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Wednesday, July 5, 2017

When we say "the electromagnetic interaction is mediated by photons", what's actually happening in terms of the wave function/Schroedinger's equation?

When we say "the electromagnetic interaction is mediated by photons", what's actually happening in terms of the wave function/Schroedinger's equation?


When we say "the electromagnetic interaction is mediated by photons", what's actually happening in terms of the wave function/Schroedinger's equation?

Posted: 05 Jul 2017 02:10 AM PDT

Do bees or house flies have to individual trigger each wing beat or do they have more of an "ON" switch in their brain?

Posted: 05 Jul 2017 05:04 AM PDT

It seems very difficult that the brain would be able to individually control each wing beat. Their wings can move thousands of revolution per minute and that seems like their brain would need an "ON" switch. Very different from how anything the human brain has to control which is why I am curious.

submitted by /u/Dezman7
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When children have serious diseases and illnesses does the process of fighting it off and the drugs affect their growth at all due to the body focussing on surviving?

Posted: 05 Jul 2017 12:20 AM PDT

I'm thinking particularly with cancer on this, it takes so much energy to fight cancer and live through the drugs used to fight the cancer. This must take some of the required growth energy the child needs to grow? Leaving them possibly shorter in adulthood?

submitted by /u/Zachary1205
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What does it mean when we say that the four fundamental forces are "unified" at high energies?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 03:39 PM PDT

I understand the basic premise is that in the chaotic, high-density, high-energy and low-volume state of the early universe, the fundamental forces are "unified" and are really a single force acting on the universe until energy levels fall.

But how do we know at which energy levels this unification occurs? And if we know this, why do we need different equations to describe the now-disparate forces? Shouldn't they, in principle, be describable by the same theory even at the lower energy levels we find them in today?

I am having a hard time wrapping my head around this. How does this factor in the search for a quantum gravity theory?

submitted by /u/superfuels
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Do toroidal coils attract and repel each other?

Posted: 05 Jul 2017 02:37 AM PDT

So magnets attract and repel each other, and so do wire loops and open ended coils... but a toroidal coil contains all the magnetic field inside itself, leaving none outside. Two toroids near each other would therefore presumably not experience each other's magnetic fields and so be unable to attract or repel each other magnetically.

And yet, there is still a curl-free magnetic vector potential outside them, and moving coils together or apart means one toroid experiences a time rate of change of the other's vector potential, which generates an electric field, which might lead to a force.

But I'm not sure...What do you think, will there be a force that causes two toroidal coils (with current running through them) to attract/repel or not?

submitted by /u/bergred
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In the context of quantum physics, what does 'symmetry' mean?

Posted: 05 Jul 2017 03:49 AM PDT

How do huge structures get buried?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 02:02 PM PDT

Huge structures such as houses, pyramids and whole cities that are hundreds or thousands of years old are often found below the surface, often while digging for construction. My question is how can these tho vs simply get buried? Esp. In places where humans have always lived and nature hasn't reclaimed the settlment.

submitted by /u/iris12345
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How do recycling centers deal with people who recycle thins incorrectly?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 12:43 PM PDT

Is there some sort of way that recycling centers can separate straws out of the recycling and other things that don't belong? Or do they just have to throw that whole batch away?

submitted by /u/Coral_Blue_Number_2
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Could a Kaon decay into baryons(or anti-baryons/one of each)?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 05:58 PM PDT

DISCLAIMER: I am an engineering student and physics enthusiast. My understandings of Quantum mechanics may be incorrect, please correct if so.

For what I've read, depending if it is a K+ K- or K0 the Kaon can decay into other Hadrons, usually pions or leptons. But some of these decays correspond to the valence quarks of baryons, such as K+ decaying into three pions. Could, by any chance, this decay result in a proton and anti-neutron? Or is there some principle that doesn't allow for this?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Pecsus
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How do we know the life expectancy of insects?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 11:00 PM PDT

I've tried to google this to no avail. Do we tag them somehow, or just follow one around until it dies? Or do we bring it into a lab and wait until it dies of natural causes?

submitted by /u/Epsilons_Alzheimers
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How do writing skills correlate to reading comprehension?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 04:50 PM PDT

For example, are writers who conform to accepted standards more fluently better readers of standard writing? What about non-standard writing? If one is taught to write well after having poor writing skills, will their reading comprehension be better? And is that benefit, if there is any, only for standard writing?

These are just contextual questions to support the main question, which is about what general correlation there is between writing skills and reading comprehension.

submitted by /u/-_Stitch_-
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 05 Jul 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Are there any substances which are opaque in the visual spectrum but transparent in the ultraviolet spectrum?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 10:20 PM PDT

If a normal/healthy person started to take anti-depressants, what would happen? Would they feel happier then normal?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 11:02 AM PDT

How is the mains electricity sine wave kept pure with today's modern appliances?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 02:33 PM PDT

With the increase of DC to DC conversation in lamps, TVs etc, the current is drawn at the top & bottom of the waveform. When lots of these appliances are combined this would distort the waveform & flatten the top & bottom as the capacitors charged up.

So how do they manage to refine the waveform back to being a purer sine wave with these appliances in use?

submitted by /u/Sergeant_Steve
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Is it possible to create giant capacitors to store energy generated by solar/wind?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 04:27 PM PDT

I just recently read an article on how California is generating so much solar energy that they have to give it to other states like Arizona, and pay them to take it, to prevent their own grid from being overloaded.

Surely there's got to be a way we could store the energy, instead of just finding ways to expend it as it's generated. Some kind of super massive capacitor seems like a solution, though the potential dangers of one that size seem pretty insane.

submitted by /u/AcidTWister
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On this 4th of July, I'm wondering the effects of all the fireworks have on our atmosphere?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 08:26 PM PDT

Do any moths in the United States Midwest change color during metamorphosis to blend with it's environment or change color to match it's surroundings?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 09:46 PM PDT

I've been seeing these silky grey moths the exact color of my apartment complex being caught in the orb weavers' webs and I can't find it anywhere online. No changes in pigment that I've seen and they have no markings, just the silky light grey color and bushy antennae. They are about the size of a half dollar coin and are almost impossible to see on the walls of the building. I'm in St. Louis, Missouri. Sorry I don't have a picture if it's needed let me know and I'll repost later.

submitted by /u/Mister_Potamus
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The Oh-My-God particle was calculated to be travelling at 99.999999999999999999999510% of the speed of light. Is there a point where that percentage of c is so great that it becomes indistinguishable from the actual speed of light?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 01:13 PM PDT

Just to clarify, I'm wondering if one of the Planck units could be exceeded(?) at some percentage of c.

Edit: Let's take something like length contraction: would at some percentage an object appear shorter than its Planck length? Is that even a problem to the universe?

submitted by /u/explohd
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How would the density of a planet's atmosphere affect the transmission of sound through it?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 09:05 PM PDT

I'm writing a science fiction story, and I have a scene that happens on a planet that has an atmosphere similar in chemical composition to that of Earth, but thin enough that people would need an oxygen tank to walk on the surface. Would this affect the way the sound travels through it, maybe in range or perceived volume?

submitted by /u/naikiktulu
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Why does SpaceX need a launch window for a satellite?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 06:59 PM PDT

Isn't an orbit an orbit? As far as I knew, launch windows were only for missions that required a rendezvous, or planet/moon positions.

submitted by /u/PM_ME_TRUMP_FANFICS
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Is GMO cross contamination actually a problem? If so, why?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 10:47 AM PDT

My friend argued that GMO crops being infertile is good because it prevents cross contamination (I was against it because it means farmers have to rebuy the seeds from the company). However--is cross contamination actually a problem?

Edit: for people saying seed saving is outdated, I was specifically thinking of farmers in other countries like India and in Africa.

submitted by /u/quyksilver
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Why do our veins stick out the most on our arms and legs and not our abs/back/chest/head?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 08:29 PM PDT

Tuesday, July 4, 2017

If I shake hands with someone who just washed their hands, do I make their hand dirtier or do they make my hand cleaner?

If I shake hands with someone who just washed their hands, do I make their hand dirtier or do they make my hand cleaner?


If I shake hands with someone who just washed their hands, do I make their hand dirtier or do they make my hand cleaner?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 09:27 AM PDT

I actually thought of this after I sprayed disinfectant on my two year old son's hand. While his hands were slightly wet still, I rubbed my hands on his to get a little disinfectant on my hands. Did I actually help clean my hands a little, or did all the germs on my hand just go onto his?

submitted by /u/philography
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We often see ship hull breaches in space movies, but do they accurately depict the vacuum's pull?

Posted: 04 Jul 2017 01:42 AM PDT

Subquestion: IRL how strong is the vacuum's pull?

submitted by /u/Wowliam
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Why is it that some people get eaten up by bugs while others seem to remain untouched?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 03:22 PM PDT

Why is wet hair so much weaker than dry hair when it comes to untangling and breakage?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 06:47 PM PDT

How much does the placebo effect influence human health?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 05:31 PM PDT

How can source-shifted Zeeman effect be used to isolate a sample in absorbance spectroscopy?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 04:42 PM PDT

As I understand it, the Zeeman effect is the principle of splitting a radiation beam into multiple polarized spectral lines for the purposes of error reduction in spectroscopy (by separating absorbance from background matter from absorbance due to the sample). I understand how to use this technique when the magnetic field is applied to the sample (analyte-shifted), as the free atoms of the sample alone are polarized and interact with polarized light (from lens) by either completely absorbing the light or completely transmitting it, while the background doesnt really change its pattern of absorbance no matter how the incoming light is polarized. One can then see how the absorbance changes just from the sample interacting with the light.

What I don't understand is how to draw any meaningful conclusions from SOURCE-shifted background correction. In this method, the magnetic field is applied to the light (radiation) source and splits the beam into 3 polarized segments(pi, and +/-sigma) that then interact with the sample. As I understand the sigma components are only absorbed by the background, and the pi component is absorbed by both background and the sample. But how does this help with isolating the sample from the background?

Thanks for thoughts on this subject.

submitted by /u/shaniquah
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What determines the severity of pain in the body when injured?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 08:07 AM PDT

What would happen if the poles switched?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 07:35 AM PDT

In my geology class the prof explained that every couple of years the magnetic poles of the earth switch and begin going the other way and two questions popped into my mind: 1) does this really happen? 2) would this not be a catastrophic event if they flipped?

submitted by /u/I_am_Master_Cmander
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What makes us allergic to bees? The pollen they carry, or something else?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 03:23 PM PDT

thanks :D

submitted by /u/TacticalHog
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How come a solar eclipse could blind you?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 03:53 PM PDT

How does 911 call your local police station?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 12:17 PM PDT

Since all police stations in the U.S.A. have the same number, how does it always direct you to your local station?

submitted by /u/arvigo6015
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How did organisms evolve to self-replicate protein and DNA without the help of external dna replicators like Virus's?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 08:11 AM PDT

I'm curious how organisms "learned" how to self-replicate DNA and to synthesize proteins. Did organisms steal it from "RNA/DNA masters" like single celled life like Bacteria and viruses?

submitted by /u/aaronchakra
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My Christian homeschooling textbook says that the law of entropy is evidence for creation or intelligent design. Is this true or plausible?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 07:28 AM PDT

Here is an exact quote: "According to the law of entropy, disorganization in the universe as a whole is always increasing. The law of entropy is powerful evidence for special Creation because spontaneous change, as suggested by evolution to account for the origin of life, is always in the direction of disorder. Our universe and life on Earth could not have evolved from a disordered, chaotic beginning to its present highly ordered state by chance."

submitted by /u/jg379
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Is there an enzyme that can deaminate cytosine, adenine, and guanine?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 09:16 AM PDT

There are enzymes that exist to deaminate each of the above nucleobases, however I am curious if there is a more 'general' deaminase that can operate on two or more of them?

submitted by /u/lazee_boi
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If a single electron (which behaves as a wave) gets partially reflected off a boundary, on which side of the boundary is the electron?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 10:31 AM PDT

electron's DeBroglie wavelength

submitted by /u/FailAtomic
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How do things maintain an orbit? For example, why hasn't the earth been slowly pulled into the sun?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 03:43 PM PDT

Do wifi data signals broadcast through space the way radio and television transmissions do?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 10:11 AM PDT

Are two objects with the same mass and different volumes going to show different weights on Earth?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 04:52 PM PDT

my question is related to boyancy and if it exists on the atmosphere. I know the air is a fluid, but i have never seen anyone take on account that effect, so maybe it doesn't happen, idk, please help because knowing the answer will help me win a debate!!

submitted by /u/TumblinToby
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What are the odds of drawing a given number from negative infinity to positive infinity?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 11:21 AM PDT

Just a dumb question I thought about.

submitted by /u/Lord_Apollk
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How did the tiles on the space shuttle work?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 10:18 AM PDT

This came up while hanging out with some friends. I had read something that said it was because the tiles had low heat capacity, whereas another friend said it was only because of the low conductivity and that they actually had a very high heat capacity.

I haven't really been able to find anything conclusive, although low conductivity definitely seems to be consistently agreed upon - heat capacity, or any other specification, doesn't seem to be explained.

Anyone care to help clarify?

submitted by /u/gilbetron
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If a pair of equally strong magnets get pulled towards eachother faster than another pair of the same exact magnets, does it's strenght weaken faster too?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 03:40 PM PDT

Do ants have ranks in their military? And do ants have discernible battle tactics?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 08:55 AM PDT

Monday, July 3, 2017

Why do those with Down syndrome have similarly shaped faces?

Why do those with Down syndrome have similarly shaped faces?


Why do those with Down syndrome have similarly shaped faces?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 10:33 AM PDT

While most faces are still unique in some way, those with Down Syndrome can be recognizable due to smaller ears, flatter face, almond-shaped eyes, and flatter nose. With all of the variations of facial features, why does Down Syndrome give even those who have a different cultural background very similar facial features?

submitted by /u/theregoesmyeye
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Is this paper correct in stating that Newtonian physics can be indeterministic?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 09:40 PM PDT

In this 2008 paper PDF, the author presents an example of a situation--a ball perched at rest atop a dome--in which the laws of Newtonian physics are indeterministic, that is, the same exact initial conditions can produce more than one outcome. In this case, that the ball can either remain at rest on top of the dome, or slide off at some arbitrary radial trajectory at any time.

I have been under the impression that Newtonian physics are purely deterministic (and for the only possible indeterminism in physics, one needed to appeal to quantum mechanics). So, is this paper correct in asserting that they are not?

And if it is correct, why isn't this more widely known? (or is it just me?)

submitted by /u/tripperjack
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How can stitches prevent leaks in arteries following surgery, given the pressure in those vessels?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 09:36 PM PDT

Can pollution actually alter the color of a summer sky?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 07:16 PM PDT

I've lived in NYC my whole life. Sometimes the sky looks cotton candy colored and I can't see how pollution would play a role in that.

submitted by /u/herbalderbil
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Why does the radio that is used for wireless communication have that distinct chatter-y sound?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 10:28 AM PDT

Is it because of some special reason? Because we have crystal clear sound from our smartphones which are also wireless but those radio sounds are kinda hard to understand.

Edit: Grammar

submitted by /u/Etmurbaah
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Why does fast wind howl?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 05:45 PM PDT

Are we prepared to handle a direct hit from a CME?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 04:14 PM PDT

Are there procedures in place for when the Earth is hit by a coronal mass ejection? What are they? What would be the short term effects? Long term? This is coming from a guy who just learned what a CME is an hour ago.

submitted by /u/cheetoes24
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If the average personal computer today is compared to a supercomputer from some time ago, at what year have their performance intersected?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 08:11 PM PDT

For example, purely hypothetical, does the average PC today even come close to supercomputers back in 1990s?

submitted by /u/mczoomies
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Why can't we remember our memories when we were a baby?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 02:21 PM PDT

Why do jet engines not have bell-shaped nozzles like rocket engines?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 03:56 PM PDT

I understand that a bell nozzle on a rocket engine works by redirecting all of the sideways-expanding exhaust to point downward, which increases the thrust of the engine. Obviously this logic does not apply to jet engine exhaust, but why? Jet engines use combustion as their power source, so why do engine bells not work to capture all of the hot exhaust?

submitted by /u/FishInferno
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How does alpha or β+ decay effect an atoms bonding?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 09:29 PM PDT

I'm curious about the general trends but I can provide a specific example if my question doesn't make sense:

If I have a 89 Zr4+ ion and bond it to something, it'll form 4 bonds. The Zr will then decay via β+ emission to 90 Y, which has one fewer protons, hence the neutral atom with 4 bonds will suddenly have a negative charge and an oxidation state that doesn't typically allow for 4 bonds.

What happens to the atom? Does a H+ jump in and steal the negative charge? Does the negative charge go into anti-bonding orbitals? Does the atom fly off, it's bonds broken?

submitted by /u/mandragara
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Why do other mammals not get food poisoning from eating raw meats yet humans do?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 12:59 PM PDT

What exactly does http/https encryption encrypt?

Posted: 03 Jul 2017 04:02 AM PDT

If I go on the BBC website for example, what exact data is being sent across the internet that I probably wouldn't want people seeing? Obviously the contents of the actual web page I'm going to will be sent, but what personal information (if any) would be vulnerable if I did not use http or https encryption?

submitted by /u/tarkaotterman
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When someone is getting their leg amputated, what determines the type of amputation that person receives (ertl or normal amputations)?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 08:10 PM PDT

If the nearest star is about 4.2 light years away from our solar system, and if that star has a planet capable of supporting intelligent life, is our sun bright enough to be part of a constellation from their point of view?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 11:19 PM PDT

I'm sure our sun is bright enough to be seen from 4.2 light years away but when you consider that we usually create constellations from the brighter stars in our night sky, would our sun be considered bright enough to be part of one of their constellations or would it just be a tiny speck in the background?

submitted by /u/Sociopathic_Pro_Tips
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Do virgin photons exist? Photons that travel from other stars without touching matter?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 09:55 AM PDT

Or do all photons eventually bounce off some form of matter on their travel?

submitted by /u/JoeOfTex
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How is determined the acceptable amount of toxic substances in food?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 05:10 PM PDT

I am particularly interested in knowing if the current average lifespan is taken in consideration when it comes at fixing this level. What if the lifespan increase significantly and we start to die due to the "acceptable amount of mercury"etc in our food instead of dying at 80 like "we were supposed to"?

submitted by /u/relightit
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Can you shoot a gun, fatally, in space? What would happen?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 08:03 AM PDT

Just a thought spanning from the USA's proposed Space Corps sixth branch of the armed forces (ignoring the coast guard), and also the eventual follow up thought of those Call of Duty missions.

 

My instant thought is of a slowing bullet leaving the chamber, or that it'd slow down and just float on into deep space, but hey if I knew what would happen I wouldn't r/askscience.

submitted by /u/RubioJones
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When we manage to colonize Mars, would it be more viable to live on the surface? Or underground?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 02:59 PM PDT

Do animals other than humans experience symptoms of pregnancy?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 08:47 PM PDT

As in nausea, cravings, etc. I doubt any as similar as our human symptoms obviously.

submitted by /u/notapotat-o
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Distance and diameter of the sun?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 07:54 PM PDT

How do we know the sun's distance from the Earth? What's the evidence that it is so far away? How do we know the sun's diameter?

Thanks scientists.

submitted by /u/Noble_monkey
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Why are ATX-Connectors build, so that there are multiple Pins with the same function?

Posted: 02 Jul 2017 12:25 PM PDT

Seems like wasted space to me

submitted by /u/D4nte188
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