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Tuesday, May 9, 2017

Are oceans necessary for a terrestrial planet to have sustained tectonic plate activity? Would a planet that was entirely covered by a single massive ocean have tectonic plate activity?

Are oceans necessary for a terrestrial planet to have sustained tectonic plate activity? Would a planet that was entirely covered by a single massive ocean have tectonic plate activity?


Are oceans necessary for a terrestrial planet to have sustained tectonic plate activity? Would a planet that was entirely covered by a single massive ocean have tectonic plate activity?

Posted: 08 May 2017 08:43 AM PDT

Venus and Mars don't seems to have active tectonic plates (anymore), they also don't have oceans (anymore), is this a coincidence or are these facts related?

I have heard discussions of hypothetical 'ocean planets' where a terrestrial body might be covered with single all-enveloping ocean several 100s of km thick. Would such an ocean have an effect on a planet's tectonic activity?

submitted by /u/CalibanDrive
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How come, when we rub our eyes hard enough we see those weird colors and patterns?

Posted: 09 May 2017 04:30 AM PDT

What is multiplication ?

Posted: 09 May 2017 05:56 AM PDT

I was interviewing for a technical position, and in my resume I had written Mathematics as a hobby.

Interviewer: Ah! So, your hobby is Mathematics. That's different. Tell me more about it.

Me: Sir, I have been fascinated by Mathematics since I was a child. This crazy interest had led me to develop a very deep understanding and appreciation for the subject. Besides I have an intuition for Mathematics. I understand even the most complicated Mathematical concepts easily and intuitively.

Interviewer: That's good. I will ask you something extremely simple. In fact, it is so

fantastically simple that you probably learnt in first grade. Tell me what is the meaning of

multiplication.

Me: It's repeated addition. For eg. 5 X 3 = 5 + 5 + 5. Add 5 three times.

Interviewer: Okay, then tell me how would you explain e x π ?How do you add something, (π)times?

I opened my mouth. And then closed it. Then opened it. Then closed it again. Then came the shock; and the embarrassment; the realization that I didn't know What multiplication means!!!

submitted by /u/F1restartXr
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How do we get Vitamin D from the sun? Is it like photosynthesis in any way?

Posted: 08 May 2017 05:05 PM PDT

[Biology] Are there people who can see further into the ultraviolet or infrared spectrum than the average person?

Posted: 09 May 2017 04:02 AM PDT

Why is hemisphererectomy possible but some brain tumors are inoperable?

Posted: 09 May 2017 06:39 AM PDT

If it is possible to remove one half of the brain and the person still lives (although he personality could be majorly altered depending if the removed half was dominant); how large are inoperable brain tumors then compared to this. And what makes them inoperable?

submitted by /u/georgelappies
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When We Visualize Something, Does Our Brain Create One Image, or Two, as in One for Each Eye?

Posted: 08 May 2017 07:07 PM PDT

Why isn't there a general formula for solving quintic polynomials like there is for quadratics, cubics and quartics?

Posted: 08 May 2017 03:47 PM PDT

How do antibiotics destroy foreign bacteria without harming our own body as well?

Posted: 08 May 2017 07:44 PM PDT

Why must neutrons in a nuclear reactor be slowed down to fission U-235 whereas in a nuclear bomb they do not?

Posted: 08 May 2017 06:19 PM PDT

Are there circumstances where scientist and pharmaceutical companies don't have to go through the FDA to release a drug?

Posted: 08 May 2017 08:35 AM PDT

(Not sure if the FDA is the organization that handles this type of thing but bare with me here)

I'm talking in extreme circumstances. Like the human race is dying alarmingly fast, and if someone doesn't come up with a cure/vaccine soon we're headed for extinction. (i'm being very dramatic here but i'm getting to the point)

In an instance where people are dying rapidly and science does come up with some drug that helps, i know that trials and testing take many years. But in the event the human race doesn't have that much time, can pharmaceutical companies release the drug without following the "necessary procedures"?

submitted by /u/stephanynotstokes
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Why is non-dairy coffee creamer so flammable?

Posted: 08 May 2017 03:39 PM PDT

Do different shaped parachutes with similar surface area have the same travel time?

Posted: 08 May 2017 05:40 PM PDT

If i drop a rectangular and a circular parachute with the same SA, from the same height and at the same time, will they both land on the ground at the same time (assuming everything is constant)?

submitted by /u/0mendice
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Taxonomy: How are complicated phylogenetic trees arranged?

Posted: 09 May 2017 06:33 AM PDT

I'm not sure how to ask this. I've been reading about extinct animals and trying to compare their relation to modern animals (e.g Dimetrodon to Humans) via phylogenetic trees. However, the taxonomic order (i.e. phylum->class->order...) is stretched to superphylum and infraclass and frequently a class within another class (e.g. Mammalia within Synapsida or Aves within Reptilia). How is this order determined? Shouldn't something such as Aves be a subclass within Reptilia or Reptilia redefined as a class to repeat a taxonomic rank?

submitted by /u/Jaco72
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What is the difference between a thermal camera and a nightvision camera? Both picture the IR-Spectrum, is it the same?

Posted: 09 May 2017 02:33 AM PDT

Gravity keeps the planet in orbit, but what keeps the planet moving?

Posted: 08 May 2017 07:59 PM PDT

I always see a demo on how gravity works by using a trampoline with a heavy object in the middle as the sun and less heavier objects as the planets. The small objects will be thrown into trampoline and we can clearly see that they are orbiting around the heavier object. But in these demos, the smaller objects will stop moving and thus fall into the heavy object, so my question is what is something that keeps the planet moving endlessly?

submitted by /u/reefwalkcuts
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Can crocodiles mate with alligators?

Posted: 08 May 2017 02:44 PM PDT

I've seen lions and tigers mating. I've seen horses and donkeys mating, but can a crocodile and alligator mate? They seem very similar like how tigers and lions are. I don't expect to get much of an answer, but it would be much appreciated.

submitted by /u/that_guy2OOO
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What is the difference between Vitamin D from the Sun and Vitamin D from food sources?

Posted: 08 May 2017 03:00 PM PDT

How do the two vitamin D sources compare and contrast?

submitted by /u/Mr_Ted_Stickle
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Did the first stars have planets?

Posted: 08 May 2017 03:41 PM PDT

Basically what is keeping air from flooding to empty space?

Posted: 09 May 2017 01:55 AM PDT

I know gravitational force is keeping things on earth. But since the atoms at the very end of atmosphere are subject to the lovest gravitational impact, what keeps them "inside" or are some gas eventually being released into the vacuum? Thats sounds unlikely because if thats the case, shouldn't we end up with no atmosphere eventually?

submitted by /u/Cydonianknigh
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What is the fastest possible speed of a helicopter and why are they limited by this speed?

Posted: 08 May 2017 05:28 PM PDT

This topic came up when My friend and I were discussing supersonic travel. Jets were common, but why not helicopters?

submitted by /u/EvilVargon
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How do cuttlefish know what color and texture to change to considering that they are color blind?

Posted: 08 May 2017 04:19 PM PDT

Why is it that low energy neutrons can cause a nuclear fission reaction only if the atom that are reacting with has an odd mass (protons + neutrons) number?

Posted: 08 May 2017 01:54 PM PDT

Monday, May 8, 2017

Is the phrase, a star that shines twice as bright but half as long a true statement?

Is the phrase, a star that shines twice as bright but half as long a true statement?


Is the phrase, a star that shines twice as bright but half as long a true statement?

Posted: 07 May 2017 11:14 PM PDT

What controls the brightness of a star?

submitted by /u/RoskoJ
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Do gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn have a "surface" somewhere down there?

Posted: 07 May 2017 01:40 PM PDT

The way I imagine it now is a moon sized super dense core surrounded by massive amounts of gas. I've always been confused about this.

submitted by /u/GordonSemen
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Why do matches stick to a magnet after being burnt, but not before?

Posted: 08 May 2017 07:16 AM PDT

Is two identical ball shape but with different weight will fall a the same speed in air ?

Posted: 08 May 2017 03:14 AM PDT

Is there agreement that birds evolved 135 Ma ago?

Posted: 08 May 2017 03:13 AM PDT

In this NYT article, they say:

The 10,000 species of flying birds have tinkered only slightly with the design perfected over 135 million years ago, when Mesozoic birds evolved the modern flight stroke.

I'm curious how they know so precisely when birds evolved. When I looked on Wikipedia I found two articles on bird fossils dated to the 135 Ma range. I'm quoting Wikipedia here but on we go. Wyleyia is known by a single worn humerus. Gallornis is known by a femur and a humerus. Is that enough to build consensus on the origin of birds? How is this grouping of birds defined? Are birds continously present in the fossil record form 135 Ma on?

Because I heard in a lecture a couple of years back that the origin wasn't that certain and that avians only really bloomed agree the KT mass extinction.

submitted by /u/WhyYouShouldCare
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If you fire a bullet out of a gun, and simultaneously drop a bullet to the ground, they will land at the same time?

Posted: 07 May 2017 04:49 PM PDT

I was listening to Joe Rogan taking to Neil DeGrasse Tyson. They were discussing snipers & the curvature of the Earth. Then Joe says "If you are holding a bullet in your hand & drop it, and fire a gun at the same time, they will both hit the ground simultaneously" (paraphrasing)

Is that true? That seems outrageous! How does that work?

submitted by /u/OberonClone
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Is there a Universal Allergen? Some substance which causes an allergic reaction in EVERYONE?

Posted: 07 May 2017 05:16 PM PDT

Graphene has an ultrahigh electron mobility, how does that effect the current capacity?

Posted: 08 May 2017 04:59 AM PDT

Considering how graphene's electron mobility could reach to (200,000 cm2 V −1 s−1) could that lead to higher current flow? Can graphene carry magnitudes of current more than copper at a significantly low weight(considering the 1atom thickness x area x Density)?

Considering how 1kA of current is carried by large(volume) and heavy bus bars, I can imagine graphene doing the same with a significantly lower weight.

submitted by /u/9tothe9
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In all of history, which species had the least total members?

Posted: 07 May 2017 03:44 PM PDT

I've been wondering lately which species, current or extinct, had the least total number of members throughout history. It's a pretty difficult thing to just try to search for online, because the only stuff that comes back is stuff about currently endangered animals. In fact, I made a reddit account (this one) just to ask someone this question.

If you think about all the weird, obscure endemic species that have existed, some of them must have not had very many members of their species. Things that evolved in tiny, closed-off ecosystems (ie, Movile Cave) wouldn't have had the same numbers as things that exist/ed widely. For example, some cave-dwelling centipede that only ever has been found in one single cave may have only ever historically had a few hundred thousand members ever to exist, whereas krill has probably had quadrillions over history.

So, does anyone know any specific species that fit this bill? Or is this a dumb/unanswerable question? What is, in effect, the rarest creature of all time?

submitted by /u/Mr_Brumbo
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If the core of the sun is 15,000,000 K, why is the surface temperature only 5,772 K?

Posted: 07 May 2017 11:38 PM PDT

What is it that keeps the surface of the sun much cooler than the core of the sun? Why do the convective and radiative zones of the sun not transfer this heat to the surface?

submitted by /u/Flandardly
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What do storm clouds do that make them darker compared to regular, lighter clouds?

Posted: 07 May 2017 11:38 AM PDT

If I soak paper in saturated salt water, will the paper conduct electricity?

Posted: 08 May 2017 03:14 AM PDT

Hi there, I'm using Makey Makeys for this project where people can "hear" art by touching it. Currently, I am using graphite pencil and creating pencil-art by coloring in, which connects to the makey makey. But it gets tiring to keep coloring with 5B pencils for so long.

Would soaking paper in salt water conduct electricity? (Paper will be dry later)

submitted by /u/TheGuyfromRiften
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Is the strong force stronger between proton and proton than proton and neutron? If not, is it easier to eject a proton from the nucleus than a neutron?

Posted: 07 May 2017 12:37 PM PDT

Can a beta radiation source change, so that it radiates for example gamma radiation?

Posted: 08 May 2017 02:00 AM PDT

How do we know that Earth has a liquid outer core, but solid inner core?

Posted: 07 May 2017 03:03 PM PDT

How does a computer processor generate heat?

Posted: 07 May 2017 04:30 PM PDT

Are songs on the outside of a vinyl more detailed than those closer to the rotation axis?

Posted: 07 May 2017 01:39 PM PDT

Since the rotational speed doesn't change, the linear speed on the outer part of a vinyl is greater, right? So more information is being within a given time. Y'know, the needle will meet more "bumps" in one second when it's far from the rotation axis than when it's closer. Does this mean the music is more detailed?

submitted by /u/Narcotle
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In a two-block system, the two blocks collide forming an inelastic collision. If kinetic energy is conserved how does the velocity of the center of mass remain the same?

Posted: 07 May 2017 12:07 PM PDT

Edit: Not conserved*

submitted by /u/Th3_l3uster_
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Would a box with walls made of superconductors have zero magnetic field inside of it?

Posted: 07 May 2017 01:23 PM PDT

If you constructed a small box made of superconductors which completely sealed the inside of the box, would the inside have zero magnetic field even when a magnet is brought near the outside?

submitted by /u/ohpl
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At an atomic level, what is happening when you wet a paper towel and it becomes weak and breaks easily?

Posted: 07 May 2017 09:17 AM PDT

What causes light to refract and why is it so predictable?

Posted: 07 May 2017 04:13 PM PDT

I've read that light as an electromagnetic wave interacts with electrons in the material making them oscillate. The oscillating electrons then emit EM radiation (with a phase delay) which the initial wave interferes with. However I'm not quite sure how this results in the predicable behavior described by Snell's law.

submitted by /u/AntePantePp
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Massive black hole event horizon vs small black hole event horizon. Why are they different?

Posted: 07 May 2017 10:55 AM PDT

Why can you theoretically cross the event horizon of a large black hole relatively unscathed, but cannot approach a small black hole's horizon without being destroyed beforehand? Shouldn't the forces felt be the same at the event horizon, hence that's why it's the horizon?

submitted by /u/BobHopeWould
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Why do areas like western Scotland and Norway have such fragmented coastlines?

Posted: 07 May 2017 09:22 AM PDT

Sunday, May 7, 2017

Do rainbows also have sections in the infrared and/or ultraviolet spectrum?

Do rainbows also have sections in the infrared and/or ultraviolet spectrum?


Do rainbows also have sections in the infrared and/or ultraviolet spectrum?

Posted: 06 May 2017 10:58 AM PDT

If iron loses its magnetism at around 1400°F, how is the earths core magnetic?

Posted: 07 May 2017 05:42 AM PDT

After reading a comment in another thread about heavy metals in our solar system I saw a comment stating that our core made of mostly molten iron is why we survive solar radiation (due to its magnetism).

Im not sure why I never queationed this before, but as an amateur blacksmith, I regularly heat iron up to a non magnetic temperature in order to quench and harden it.

Also I know there is supposed to be nickel in the outer core which is also a non magnetic metal.

So I did some research and found that it was believed to be cause by the dynamo effect caused by the swirling plasma within the core, but from my experience with plasma most of which comes from my home made arc furnace and of course the occasional plasma cutter (neither of which I have ever noticed creating any type of magnetic field), I dont quite understand how it alone, even if it were swirling, could create such a large magnetic field since the magnetic field of the earth is several hundreds of miles from the core. I also wondered how such a field were able to penetrate the miles of ferrous materiels found above it so easily while not magnetizing them.

Then I started thinking about other things that cause magnetism like electro magnets and such and wondered if maybe our cold iron cored moon plays a role in our magnetism by reacting with surface metals which are cool enough to be more receptive to magnetism.

So I researched that and found that the moon has little to no magnetism and unlike earth, its magnetism is non polar so there is no way the moon is the culprit of our magnetism because if it were then it seems it would also have to have magnetic properties similar to ours, and it doesn't.

Which brings me back to my original question only revised, how is our inner core of Iron plasma magnetic, and why is important that it is Iron plasma as opposed some other form of plasma if the swirling truly does create the magnetic field somehow?

submitted by /u/callmecraycray
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What actually is happening when programs load?

Posted: 06 May 2017 05:19 PM PDT

When a program loads, what changes to allow the user to use it? Also, how can some programs detect and display how loaded they are, when it isn't fully loaded?

submitted by /u/TheGigaGamer
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Can you do 100 edits on a single (human) genome with CRISPR, or is the number limited ?

Posted: 06 May 2017 06:06 PM PDT

I'm interested in both theoritical limitations and practical ones. I can't seem to find something about it in the litterature.

This is a question that is in a context of eugenics : would it be possible for parents to edit as many genes as they want, or would too many just be impossible (too long, too much errors, ...) ?

submitted by /u/Prae_
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What is the oldest known species of bacteria?

Posted: 07 May 2017 06:28 AM PDT

For clarification - not classifications, the single oldest known life

submitted by /u/Ryutauro
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How much energy is needed to create fusion and how much is produced by it?

Posted: 06 May 2017 06:56 PM PDT

Don't need a specific answer and thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/DaArabianGamer
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Is there anything you can add to water that would raise it's freezing temperature?

Posted: 06 May 2017 10:49 AM PDT

There's lots of stuff to lower the freezing temperature, from salt to antifreeze, but is there anything that raises it?

submitted by /u/acEightyThrees
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How do scientists do accurate spectropolarimatery on distant stars if some wavelengths are largely absorbed by the atmosphere?

Posted: 07 May 2017 01:40 AM PDT

How can peat burn underground? upto two meters apparently; where does the oxygen come from in these conditions?

Posted: 06 May 2017 10:27 AM PDT

Is it true that in exothermic reactions mass in doesn't r e a l l y equal mass out?

Posted: 06 May 2017 07:32 PM PDT

I came across an idea in a documentary I watched a long time ago that when paper is burned, a very very very very small part of its mass is converted to energy.

submitted by /u/huhwhatimsorry
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Why is it that the photon, an uncharged particle, is the exchange particle for the electromagnetic force?

Posted: 06 May 2017 06:04 PM PDT

I know I'm just a lousy,uneducated undergrad but I feel like there is a specific reason for this.

submitted by /u/Hunter_P_K
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Why are most pain relievers also fever reducers?

Posted: 06 May 2017 01:03 PM PDT

Would a water pump work better with rigid lines, or soft lines?

Posted: 06 May 2017 10:52 AM PDT

Putting in a water pump for my camper. Would a water pump work better with PVC supply and return lines? Or, something softer? Like a garden hose, or just something spongy like clear tubing?

submitted by /u/SailingPatrickSwayze
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Why do most if not all modern languages read either left to right or right to left? Why do none read top to bottom or bottom to top?

Posted: 06 May 2017 03:16 PM PDT

Is it possible to see past an event horizon? If not, why?

Posted: 06 May 2017 03:23 PM PDT

How does beta decay work?

Posted: 06 May 2017 11:38 AM PDT

So at School I learned that when a radioactive element does beta decay one it's neutrons splits into a proton and an electron. So far so good right, unfortunately I got way too much spare time so I wondered. If a neutron is made out of three quarks just as a proton, then where does electron come from? That are three fundamental particles that turn into four. Nothing can be added or taken from the Universe so the electron must have been around somewhere right? I even asked my teacher but she couldn't explain it either. Thanks for your answers.

submitted by /u/Kuunib
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Help understanding a few things about the electron?

Posted: 06 May 2017 06:39 AM PDT

Ok so first off, in school the electron is treated as if it has a specific radius. Obviously this isn't a proper representation of an electron because you can't properly define it. I was looking into electromagnetic dipoles and found that the magnetic dipole moment of an electron can be explained to be the consequence of its "spin", which is analogous to the spinning of a sphere in classical mechanics but isn't the same. I read that you can't treat it classically because an electron is really zero-dimensional and is a point-like particle and so doesn't have an axis on which to spin. So my question is basically which is it? Does an electron have a "size" or is it point-like?

Also as a side note, could someone tell me if the way I visualise an electron probability cloud is in any way accurate? So let's say you can be 70% sure that the electron is within a certain radius and 30% certain that it's within a larger radius. Can you treat it as though it's properties are spread out so that 70% of its properties (e.g mass, charge) are within the smaller radius and 30% effect the larger radius? Kind of like the electron is a cloud of gas which is more concentrated in the centre and therefore has more interactions there than further out.

I hope I've described myself properly. If I haven't please just ask for clarification. Anyway, thanks a lot in advance for any replies! :)

submitted by /u/Fellainis_Elbows
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Why does water, once being left for a long time (say overnight ), have lots of tiny bubbles in?

Posted: 06 May 2017 11:23 AM PDT

Through what process is the nucleus of an atom split when an atom bomb goes off?

Posted: 06 May 2017 05:07 PM PDT

Can you create a sonic boom underwater?

Posted: 06 May 2017 02:49 AM PDT

For fluids, higher velocity means lower pressure, but what happens when you change your reference frame to be the faster moving particles?

Posted: 06 May 2017 02:05 PM PDT

My Fluids professor showed a video of a ping pong ball sort of being "sucked" into a faster moving stream of air due to the lower pressure field resulting from the higher velocity. But what if your reference frame is one of the faster moving particles? My thought process is that relative to this particle, the air outside of the stream will be moving faster, so the lower pressure will actually be outside of the air stream. So then wouldn't that mean a tiny ping pong ball inside the air stream would actually get "sucked" or pushed out of the stream instead of into it like we have seen it do?

submitted by /u/AtheistPanda21
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Does water still expand if it is frozen in a vacuum?

Posted: 06 May 2017 09:02 AM PDT

How is the grain inside those "Magic Bag" pads affected by repeated exposure to microwaves?

Posted: 06 May 2017 07:15 PM PDT

I'm referring to these dingusses, which are essentially glorified water bottles. They are actually filled with grain, such as oats.

But what happens to the grains after repeated passages in the microwave, say about 100 times? They don't seem to burn ... why is that? And is that cumulative microwave exposure changing the materials inside in any way?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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