in a similar vein: Is it possible (according to the known laws of physics, i.e. standard model) for there to be solid, as in, interacts electromagnetically with normal stuff, non-baryonic matter? I'm picturing something like a glob of gluons or hard light.

submitted by /u/Iwanttolink
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Do scarecrows actually work on birds, or is it obvious to them that those are just lifeless pieces of cloth or other material?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 05:33 AM PDT

What are the minimum number of instructions a CPU would need to support to be Turing Complete?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 08:36 AM PDT

Friday, July 7, 2017

What were the oceanic winds and currents like when the earth's continents were Pangea?

What were the oceanic winds and currents like when the earth's continents were Pangea?


What were the oceanic winds and currents like when the earth's continents were Pangea?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 08:49 PM PDT

How come a room doesn't get brighter the longer you shine a light in it?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 09:32 PM PDT

If I turn on a lamp or a flashlight or something in an enclosed space, the photons fill the room. But if I keep the light on, then it keeps emitting photons, so why doesn't the room just keep getting brighter? Does it have to do with how fast photons decay?

submitted by /u/chinchillada
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Why is it easy to balance on a bike while moving, but hard while it isn't moving?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 07:21 PM PDT

Does practicing throwing a ball accurately with your right hand increase your accuracy with your left hand and vice-versa?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 02:50 AM PDT

What do old insects die of?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 01:57 PM PDT

If humans who die of old age generally die of heart failure or cancer, what do old insects die of? I know the mayfly is supposed to live for a day, and that some spiders can live for years- but what actually kills them?

submitted by /u/imnotsurethatsnotok
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Why is stable matter only composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons? Why aren't there other stable combinations of elementary particles?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 11:26 PM PDT

I'm aware that the earth is not a "sphere", but, rather, a heptoloidal zircosumfered something or another, however, the Sun sure seems to be very nearly spherical to me. Is it or is it not, and why, in either case?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 08:19 PM PDT

When the super ocean Panthalassa existed, was there islands or archipelagos in the way we have them now?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 03:48 AM PDT

Is there any evidence of a "prehistoric Galapagos".

submitted by /u/bonzkid
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Why do earthquakes have epicenters instead of an earthquake line along the plates that shift?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 10:45 PM PDT

Why is fibreglass used at all in composite aircraft instead of being completely carbon fibre such as in the Boeing 787 ?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 07:21 AM PDT

Carbon fibre is superior right? Are there any advantages or is it due to cost or construction difficulties? Here is a link to the materials used in the 787 http://technicallyspeaking.brachiolopemedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/CompositeMaterialsIn787.jpg

submitted by /u/tnfei
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Is it possible to heat an object through light such that it ends up being hotter than the source using only black body radiation?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 03:32 AM PDT

I think this question (in various forms) has been asked to death but I've yet found any satisfying answers. XKCD has a piece on a similar question which resulted in a bunch of debate (for example here, here ).

But I'd like to concentrate on the main question stated in the title of this post since I think this is already hard enough to answer without being distracted by things like ignition points, practical losses by absorption of light in the atmosphere or trying to fit a mirror around the sun.

I have 2 situations in particular:

Say a photon is emitted of a (relatively) cold object. This photon then collides with a hot object. Why wouldn't this photon be absorbed by the hot object (and making it hotter)? The 2nd law of thermodynamics is often mentioned. Heat cannot flow from a cold object to a hot object. But is this still applicable if you are using light for the energy transfer? How would an emitted photon know how hot it's source was and why/how would it be prevented being absorbed by a hotter object? A photon is a photon right?

The second situation:

You could also think about the following (theoretical) set-up: 2 perfectly absorbing and irradiating black bodies placed at the focal points of an ellipsoid perfect mirror.

Both bodies will be at an equilibrium when left alone long enough. The equilibrium could be described by the Stefan-Boltzman Law. Which would result in the following formula:

A₁*T₁⁴=A₂*T₂⁴ 

And if the surface areas (A₁ and A₂) are not equal then the result would be that the temperatures (T₁ and T₂) are also not equal.

My gut feeling says "of course this is not possible" but I cannot poke a hole through these two situations I've just described. I'd love to hear your theories on this.

submitted by /u/yourfavoritemusician
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What causes ice cream to melt slower than gelato?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 10:03 PM PDT

Why can't refrigeration create energy?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 09:03 PM PDT

If heat is energy, and cold is the lack of heat, and refrigerators/freezers remove heat from food- why are they not self sustaining or using the heat they remove to create more energy/power

submitted by /u/K8H20
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How easy is it for electricity to arc in a vacuum?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 02:20 PM PDT

I'm doing a project that's going to involve running a bunch of electronics in a near vacuum. Unfortunately I have basically zero experience working in a vacuum. I've done my best to account for a lot of the factors that could affect the circuit based on what I've been reading, but my big concern is that I need a kill switch that will physically disconnect power from the circuit controlling a set of 12V motors while it's being pressed. I've found a number of normally closed buttons that would work under regular conditions, but my concern is that the voltage can just arc across the leads in the switch even if it's opened once it's in the vacuum. Realistically, is this something I will likely need to worry about, or is there an equation that can give me an idea of whether or not arcing is likely?

If you need more info. The switch is going to be connecting a 12V battery to a circuit, and the physical action that's going to press the switch is at most an inch. I'll have electronic measures as a backup, but ideally I would like to be able to physically cut the power.

submitted by /u/TheSoup05
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Did earthquakes have a higher or lower magnitude when the continents formed Pangea?

Posted: 07 Jul 2017 03:48 AM PDT

What prevents certain drugs from permeating the blood brain barrier?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 08:02 AM PDT

I hear about drugs not being able to reach the brain because they're filtered out by the blood brain barrier. What's going on to prevent this in certain drugs? Is it the size of the chemical or how it binds with proteins in the blood?

submitted by /u/Dancing_Hispanic_Cat
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How does antimatter interact with matter?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 08:47 PM PDT

Since nothing actually touches each other and is just repelled by elctromagnetic forces unless they under go fussion how does antimatter interact to explode? Does it happen by the electromagnetism, it needs to fuse with matter or some other process?

submitted by /u/ExBrick
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What's the spatial structure of a single photon? Does it have a spatial amplitude?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 11:57 AM PDT

So, like any particle field, photons have a complex amplitude, which in one dimension oscillates in size. Does a photon in three dimensions also have a spatial amplitude? Does it actually move up and down (or side to side), or is the oscillation of a photon purely in its wave function along a straight line?

submitted by /u/sgt_zarathustra
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If a & b are irrational must a+b be irrational?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 09:46 AM PDT

Yesterday I stumbled across a dumb little "Only 10% of people get this right!" problem on Facebook:

√x + √(x+15) = 15

My solution was simple: I assumed that x and (x+15) were both perfect squares, and given that the distance between the nth and nth+1 perfect square is always 2n+1, it was immediately obvious that n=7 and x was 49. No big deal, not a hard problem.

However, it occurred to me my solution involved a weird postulate. That √x and √(x+15) must be perfect squares. As if there's no imperfect squares (if there is such a thing) the irrational roots of which could sum to the rational number 15.

So here's my question: Is it possible for 2 irrational numbers to sum to a rational number? And let's disqualify the obvious degenerate case where the irrational parts of the number cancel out, like if:

  • a = 2 + √2
  • b = 2 - √2

Yeah, obviously their sum is rational. But what I'm really asking is you could sum just the irrational bits, much like we do with imaginary numbers, if it's possible to make a rational number. My intuition says no, it's not possible. Is there a proof?

submitted by /u/garrettj100
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How do FM radios detect radio stations based on frequency if the whole concept of FM is to alter the frequency?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 09:43 AM PDT

I started learning RF theory and I'm hung up on this concept of Frequency Modulation. I think theres a hole in my fundamental understanding.

If my radio locks onto say, 98.1, its listening for signals operating at 98.1 MHz. So if to create music or whatever else on the channel you have to modulate the frequency, doesnt that make it no longer 98.1?

I know I'm wrong since FM radios function, I ust wanna know how

submitted by /u/TearShitDown
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I live near the polar circle and I travel at a lower speed along with the Earth compared to my imaginary friend who lives on the Equator. Does the effects of this difference in speed on our bodies impact our lifespan or our physiology over our lifetimes?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 09:08 AM PDT

How can WIMP detectors exist if WIMP's are hypothetical particles?

Posted: 06 Jul 2017 10:59 AM PDT

Weakly Interacting Massive Particles aren't even clearly defined, so designing an apparatus to detect them sounds impossible.

submitted by /u/FacepalmNation
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