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Saturday, June 3, 2017

On Jupiter, will more superstorms the size the Great Red Spot eventually form, or are the positions and types of storms relatively constant?

On Jupiter, will more superstorms the size the Great Red Spot eventually form, or are the positions and types of storms relatively constant?


On Jupiter, will more superstorms the size the Great Red Spot eventually form, or are the positions and types of storms relatively constant?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 02:56 PM PDT

Hurricanes and big storms on Earth move around and change size, but does that happen on Jupiter?

submitted by /u/50PercentLies
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When humans wanted to first fly to space how did we know that we needed space suits to survive?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 04:10 PM PDT

How probable is it to get a computer error due to quantum effects?

Posted: 03 Jun 2017 04:12 AM PDT

As far as I understand, transistors nowadays are small enough that quantum effects become relevant. I'm hesitant to use words like quantum tunneling or energy wells because I don't fully grasp these concepts, but as I learned it it's possible for a quantum particle to escape its "cage" if the energy level is low enough or something.

Could this effect cause errors, corrupted data, a bluescreen, etc.?

submitted by /u/KindaOffKey
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If 3-phase is more efficient, why isn't everything 3-phase?

Posted: 03 Jun 2017 01:18 AM PDT

I was reading on the difference between 3-phase and 1-phase power, and I got that 3-phase has 3 wires + neutral, and 1-phase has 1 wire + neutral. Some sites I was reading on that 3-phase is more efficient and uses less conducting material, but it's primarily used for industrial purposes. Residences stick to 1-phase. If it's more efficient and uses less materials, why then isn't everything in a 3-phase setup? What's the drawback to 3-phase that keeps 1-phase relevant.

submitted by /u/zerosaver
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Why is the environmental community focused so heavily on CO2 emissions when methane is 30 times more effective at trapping heat in our atmosphere?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 08:13 PM PDT

Correct me if I'm wrong, but wouldn't cutting the USA's atmospheric methane contribution by 50% offset our CO2 output by more than 100%? If so, why are we focused on carbon footprints rather than methane footprints? https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases

submitted by /u/NatureNate19
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To a photon, dose it takes a year to travel one "light-year"?

Posted: 03 Jun 2017 01:49 AM PDT

How do we know that gas giants are made of gas?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 05:11 PM PDT

And is it possible for there to be a surface on a planet such as Jupiter?

submitted by /u/12isbae
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Do mirrors reflect all of the EM spectrum? WiFi, IR, UV, radio, etc.

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 07:17 PM PDT

We appreciate ourselves in mirrors, but that's only a small part of the spectrum. Can my bathroom mirror increase my WiFi range in a single direction? Could I make a small area hotter with a concave mirror and candle?

submitted by /u/shibbster
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How does a spacecraft Measure its speed in orbit around a planet?

Posted: 03 Jun 2017 02:20 AM PDT

So I was just watching an episode of sci-show space, where they talked about the Juno probe and the work it is doing while orbiting Jupiter.

They mentioned that one of its jobs is to map the gravity field of the planet, and it does this by detecting speed changes in the orbiter, with higher speeds meaning higher gravity.

How does a probe such as Juno measure its orbital speed to such accuracy that it can accurately map the gravity field around Jupiter? It isn't like it has GPS out there.....

submitted by /u/Cr3s3ndO
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How much more intelligent are we than our ancestors? I understand we have advanced as a society greatly but how much has the average intelligence of humans changed in the past 20,000 years?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 02:30 PM PDT

If you were to drop a small insect, such as an ant or a grasshopper without the ability to fly, from a high latitude like the Empire State Building, would it die? Why it why not? May be a stupid question but my reasoning below, albeit illogical

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 09:15 PM PDT

For some reason I imagine that due to such small body mass, insects couldn't possibly suffer crucial injuries. It can't be proportional to their size, I just knocked a banana bug off the counter and that thing was tiny as hell, that'd be like knocking me off a three story building. Yes I'm drunk but I'm genuinely curious because I've always wondered this

submitted by /u/HaleyCenterLabyrinth
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How do birds know to make nests? Is it purely instinctual or is it taught?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 10:59 AM PDT

I was watching a gull collect moss for its nest earlier today and began to wonder how they know how to construct their nest. I have seen many birds building their nests but I haven't seen any birds teaching their young. This behaviour seems to be from instinct, but surely this is too complex to be just an instinct.

submitted by /u/mightierjake
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If you're traveling 100 mph in one direction and shoot a bullet backwards at some enemy/target, will the momentum of the bullet be affected?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 11:15 PM PDT

Do countries with higher taxes tend to have better quality of life?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 04:41 PM PDT

Here is a list of countries by GDP to government revenue ratio. These numbers show what the government actually gets, rather than what it's asking for. In other words, it doesn't take in to account tax evasion.

I'd like to find out if indexes for development and quality of life and so on are correlated with higher taxes. It may be that countries with higher quality of life have more capable governments which are able to achieve higher GDP to government income ratio by being more effective at fighting tax evasion, despite asking for less in taxes than weaker governments.

Essentially I'd like to know the answer to "Do higher taxes correlate with higher quality of life?", rather than "Does higher government income as a percentage of GDP correlate with higher quality of life?". I'd look to do it by actually have the dataset myself, but if someone has already answered this question for me, I guess that will do.

submitted by /u/Freeloading_Sponger
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How do scissors work?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 06:26 PM PDT

If you cannot split atoms, then are you splitting the bonds between them, if so how come a sharp blade specially can cut it and not a dull blade (you get the point [no pun intended, I'm not sharp {pun intended}])

submitted by /u/Aperture_Creator_CEO
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Burning fossil fuels also releases a lot of wasted heat. If this is not accounted for in warming projections, where does it all go?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 06:19 PM PDT

Are non-atomic solids possible?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 02:33 PM PDT

What prevents other subatomic particles from grouping together in a way that creates something with solid properties? I suppose that's a bit ambiguous, so here's what I mean by "solid":

  1. The subatomic particles stay together as a group spatially.

  2. These groups are repelled by similar groups, so they can't occupy the same space as another group. This is similar to the van der Waals force.

submitted by /u/mike_bolt
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How bright a light bulb needs to be to be seen from orbit?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 07:05 PM PDT

How many/much brightness/power/lumens a light bulb needs to be to be seen from orbit? lets say from the ISS?

how a 100W lamp would be seen from the ground?

submitted by /u/rBeowulf
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Why does hot air blown from a fan feel cold?

Posted: 03 Jun 2017 12:39 AM PDT

How do hive-minded bugs (ants, termites, bees) evolve if the queen is the only one passing on genes? Wouldn't this create in effect a sort of inbreeding?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 02:53 PM PDT

Is it possible for two sounds two cancel each other out?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 09:41 AM PDT

How do bee-eater birds bee-proof themselves?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 03:24 PM PDT

How do bee-eating birds protect themselves from being stung by the bees they eat or other bees avenging their comrade (if bees do that)?

submitted by /u/Mightymcc
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Why don't we have high resolution video of any of the planets?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 03:10 PM PDT

Unsure if this is the correct place to inquire.

High resolution photos exist, why not video?

My question derives from the "Jupiter fly by" video currently on the front page

Any and all responses appreciated !!

submitted by /u/mr_reliable
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How much do we know about how endocrine disruptors affect menopause?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 07:32 AM PDT

I have managed to find a few articles: Menopause arriving early

Stronger hot flashes from phthalates

Missing studies on cosmetics

Women have a higher sick leave than men in my country (Norway), and I think all over the world? Some of this is connected to pregnancy, some of it to women being lower down in the hierarchy at work, but is some of it connected to endocrine disruptors affecting women more? Is there a connection between how these substances affect us and the fact that most autoimmune diseases affect women more often than men?

Here is some research (controversial) that shows that it is not only through mouth these chemicals are, but some think that also through touching, such as playing on the floor, can absorb endocrine disruptors.

It seems that in the US women often have menopause symptoms for ten years. That just doesn´t seem very natural. Scientists have been asking for stricter regulation, but I think the knowledge about these things are very little in the regular population, and I also have problems finding relevant research.

Please help me finding research.

submitted by /u/Toove
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Friday, June 2, 2017

Askscience Megathread: Climate Change

Askscience Megathread: Climate Change


Askscience Megathread: Climate Change

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 08:04 PM PDT

With the current news of the US stepping away from the Paris Climate Agreement, AskScience is doing a mega thread so that all questions are in one spot. Rather than having 100 threads on the same topic, this allows our experts one place to go to answer questions.

So feel free to ask your climate change questions here! Remember Panel members will be in and out throughout the day so please do not expect an immediate answer.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What's the biological advantage of metamorphosis/pupating if the process is so energy-consuming (destroying the entire body in the pupa and rebuilding it again, rather than simply growing up) and vulnerable?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 09:28 PM PDT

Not to mention leaving the pupa immobile and completely vulnerable for long stretches of time.

Why do almost all flying insects start as grubs, then mature to have wings, rather than just mature to have wings without pupating (like birds)?

submitted by /u/BitLion
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Why can radio waves pass through solid objects?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 12:35 AM PDT

As of 2014, there were 10 people left in the world living in iron lungs. Do we not have the technology to remove them safely?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 07:54 AM PDT

I stumbled upon this news story, which talks about a man who has been living in an iron lung for the last 5 or 6 decades.

I know the iron lung is an outdated and generally obsolete piece of medical equipment, so why can't we feasibly remove someone from it and simply hook them up to a normal positive pressure ventillator?

Is it like the 'car-crash-victim-pinned-against-a-tree' kinda scenario wherein removing them would immediately kill them? Or is it just lack of money on their part?

I have no medical knowledge so apologies if this a simple question

submitted by /u/johnct
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Considering we have really big micro SD cards and normal sized memory cards, why does RAM memory in computers not go very high comparatively?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 10:04 PM PDT

Can we apply statistical mechanics / thermodynamics to a nucleus?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 04:39 AM PDT

If we have a large nucleus (>200 nucleons), then so long as there are no decays or incoming gammas or anything, it's an isolated box of particles with a fixed amount of energy. That means you can find the number of possible states based on the energy levels, and work out an entropy and a temperature.

Is this a reasonable thing to do? I imagine you couldn't do it analytically, since the nuclear potential is all kinds of horrible, and there would be things to consider like spin. The nuclear force is short ranged, but the Coulomb force isn't, so protons would be a bigger headache than the neutrons. Also, 200 particles isn't very big compared to the size of the systems we usually talk about with thermodynamics, so maybe the usual approximations like Stirling wouldn't work so well.

All that aside, are we able to do anything interesting by looking at the nucleus from a statistical point of view? If there's a temperature, how big is it? Does it say anything about nuclear collisions, or will they be in contact for too short a length of time for anything thermal to happen? Can we get phase transitions?

submitted by /u/gatherinfer
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Is there an end to the electromagnetic spectrum?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 03:50 AM PDT

If Gamma Rays are the highest "end" of the spectrum, (for frequency/energy) is there a limit to how much energy a GR photon can contain? Conversely, is there a limit to how little frequency and energy a radio wave photon can have?

submitted by /u/Pixelated_
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Tensors in engineering mechanics: Can someone explain them to me in an intuitive, satisfying way?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 04:00 PM PDT

That's it. I give up. I've spent a few weeks scouring the internet for a an explanation of tensors in the context of engineering mechanics. You know, the ones every engineering student know and love (i.e. stress, strain, etc.). But alas, I cannot find any explanations of tensors without running into crazy abstract formalisms like "homomorphisms" and "inner product spaces". I'm not looking for an explanation of tensors using abstract algebra or infinitesimal, generalized vector spaces. I just want some clarification on what the heck they actually mean and are doing in the nice 3D, Euclidean space, especially in the context of mechanics. There are a few questions that have been bugging me that I'm hoping all you smart people here can answer:

1) What's the difference between a linear transformation and a tensor? Somehow they can both be represented by a 3x3 matrix, but they do different things when acting on a vector? Like the columns of a 3x3 matrix of a linear transformation tell you where the basis vectors end up, but the same columns of a tensor don't represent basis vectors at all?

2) Furthermore, a linear transformation transforms all of space but a tensor is defined at every point in space? Does a tensor act on vectors the same way as linear transformations do?

3) What the heck is the difference between a tensor product, dyadic product, and outer product and why are engineering tensors like the Cauchy stress built from the tensor product of two vectors (i.e. traction vector and basis vectors).

4) Is it true that scalars and vectors are just 0th order and 1st order tensors, respectively? How are all these things related to each other?

I have plenty more questions, but I figure the answers to these could already be enough to fill a whole textbook. Just to note, I have already searched reddit for tensors but have't found any explanations that make any sense to me yet.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/RobbieFresh
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What causes certain eyes to become red in camera pictures ?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 08:35 PM PDT

Why do some eyes produce the "red eye" effect? What's the physical mechanism in the cameras that creates this?

submitted by /u/Maxterchief99
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What is the origin of all the different races we see of people in the world?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 11:13 PM PDT

This question came about when I was pondering Pangea, and wondering if, if the world were still a single continent with no natural borders (ie, the ocean), would there still be different races of people? Different languages?

submitted by /u/BactaBobomb
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How do astronauts live a normal life in space?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 11:07 PM PDT

Doing normal activities such as eating, exercising, going to the bathroom, showering, even washing clothes?

submitted by /u/Baguette_in_your_fac
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What release more radiation, Fukishima and Chernobyl Vs every coal power plant ever?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 05:54 PM PDT

This was prompted by something someone said at https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14462533

"I'm sure Chernobyl and Fukushima have released more radioactivity than every coal fired plant that has ever been or ever will be."

Curious if that is likely to be true or not.

submitted by /u/trprog
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Does temperature have relativistic effects?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 08:58 PM PDT

If movement of an object can slow it's clock relative to an observer, is it possible to heat an object to the point that the molecular motion associated with the energy increase would have noticible relativistic effects? i.e. slowed clock or increased mass

submitted by /u/hedesec
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Why is light reflected from the road polarized?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 11:23 PM PDT

If the road is seen as a flat surface, shouldn't all light be reflected, and not only some preferred direction of polarization? And yes I though about this in relation to sunglasses.

submitted by /u/tyskstil
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What is Lie theory and its application in string theory/gravitational theories?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 01:11 AM PDT

How fast can data be transmitted using telegraph wires, with modern machines and transmission protocols?

Posted: 02 Jun 2017 04:28 AM PDT

Why aren't humans constantly producing STEM cells? And what would the effects possibly be of creating a human who constantly produces STEM cells?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 10:13 PM PDT

How much energy total is radiated by all the stars and galaxies in the universe at any given moment?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 11:21 PM PDT

I ask because this Atlantic article (https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/gravitational-waves-black-holes/528807/?utm_source=atlfb) states "[t]he collision of two black holes releases more energy than all the stars and galaxies in the universe radiate at any time." This seems like a stretch to me. The collision they reference released the energy of three solar masses, mass-energy equivalence predicts 5.36E47 joules. I realize this is an almost unimaginable number, but has the finitude of the universe even been established? What's the current thinking about this?

Secondly, the article quotes a few astronomers expressing surprise that they found so many large black holes, ranging from 20-60 solar masses. Are the supermassive black holes thought to be in the center of galaxies, ranging in the thousands to billions of solar masses, just in another category altogether? I don't get the surprise.

submitted by /u/hotsauce1987
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What causes plastic to appear to be moving when viewed through an infrared camera?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 10:40 PM PDT

When looking through my indoor infrared security camera, a piece of hard black plastic (part of a stereo) appears to be moving/growing. Little organic rounded blobs come out and then back in to the plastic. What causes this phenomenon?

submitted by /u/throwcorner
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What determines if your body will automatically 'revive' itself after various causes of death (drowning and coughing up the water afterwards, heart starting again randomly after other causes of death)?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 09:53 PM PDT

TLDR: Generally curious about what is happening when people appear to be dead and randomly start breathing again(I focus on drowning as an obvious example but interested in other causes of death as well).

  1. Are the drowning victims that cough up the water on land without CPR not actually dead yet?

  2. Is it possible for their heart to be completely stopped and have themselves recover when they reach the surface without any aid?

  3. What about when people 'die' but then their heart re-starts on it's own and they end up being alive, without any external stimulus (i.e: defibrillation). What causes of death have this associated with it generally? (I would assume heart-attack victims have the potential for their heart to re-start after it has stopped without any aid)

  4. If your heart is stopped and you are dead, does your body react to any natural stimulus that can re-start your heart? For example will your body know that you are now on the surface and can breath again after drowning and your heart having completely stopped? How many minutes does this effect last if so?

submitted by /u/Sol515
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What is the 'evil eye' and how many cultures is this present in?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 09:24 PM PDT

I've heard of the 'evil eye' in Greek, Italian, Indian, and Roma culture, I'm wondering if this concept is present in other cultures as well. And what exactly is it?

submitted by /u/ignorethisnamepleaae
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Thursday, June 1, 2017

How do i calculate probability of a probability distribution?

How do i calculate probability of a probability distribution?


How do i calculate probability of a probability distribution?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 02:59 AM PDT

Dear people. Hear me out.

I have histogram of the probability of certain values x of a random experiment. Its looks very nicely like a normal distribution. Then I have the data of an experiment that I did that tells how many times I measured value x. I would like to find out how likely it is to find that specific value distribution of given the probability distribution that I have but I can't figure out how to calculate this. in other words, I would like to figure out how likely it is that my measured distribution is random or ordered.

In analogy, I thow a dice 1000 times and I get the distribution of results. I want to figure out how likely it is that this distribution of numbers happened by random chance or not.

Can you help me out?

submitted by /u/TunnelFET
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By observing a radioactive atom, is there any way of knowing whether it will decay soon or in a million years' time?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 04:35 AM PDT

Is radioactive decay truly random? And do radioactive atoms show signs that they are about to decay before they do so?

submitted by /u/xkimlam
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Is there something to addition like what addition is to multiplication?

Posted: 31 May 2017 11:27 PM PDT

So multiplication is repeated addition 2*3=2+2+2.

we know we can go further with Exponentiation being rpeated multiplication 23 = [;2\uparrow3;] = 2*2*2

and we can keep going like that [;2\uparrow\uparrow3;] = 32 = 222

[;2\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow3;] = [;2\uparrow\uparrow2\uparrow\uparrow2;] = [;2\uparrow\uparrow4;]=2222

etc.

but can we go into the other direction?

like 2+3 = [;2\downarrow2\downarrow2;]

and [;2\downarrow3;] = [;2\downarrow\downarrow2\downarrow\downarrow2;]

submitted by /u/TheWhiteWarrior
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Have we ever monitored the brain of a dying individual and if so were there any interesting phenomenon observed?

Posted: 31 May 2017 10:32 AM PDT

What's the consensus on the executive function model of ADHD?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 07:59 AM PDT

I'm an adult who was diagnosed with ADHD as a child (called ADD at the time). Thanks to the video that was on the front page a few days ago, I was recently introduced to the work of Dr. Russell Barkley. Much of what he said about ADHD being primarily an impairment of executive function sounded like it made a lot of sense, and it matched up very well with my own experience of my disability. Is this a well established theory of the cause and nature of ADHD? Is it well supported by the work of other researchers, or is Dr. Barkley on the fringe? If it goes against the consensus, then what is the consensus? Or what are competing theories?

Here's a video that summarizes his ideas.

submitted by /u/TalksInMaths
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How pausible would it be for planes/jets to operate on solar energy?

Posted: 31 May 2017 11:14 PM PDT

How do I calculate the probability of a frequency distribution

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 03:09 AM PDT

Dear people. I did an experiment that results in a frequency for a set of stochastic variables x. I also did a computation that predicts the distribution of the variable x given random chance (the probability distribution of x given randomness). Now I would like to know how likely it is that my experiment x is just random. Similar to throwing a dice 1000 times, counting the occurence of each eye and then calculating how likely it is that this dice is fair or that it is unfair.

How does one do this?

submitted by /u/TunnelFET
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What is actually happening when I see a 'shooting star'?

Posted: 31 May 2017 06:19 PM PDT

Overheard that it is possible to represent more than 2^n states using n bits. How?

Posted: 01 Jun 2017 07:42 AM PDT

How can a spectrometer split the light into its components?

Posted: 31 May 2017 05:20 PM PDT

I understand that faraway planets' atmospheres can be analysed because light refracts differently based on what the light is passing through, but I don't know how a spectrometer can determine how many and what kinds of light(-components) make up the light we receive down here.

submitted by /u/Frieso
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Why are power outlets in the US typically in groups of 2?

Posted: 31 May 2017 01:45 PM PDT

Why do we wake up from sleeping after certain amount of time?

Posted: 31 May 2017 09:27 AM PDT

If diamonds are found in and around lava tubes, why do we not find them around Hawaii or other volcanic islands?

Posted: 31 May 2017 02:54 PM PDT

It seems to be similar in my simple mind.

submitted by /u/DC74
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Is a tube more conductive than a solid wire?

Posted: 31 May 2017 11:02 AM PDT

To be more specific, does the greater surface area of a tube allow a greater flow of electrons than a wire with an equivalent outer diameter?

If there is a difference, what is it and what are the applications?

Edit: As pointed out by /u/undercoveryankee, the phrase "equivalent outer diameter" is potentially ambiguous. The intended expression was "same diameter". Ex: a pipe with 1mm OD compared to a solid wire with 1mm OD.

submitted by /u/daerogami
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What is the origin of the anti-A & anti-B antibodies in Type O plasma?

Posted: 31 May 2017 11:27 AM PDT

A blood question that deserves a bloody answer! (Heh. Pun intended. Frustration also intended.)

I have a BS in biology and was in a discussion with my coworker. I have type O+ blood and so does he. We're wondering if people like us with Type O blood are born with the anti-A and anti-B antibodies in our plasma or if we would have to be exposed to type A/B/AB in order to get these antibodies?

Please support with reliable source if possible.

submitted by /u/ellie_love1292
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What is the law for the amount of momentum transferred in a collision of two elementary particles ?

Posted: 31 May 2017 01:58 PM PDT

Is there a law for the probability of transferring some amount of momentum between two ( lets say ) electrons, given some initial conditions ? Do they simply switch momenta or ( what i think ) is it random, depending on e.g. the angle ? What is the law ?

submitted by /u/Coousey
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How does private key encryption work?

Posted: 31 May 2017 01:39 PM PDT

I understand the basic idea that you encrypt using your private key and their public key and they can decrypt using their private key and your public key, but if your public key is the inverse of your private key, how does your private key stay secret? can't people figure it out by just finding the inverse of your public key?

submitted by /u/waltzingwizard
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Why do air bubbles "wobbles" as they rise?

Posted: 31 May 2017 09:26 PM PDT

Why dont they rise straight up?

submitted by /u/ehbuster
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If selective breeding can allow us to work towards desirable traits in organisms, would it be possible to change the likelihood of an organism's sex?

Posted: 31 May 2017 10:38 AM PDT

What happens to a phagocyte after phagocytosis?

Posted: 31 May 2017 10:55 AM PDT