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Sunday, June 11, 2017

How do we still have radioactive particles on earth despite the short length of their half lives and the relatively long time they have been on earth?

How do we still have radioactive particles on earth despite the short length of their half lives and the relatively long time they have been on earth?


How do we still have radioactive particles on earth despite the short length of their half lives and the relatively long time they have been on earth?

Posted: 11 Jun 2017 03:20 AM PDT

For example carbon 14 has a half life of 5,730 years, that means that since the earth was created, there have been about 69,800 half lives. Surely that is enough to ensure pretty much negligable amounts of carbon on earth. According to wikipedia, 1-1.5 per 1012 cabon atoms are carbon 13 or 14.

So if this is the case for something with a half life as long as carbon 14, then how the hell are their still radioactive elements/isotopes on earth with lower half lives? How do we still pick up trace, but still appreciable, amounts of radioactive elements/isotopes on earth?

Is it correct to assume that no new radioactive particles are being produced on/in earth? and that they have all been produced in space/stars? Or are these trace amount replenished naturally on earth somehow?

I recognize that the math checks out, and that we should still be picking up at least some traces of them. But if you were to look at it from the perspective of a individual Cesium or Phosphorus-32 atoms it seems so unlikely that they just happen to survive so many potential opportunities to just decay and get entirely wiped out on earth.

I get that radioactive decay is asymptotic, and that theoretically there should always be SOME of these molecules left, but in the real world this seems improbable. Are there other factors I'm missing?

submitted by /u/TheBlackLagooner
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How long would we see a Super Nova in the visible spectrum ?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 06:59 PM PDT

Would we see something before hand and after in other spectrums and why? I understand the distance would be a huge factor.

submitted by /u/flyingfrig
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Why, how and what does it mean that light waves and other waves are sinusoidal?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 11:56 PM PDT

What is between neutrons/protons and electrons?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 06:29 PM PDT

Why are rain clouds grey and normal clouds white if they're both made up of water?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 05:08 AM PDT

How do we really know what's beneath the Earth's surface?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 02:34 PM PDT

The deepest hole we've ever dug is the SG-3 branch of the Kola Superdeep Borehole, which penetrates 7.5 miles into the Earth's crust. As deep as this hole is, it only goes 0.002% of the way to the center of the Earth. How then can we know what is beyond the Earth's crust? How do we know what the Mantle consists of? How do we know what the outer and inner cores consist of? And how do we know the thickness/density of each?

submitted by /u/Yimter
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How are the sine and cosine functions derived?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 05:28 PM PDT

I understand that for certain angles, using the relationships between the sides of 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangles can be used to find the value of sine and cosine.

But what I don't understand is how those functions are found for different angles, like 11 degrees. In practice you use a calculator, but the calculator's answer has to come from somewhere.

submitted by /u/PM_ME_USERNAME_MEMES
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Do you need more force to launch a rocket from the ground or to land it on said ground?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 06:21 PM PDT

How is ethanol produced industrially?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 03:53 PM PDT

How do companys produce ethanol without yeast? I would think that for industrial amounts relying on yeast would be very unreliable and time consuming, so there must be a way to produce relatively pure ethanol for labs and such purely through non-biological sources. But if this is the case, how come you don't see it being sold as a very strong drink, like everclear?

submitted by /u/billybobthongton
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How do submarines communicate with surface ships and satellite? Does (salt) water affect RF transmission?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 09:28 AM PDT

Why is lithium-ion technology preferred for grid energy storage?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 04:43 PM PDT

It seems that many new electricity storage plans are based on lithium-ion-type chemistry. As far as I know, Li-Ion batteries are preferred for many applications because they have a high energy density, a low self-discharge rate and no memory effects. These benefits seem useless if you're just placing the battery somewhere and charging & de-charging it every day.

On the other hand Li-Ion batteries age faster and are supposed to be more expensive than other types. A back of the envelope calculation (6$/kg lithium carbonate, $2/kg Mn ~ 5$/kg LiMnO3 ~ 20$/kWh spent on raw materials (assuming 250 Wh/kg) battery) tells me that quite a bit of the 125$/kWh of the Chevy Bolt is spent on raw materials. Specifically NaS chemistry seems like it has the potential to be much cheaper. Are there no benefits to large-scale professionally maintained lead-acid systems? Can't we build something based on a couple of cheaper elements? Especially when batteries with 1/10th the energy density would work just fine?

submitted by /u/vonBeche
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Why do marshmallows blow up when you microwave them?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 04:22 PM PDT

And then quickly harden?

submitted by /u/merequeen
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If the density of polystyrene is 1.04 g/cm^3, why doesn't Styrofoam sink in water?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 09:12 AM PDT

Are there particle annihilations that result in other Bosons besides photons?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 01:34 PM PDT

When reading about particle collisions and annihilations, the most common example given is a collision with an electron and a positron, resulting in two high-energy photons. Are there other collisions which result in annihilations with different force-carrying particles? If so, does this imply that there is more to duality besides particle charge?

submitted by /u/jhill515
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I have read that ball bearings should be packed in grease, to reduce friction between the balls & the races. In some cases, couldn't the grease INCREASE the friction, by touching parts of the ball that would otherwise be in contact with air?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 04:45 PM PDT

Why aren't areas that are below sea level covered in water?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 06:26 PM PDT

Wouldn't water flow downhill into these areas and create bodies of water?

submitted by /u/cquigley666
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How does the CPU know what an operation an opcode bits represent?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 02:00 PM PDT

We've always been told a computer knows how to perform an operation on code based on what it's expected to find. But how does it come to expect something such as ADD (memory location operand) to the ACC. How do a bunch of logic gates and 1s and 0s know that the operand means ADD?

excuse the title grammar error

submitted by /u/Wabacus
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Do insect colonies experience plagues?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 10:35 AM PDT

Ants, bees, termites, seem to live in the kind of conditions that would make humans very susceptible to plagues. (By a plague, I mean a very high-mortality contagious disease). Do entire colonies of such insects occasionally die to contagious disease?

submitted by /u/chopsaver
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So what would happen if you took off your helmet on mars? It has a form of an atmosphere so I wouldn't imagine it'd be the same effect as space. How long would you have to live and what's the most likely cause of death?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 02:12 PM PDT

Saturday, June 10, 2017

What happens if you let a chess AI play itself? Is it just 50-50?

What happens if you let a chess AI play itself? Is it just 50-50?


What happens if you let a chess AI play itself? Is it just 50-50?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 02:53 PM PDT

And what would happen if that AI is unrealistically and absolutely perfect so that it never loses? Is that possible?

submitted by /u/Exod124
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physicists say to laymen "observing a quantum particle causes the wave function to collapse" but what does this mean mathematically? what does a collapsed function look like compared to the original?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 06:00 AM PDT

Why does sexual fetishism exist and, moreover, why are some fetishes more common than others?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 08:26 PM PDT

What causes an area to become a salt flat?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 07:06 AM PDT

What are common applications of usage of the world's most powerful supercomputers?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 07:34 PM PDT

If there used to be a lot of water on Mars, what happened to it? Did it leave the planet and atmosphere?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 07:13 AM PDT

There is actually two questions here; how do they keep oxygen in their shuttles or the space station, and couldn't they take plants to create more oxygen?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 10:53 PM PDT

These may be stupid questions, and I apologize if they are.

submitted by /u/FatJesus13908
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Mercury isn't moving at a speed close to that of light. Why did Newtonian gravity fall short in predicting its orbit?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 06:06 PM PDT

My understanding is that relativistic effects are negligible at speeds far, far below that of light (~50 km/s, give or take, in the case of Mercury's orbital speed). Does that rule of thumb apply on to special relativity?

submitted by /u/iamnoteinstein
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How does alcohol interfere with the endocrine system in the body?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 04:20 PM PDT

In 1996, the nintendo 64 was released and was '64' bit. The dreamcast which followed was billed as 128 bit. Why did it take so long for 64 bit home PCs to arrive and what's different between a 64 bit PC and a 128 bit dreamcast?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 02:54 AM PDT

At the time I generally accepted the more bits equals more betterer kind of marketing that these consoles used, but presumably a dreamcast does not outclass a modern home PC in terms of processing power or graphical ability. What did the number of bits mean in a 90's console context and how did it differ to what it means in an average, current, home PC context?

submitted by /u/JimmyCrackCrack
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Since the earth is spinning at roughly 1000 mph at the equator and the air can be perfectly still means the air around earth is spinning exactly with the earth.... What is making the air spin?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 05:43 PM PDT

And.... Since the air around the earth must be spinning pretty much exactly with the earth's spin, shouldn't we see great tornadoes extending out from each pole at the axis of the spin?

submitted by /u/ParticleMass
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What determines the speed that a lightning ball travels along power lines?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 02:47 PM PDT

There was a video posted today of an electricity ball traveling along power lines in a rain storm. I've heard that electrons actually travel quite slowly through electrical lines. Does the speed of the ball traveling along reflect this?

submitted by /u/Universalsupporter
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What is the limiting factor for the rate of deceleration when landing a plane?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 06:45 AM PDT

When flying to another city the other day i got to wondering what the limiting factor is on slowing the plane down after touch-down? Is it limited by the number of g's the average person will accept or is the available force from air brakes, wheel brakes, reverse thrust etc the limit to slowing the aircraft quicker? Or is there some other factor at play like the structural integrity of the airframe/landing gear/runway? If it is all that the airframe can handle, is this by design because the average person won't accept anything higher anyway?

submitted by /u/Cemanicus
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Hypothetically what is the worst thing that could happen if I don't turn on "airplane mode"?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 11:13 AM PDT

Once a neural network is trained for a task, is there any way to examine the network to give insight into how to traditionally think up and write an equation to do the same task, or is it fairly black-box?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 02:25 PM PDT

Perhaps there is possibly a branch of mathematics that examines equations and optimizes them? Or would some aspect of the incompleteness theorem mean that this is impossible?

edit: maybe the structure of the neural network equation does not lend itself to being rewritten in a form that more readily leads mathematicians to new insights?

As you can tell, I'm not certain about the correct way to word this question, but I'd be happy to (try to) clarify, thanks!

submitted by /u/oakdesk
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Is there a good source on resonances/ periodic ratios of orbits in our solar system?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 05:07 AM PDT

I recently read somewhere (and for the love of it cannot remember where!) that the period of orbits in our solar system can be presented as integer ratios.

So that would mean, when you move from one planet to the next one outwards from the sun, you get a rather small integer ratio for the difference between the orbital periods - within a set accuracy.

And by small in this case I mean something like 94 : 595.

I am looking for a good comprehensive source that shows those ratios - is there any such source that goes:

  • Mercury : Venus = a : b
  • Venus : Earth = c : d
  • Earth : Mars = e : f

etc.

Thanks for any help or pointers you can give me!

submitted by /u/andthatswhyIdidit
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At what point does our body know we are left handed or right handed?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 05:08 PM PDT

I don't have a child of my own, so I've never observed a child "testing out" their handedness. How does this develop?

submitted by /u/oijuy
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Proper explanation on cooper pair?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 03:53 AM PDT

Hi. I'm undergraduate majoring material science and studying BCS theory, trying to find not only definition but also various explanation on it. But I couldn't understood how they move.

The question is: Q1. How these 'paired' electrons (or quasiparticles) behave without resistance? I guess they have to 'move' anyway, and how they can move without scatter? Q2. What is superconducting gap? I think it have different derivation with energy gap. What happens if electron is below/above superconducting gap?

I'm struggling with these concepts for weeks. Please somebody help me with eidetic explanation😂

submitted by /u/Septemberries
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Why is the J/ψ long-lived?

Posted: 10 Jun 2017 03:32 AM PDT

So I've been reading up on the J/ψ particle lately, and am failing to understand why it's lifetime is so long outside of its narrow resonance width.

I know about the OZI Rule and how hadronic decays of the J/ψ are suppressed for diagrams that can be separated by gluon propagators, making leptonic final states a comparable decay option, however I don't understand what it has to do with the J/ψ lifetime.

Suppressed decay modes, have always in my mind, affected the branching ratios but not the lifetime of the particle itself. Naively, it's like saying as the J/ψ travels along, by process of elimination it tries one by one to decay into a certain mode, until it finds one that works. Because hadronic decays are suppressed by the OZI rule, then it simply takes the J/ψ longer until it finds a mode that "works" for it, thus leading to it's long lifetime. Obviously, this picture isn't the case. Someone at the university mentioned to me that the coupling constant of an interaction is proportional to the speed at which the interaction takes place, and since the OZI rule suppresses certain strong decays, then the "weaker" interactions are left thus increasing the lifetime of the J/ψ. However, I have not found any resources online that support this.

I guess a question that would also help here is why is the J/ψ's resonance width narrow?

submitted by /u/RobMu
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Can the ISS be converted into an interplanetary vessel?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 11:27 PM PDT

If light is affected by gravity, can light be caught in orbit?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 12:04 PM PDT

Does electricity have a color?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 12:38 PM PDT

Saw that .gif of a ball of electricity riding powerlines and it is clearly blue, or at least the surrounding area, while other times lightning during storms it can be seem as having a violet hue, Is it just iluminating the predominant color of the environment around the light or does electricity have a particular color they reflect?

Edit: Answers provided sent me down a pleasent rabbit hole, a much apprecited one.

submitted by /u/justatadlost
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Do reptiles have thc receptors?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 08:29 PM PDT

Friday, June 9, 2017

Is there any food that is cooked on the International Space Station, or is it all prepackaged?

Is there any food that is cooked on the International Space Station, or is it all prepackaged?


Is there any food that is cooked on the International Space Station, or is it all prepackaged?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 01:12 AM PDT

What do physicists do in Antartica?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 06:41 PM PDT

I understand that there is a scientific community down in Antartica. But to my underdtanding, the majority of the science that goes down down there is biology. I assume that every field has its place, as it does everywhere. But what tyoe of experimetation and research goes on for the physics community down in Antartica? And how large of a community?

submitted by /u/Macro_Nerd
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How did the early space probe cameras get the correct focus?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 11:36 PM PDT

Did they automatically adjust the focus of the images? How? Or are the distance large enough that it's not needed?

submitted by /u/regionalwhale
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If there is an underground ocean 400-600 km deep down the earth, is it possible for it to contain life?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 03:07 AM PDT

My guess the temperature will be from 800C to 2000C, but this is a hard thing to prove. And how far did scientists reach for life signs deep down the earth?

submitted by /u/dukenukem3
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How would the CH-47 Chinook deal with anti-torque/main rotor loss?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 08:28 AM PDT

Would they be able to auto-rotate to attempt an emergency landing? Or would the be like the MV-22b Osprey, and be unable to auto-rotate?

submitted by /u/TheGoodDoctor413
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How does fire behave in zero gravity?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 07:11 AM PDT

Besides the typical "flames are spherical in zero gravity", does fire expand, and if so, how and why? If you were to be in zero gravity with a flammable gas, and set fire to said gas, what would happen? Any other information worth mentioning would be appreciated as well

submitted by /u/grimskull1
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Why does a coin make the noise it does when flipped?

Posted: 09 Jun 2017 06:15 AM PDT

While I have an idea how this might work, I'm unsure if this is just due to the coin spinning or if it's from whatever initial friction applied from my finger

submitted by /u/Apsconsus
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Why are pancakes round, and what's the role of gravity and surface tension in this?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 04:49 PM PDT

I read the same short answer everywhere "Pancakes are round because gravity pulls on fluid uniformly. When batter hits the griddle from above, it gets tugged down into a circle" I'm not really convinced, so it would be really helpful if someone explains it in a clear way.

submitted by /u/mahdi_diab
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Do radionuclides react with neutrinos more often than stable isotopes?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 09:47 PM PDT

From a point on the near-surface of the moon, what path would the Earth trace in the 'sky'?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 12:46 PM PDT

The moon is tidaly locked with earth, so it shouldn't move too much in the sky, however due to procession and an imperfect orbit, I would expect a timelapse of Earth taken from the surface to 'move' at least little bit, perhaps tracing out an ellipse or figure-8 over time. Google didn't seem to have any answers.

submitted by /u/Ghosttwo
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Why don't we have a global electrical network?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 06:28 PM PDT

I mean something like the internet, but for energy. Isn't it more economical to share generation resources? Especially considering the developments in transmission technology (e.g. HVDC).

submitted by /u/Aroundinacircle
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Is there a cure or just a way to manage PTSD?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 07:39 PM PDT

Ive been told that people can manage PTSD but cant actually heal it. I just want to know if this is true or if it is curable. If it is curable, how is it possible? If it's not, why not? I couldn't find anything about this in the research I did.

submitted by /u/b_emrick2
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How much sound would an explosion produce in space, due to the gases released at high velocity which produce a pressure difference compared to vacuum? Would it be audible?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 05:43 PM PDT

Also, let's set aside any biological problems with a human ear in a vacuum, and suppose this is a sturdy vacuum-resistant microphone. The key point is the ability of a pressure wave to produce detectable sound-frequency oscillations in a membrane. Whether there are enough dB to be theoretically perceived by a human would be good to know, though.

submitted by /u/contravariant_
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Why can I use my pancake as a stylus?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 08:56 AM PDT

Is the energy in a collision of a photon with a surface conserved?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 10:15 PM PDT

If a photon were to reflect off of a hard surface like a mirror in the opposite direction would the wavelength be longer because it lost energy or would the energy be the same? Like if a color, for example blue, were reflected in a mirror would the image in the mirror be a little redder than the actual material? Thanks, Greasejunkie

submitted by /u/greasejunkie
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Why do rotor blades or fidget spinners seem to spin the other way when they spin too fast?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 04:17 PM PDT

Death - what is it and what happens after?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 04:02 PM PDT

Hello late night science-lovers,

Sometimes when I watch science programs, interviews, etc. about death I get this empty feeling inside when picturing total blackout for eternity after death. As a believer in science and as an atheist I'm sure that would be the way to picture it. Or am I wrong? I wouldn't say I'm afraid of death itself, I'm just really afraid of what comes after - or the lack thereof, I guess.

Are you afraid of death? And how do you picture everything post-death? Is there even any proof of anything related to death? (Besides all the hoax stories and the fact that we all will experience it at some point).

Thank you in advance!

Note: I realize this question is kind of edgy and out there, but I hope you understand what I'm trying to express.

EDIT 1: Just want to clarify that I'm not - in any way - looking for comfort haha. Just want to ask people with a flair for science what their opinion is on death.

EDIT 2: Grammar :/

submitted by /u/bragi_
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How does NASA communicate with and control the Mars Rover all the way from Earth?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 10:03 AM PDT

Exhaust pressure for maximum specific impulse?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 11:40 AM PDT

I heard that rocket nozzles are made in a way, so that the exhaust has the same denisty as the surrounding space.

But wouldn't you get the most thrust if you would shoot out the exhaust as straight as possible?

submitted by /u/feinfinfer
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Why does the mass of the Higgs Boson indicate it is metastable?

Posted: 08 Jun 2017 08:45 AM PDT

Also, from what I understand a vacuum state in field theory is when a quantum state is in its lowest possible energy. Wikipedia says this generally means it contains no physical particles. Would this not imply that every other fields such as the electron, gluon, quark, z boson, photon field etc etc be metastable as well? I'm just somewhat confused.

submitted by /u/xbq222
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